BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC .

#1071 Brgy. Kaligayahan, Quirino Hi-way, Novaliches, Quezon City

S.Y. 2023-2024

DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN TECH IOT BASED WATER SUPPLY PIPING

AUTOMATION USING ARDUINO AND ESP MCU

A Capstone Project
Presented to the College
of Arts, Science and Engineering
Bestlink College of the Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

KHEIJIELHYN KLAINER A. ANTONIO

NASIP U. MACAW ARIS

AARON GABRIEL Q. MALONZO

JOHN PHILIP C. MAMARIL

JOHN RENDEL P. ROQUE

2024
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ABSTRACT

THESIS TITLE: DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN TECH IOT BASED WATER

SUPPLY PIPING AUTOMATION USING ARDUINO AND ESP

MCU

RESEARCHERS: ANTONIO, KHEIJIELHYN KLAINER A.

MACAWARIS, NASIP U.

MALONZO, AARON GABRIEL

Q.

MAMARIL, JOHN PHILIP C.

ROQUE, JOHN RENDEL P.

ADVISER: ENGR. REYNANTE B. PONAY

PROGRAM: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SCHOOL YEAR: 2024-2025

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DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN TECH IOT BASED WATER SUPPLY PIPING

AUTOMATION USING ARDUINO AND ESP MCU
Monitoring system has become increasingly important in technological days due

to digital and modern. The increasing for accurate, efficient, and precise monitoring

system for leaks. Monitoring system through SMS and notifications can replace the

modern and digital monitoring to decrease the phone error or losing signal through SMS.

Unfortunately, there is still a significant lack of innovations in this area particularly the

monitoring system in real-time analysis. Providing the efficient and effective monitoring.

The innovation of Development of Green Tech Iot Based Water Supply Piping Automation

Using Arduino and ESP MCU addresses the previous issue to develop the innovated

version of monitoring. Increasing the range and reliability for this innovated topic. The

microcontroller system utilizes Arduino Uno and ESP32-WROOM-32D as the core

technology to integrate the various system, such as the turbine sensor with LCD 2x16 and

the monitoring system adding the Digital Solenoid Valve with Digital LCD display. By

classifying the monitoring system using ESP with Pressure Sensor and the methods, it

offers a more effective, efficient, industrial friendly, and sustainable approach from the

classification methods that we have in the industry as of now.

Experimental Prototyping Methodology was utilized, involving 2D/3D software

modeling with Sketch Up and coding with Arduino IDE. Descriptive Type Survey

Questionnaires gathered user feedback via purposive sampling and Likert Scale

interpretation.
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The system’s components performed as expected, confirming its reliability and

effectiveness in automated monitoring system. Arduino Uno and ESP32, serving as the

central controller, processed sensor input and activated the automated monitoring

system. The power supply provided efficient power conversion from electricity to sensors.

This seamless integration demonstrated that the system could monitor the leak

accurately, efficiently, and sustainably, making it suitable for a variety of monitoring

scenarios.

The Piping Monitoring System essentially reimagines the monitoring system as a

dynamic center of automation and information. This solution elevates the bar for Industrial

Integration and Pipelines by utilizing monitoring technology and creative design,

improving user experiences beyond what was thought possible.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt thanks and gratitude to the

following persons who, in one way or another, has contributed much, and extended

willingness and support needed to make this research possible:

Dr. Maria M. Vicente, President/CEO, Bestlink College of the Philippines for her

sincere commitment to delivering high-quality instruction at this situation.

Ms. Edith Vicente, Executive Vice President, BCP, for her genuine support and

kindness for this research.

Dr. Charlie I. Cariño, Ph.D., Vice President Academic Affairs, BCP, for his

assistance and attention in completing this research project.

Engr. Doni T. Lleno, Vice President, Admin and Finance, for his word of

encouragement and motivation.

Ms. Joy Evelyn A. Ignacio, College Associate Research Head, for her good

heart to extend her help needed by the researchers;

Engr. Reynante B. Ponay, Program Head of Computer Engineering Department

and the researchers’ adviser, for his invaluable guidance, support, and expertise

throughout this research project.

Ms. Rosalie Galang, Technical Adviser, for her patient supervision in guiding the

researchers in preparation of this manuscript;

Respondents, who cooperated and spent time in answering questionnaires, and

made it possible to accomplish this research;

Panelist, Mr. Rommel J. Constantino, Mr. Vincent Carlos T. Garados, Mr.

Romeo S. Alix Jr., who extended their effort and time to be able to constructively

criticize this thesis and share their knowledge with them to deepen and widen their need

information.

Families and friends, for all the financial and moral support that have enabled
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the researchers to triumph all the challenges, especially during the lowest time that

served as their inspiration to complete this study; and

Above all, to the Almighty God, for the strength and knowledge that were used

for the accomplishment of this research journey.

THE RESEARCHERS
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DEDICATION

This capstone research study is wholeheartedly dedicated first and foremost to the

researchers, for executing dedication, time, effort, motivation, sacrifice, and courage to

make this conducting study a fruitful and successful piece of work.

To our beloved parents who have been our inspiration and gave us strength when

we thought of giving up, which continually provide their moral, spiritual, emotional and

financial support.

To each sibling and circle of friends who shared their words of advice and

encouragement to finish this study.

To the research advisers and professors, for extending help by giving guidance,

supervision, time and wisdom to the researchers in conducting this research study.

To the research panels who give advice and guides us to make the advancement,

applicable, and consistent enhancement of our research.

And lastly, above all, to our Almighty God, for giving guidance, strength, power of

mind, protection, skills and for giving us a healthy life. All of these we offer to you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ............................................................................................................................. i

Abstract ...............................................................................................................................ii

Acknowledgment................................................................................................................ v

Dedication..........................................................................................................................vi

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ vii

List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x

List of Figures ....................................................................................................................xi

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction .........................................................................................................................1

Background of the Study ..................................................................................................2

Theoretical Framework .....................................................................................................4

Conceptual Framework .....................................................................................................5

Review of Related Studies and Literature ......................................................................6

Foreign Studies ..................................................................................................................6

Local Studies ................................................................................................................... 12

Foreign Literature............................................................................................................ 17

Local Literature................................................................................................................ 23

Statement of the Problem.............................................................................................. 29

Significance of the Study ............................................................................................... 31

Research Hypothesis ..................................................................................................... 32

Scope and Limitations.................................................................................................... 33

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Definition of Terms.......................................................................................................... 34

Chapter 2: METHODS

2D Design ........................................................................................................................ 38

Research Design............................................................................................................. 41

Closed-Loop Control System ........................................................................................ 44

Picture Schematic Diagram........................................................................................... 44

Microcomputer/ Microprocessor Design Assembly .................................................... 44

Software Flowchart Design ........................................................................................... 45

Hardware Functionality................................................................................................... 46

Loop Flow Chart Automation Design ........................................................................... 47

Prototype Testing Procedure ........................................................................................ 48

Prototype’s Reliability..................................................................................................... 49

Data Analysis................................................................................................................... 51

Chapter 3: RESULTS

Methodology .................................................................................................................... 55

3D Design ........................................................................................................................ 55

Schematic Diagram ........................................................................................................ 59

Flow of Procedure........................................................................................................... 60

Hardware and Software.................................................................................................. 61

Product Cost Estimation ................................................................................................ 64

Data Analysis................................................................................................................... 64
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Chapter 4: DISCUSSION

Significant Findings ........................................................................................................ 75

Reliability of System Prototype (Detailed).................................................................... 76

Survey Results and Analysis......................................................................................... 77

Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 81

Recommendation............................................................................................................ 81

References....................................................................................................................... 83

APPENDICES

Appendix A Research Coordinator’s Curriculum Vitae ............................................. 88

Appendix B Research Adviser’s Curriculum Vitae..................................................... 92

Appendix C Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae ............................................................. 100

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.0 TITLE: HARDWARE MATRIX AND FUNCTIONALITY

TABLE 2.1 TITLE: HARDWARE TESTING

TABLE 2.2 TITLE: SOFTWARE TESTING

TABLE 3.0 TITLE: PRODUCT COST ESTIMATION

TABLE 4.0 TITLE: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND MEASURES

OF THE PROTOTYPE’S RELIABILITY

TABLE 4.1 TITLE: SURVEY RESULT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

(FUNCTIONALITY)

TABLE 4.2 TITLE: SURVEY RESULT GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

(RELIABILITY)
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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.0 TITLE: GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE

ROOFING SYSTEM

FIGURE 2.0 TITLE: PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

FIGURE 2.1 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S FRONT VIEW

FIGURE 2.2 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S TOP VIEW

FIGURE 2.3 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S RIGHT VIEW

FIGURE 2.4 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S LEFT VIEW

FIGURE 2.5 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S BACK VIEW

FIGURE 2.6 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S BOTTOM VIEW

FIGURE 2.7 TITLE: CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

FIGURE 2.8 TITLE: PICTURE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

FIGURE 2.9 TITLE: SOFTWARE FLOW CHART DESIGN

FIGURE 2.10 TITLE: LOOP FLOWCHART AUTOMATION DESIGN

FIGURE 3.1 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S TOP VIEW (3D)

FIGURE 3.2 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S FRONT VIEW (3D)

FIGURE 3.3 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S RIGHT VIEW (3D)

FIGURE 3.4 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S LEFT VIEW (3D)

FIGURE 3.5 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S BACK VIEW (3D)

FIGURE 3.6 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S BOTTOM VIEW (3D)

FIGURE 3.7 TITLE: PROTOTYPE’S CONTROL SYSTEM, SOLAR

BATTERY AND SOLAR-CHARGE CONTROLLER

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FIGURE 3.8 TITLE: MAIN CONTROL SYSTEM FLOW OF

PROCEDURE

FIGURE 3.9 TITLE: AGE GRAPH

FIGURE 3.10 TITLE: OS GRAPH

FIGURE 3.11: SEX GRAPH

FIGURE 3.12 TITLE: CIVIL STATUS GRAPH

FIGURE 3.13 TITLE: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT GRAPH

FIGURE 3.14 TITLE: QUESTION 1 (FUNCTIONALITY)

FIGURE 3.15 TITLE: QUESTION 2 (FUNCTIONALITY)

FIGURE 3.17 TITLE: QUESTION 3 (FUNCTIONALITY)

FIGURE 3.18 TITLE: QUESTION 4 (FUNCTIONALITY)

FIGURE 3.19 TITLE: QUESTION 5 (FUNCTIONALITY)

FIGURE 3.20 TITLE: QUESTION 1 (RELIABILITY)

FIGURE 3.21 TITLE: QUESTION 2 (RELIABILITY)

FIGURE 3.22 TITLE: QUESTION 3 (RELIABILITY)

FIGURE 3.23 TITLE: QUESTION 4 (RELIABILITY)

FIGURE 3.24 TITLE: QUESTION 5 (RELIABILITY)

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

With the latest technological advances, all the work is done automatically and easy.

In addition to industrial automation, also widespread in the world of building to make homes

easier and safer. It also helped to reduce human effort as it is very easy to operate the

tools/equipment when the power is good. Many models of household appliances have been

implemented that integrate the Android platform, the global system for mobile

communications (GSM), Wi-Fi systems, etc., mobile and electrical network. The wide

application of microprocessors is not only limited to home/domestic applications but can also

be extended to industrial environments such as DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN TECH IOT

BASED WATER SUPPLY PIPING AUTOMATION USING ARDUINO AND ESP MCU.

As the water levels are decreasing daily, effective water management has turned

into a global necessity. A Water level flow meter and Pipeline leaks as IoT calculates the

flow rate and volume of water. It then sends it to the cloud to help monitor water

consumption that don't have consist of any moving parts or require a battery to function.

The development of IoT based water monitoring interface systems using Arduino

that offers the advancement of maintenance of the water monitoring system that offers to

the society. These systems improve user experience by providing the advance system to

monitor using sensors and provide the real-time checking of maintenance and repairs.

Increasing the ability or flexibility of using the IoT mobile interface.

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Rogers, etl. (2021), water is an economic good and the way to

promote equity, efficiency, and sustainability of water is addressed conceptually through

water pricing. However, identified water consumption as an elastic and inelastic good,

making the issue of water conservation more difficult to regulate. While water pricing

alone is not a valid means of encouraging water conservation, it can be used in

conjunction with consumer trust to resolve water scarcity. The researchers is planning to

take-off from this study to develop a prototype in our research.

To provide for the technological gap, the proposed prototype will hopefully address

this issue. The monitoring system offers a proactive and efficient ways in conservation of

water in industrial environment, it deals challenges of water scarcity and sustainability

using efficient and responsible water management. By continuously tracking usage of

water and leaks detections in real-time this system, it helps industries to identify and take

actions to prevent water waste with optimize the usage with real-time alert and remote

access through mobile interfaces, such system promotes a responsible way of

management in industrial settings.

Providing safety and the efficient means of transporting the water while also

maintaining the integrity of the system will be the goal of this research. The system of

pipes that used to convey fluids from one location to another one with designated sensors

to determine the flow from one to another system. This part concludes the safeness and

the effectiveness of the system itself. This innovative monitoring system provide the real-

time system and the advanced alarming system.

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This research will be beneficial to the Industrial Companies, Maintenance

Personnel, Safety Regulators, and Community. These systems can help their piping

networks in real-time, allowing them to detect leaks, pressure variations, or other risk and

potential cost savings associated with fewer industrial accidents or failures. By

encouraging the implementation of monitoring systems, they can help mitigate risks

issues promptly. This can prevent costly downtime, minimize maintenance costs, and

ensure the safety and efficiency of their operations. Providers may see benefits in reduced

and lower insurance premiums for industrial clients. Efforts by quickly identifying and

addressing leaks or other issues that could lead to environmental pollution. This supports

compliance with environmental regulations and promotes sustainable industrial practices.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1.0 Basic Block Diagram of Piping Monitoring System

(International Journal of Advanced Industrial Research,

Volume 58, Issue: 4, Page 75)

In accordance with Rogers, etl. (2021), having advanced water or piping

monitoring system can help the Industrial Economy to lessen nor advanced theory system

and provide the modern and organized.

According the survey they acquire, the slower system of water monitoring from

community, factories, and other factors has a lot of impact in different aspects such as:

food, crops, plants, daily uses, and more. (i) to design and build an automated piping

monitoring system that is easy to use; (ii) to control the automatic suspension system

using an Arduino microcontroller; and (iii) to forecast the problem using the automated

piping monitoring system in a real-world environment.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1.1 Paradigm of the Study

For developing the conceptual framework, the researchers employed the Input

Process Output Feedback (IPOF) model to devise and execute the project, illustrated

above in the accompanying diagram. The Input segment delineates the components

intended for prototype development in this research. The Process segment outlines the

functions and procedures of these components in prototype creation. Lastly, the Output

section presents the expected outcome of the study: The Development of Industrial Piping

Monitoring System using Arduino MCU with Integrated Mobile Interface for Real-Time.
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REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY AND LITERATURE

This chapter includes literature, ideas, a finished thesis, generalizations or

conclusions, methodologies, and others.

FOREIGN STUDIES

According to Rogers, etl. (2021) water is an economic good and the way to

promote equity, efficiency, and sustainability of water is addressed conceptually through

water pricing. However, identified water consumption as an elastic and inelastic good,

making the issue of water conservation more difficult to regulate. While water pricing

alone is not a valid means of encouraging water conservation, it can be used in

conjunction with consumer trust to resolve water scarcity. The greatest issue facing

agricultural water conservation is the cost of water efficient technologies. The high entry

cost of water conservation technology discourages many farmers from participating

because of a reduction in profitability. The framework employments optical fiber

disseminated sensors to supply concurrent disseminated estimations of temperature,

strain and vibration for the location, observing, and area of occasions counting. Third

Party Impedances (TPI), counting numerous concurrent unsettling influences; geo-

hazards and avalanches; gas and oil spills; permafrost security. The Integrity innovation

moreover gives a special implies for following the advance of cleaning and instruments

pigs utilizing existing optical telecom and information communications cables buried near

to pipelines. The Integrity arrangement gives a one of a kind and proactive approach to

pipeline judgment administration. It performs investigation of a combination of

measurands to supply the pipeline administrator with an occasion acknowledgment and

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area capability, in impact giving a risk warning system, and advertising the administrator

the potential to require early activity to anticipate misfortune.

As reported by Yang & Zhang (2021) a conceptual strategy for advancing

equity, effectiveness, and sustainability in the utilization of this financial resource is water

pricing. Discovered that the consumption of water is a good that is both elastic and

inelastic, making the regulation of the water conservation issue more difficult. Water

pricing is not a practical means of encouraging water conservation on its own, but it can

be used in concert with customer trust to address the issue of water shortage. The largest

barrier to agricultural water conservation is the cost of water-efficient devices. The high

entrance cost of water conservation technologies deters many farmers from implementing

them since it reduces profitability. During the transportation of oil and gas pipelines, there

are many potential factors that can lead to pipeline leakage with serious consequences,

making automatic and real-time pipeline leakage detection urgent. In response to the

inconvenience of manual detection, constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection technique

in radar target detection theory is introduced for pipeline leakage detection based on

acoustic signals. In this paper, an automatic pipeline leakage detection algorithm based

on an improved CFAR detector is proposed. The improved CFAR detection is executed

after pre-processing the acoustic signals so as to adaptively set the detection threshold

to achieve the purpose of automatic detection of pipeline leakage incidents. The idea of

leveraging smart building technologies is not new, from buildings to smart buildings. The

three main elements of smart buildings are the intelligence of managing indoor

environments, the enterprise of integrating building systems on a common network, and

the materials and constructions that can adapt to changes in use and climate. This paper
 8

will focus on the first of the aforementioned components which is in the context of

monitoring and control of water leak detection methods in smart buildings. In addition,

delivering building services to ensure occupant’s productivity while minimizing the cost

and environmental effects throughout the building is the essential characteristic of an

intelligent building. Intelligent buildings are emerging as responsive controlled

environments for inhabitants, companies, and society because of technological

advancements in regulating the interior environment. By using computational technology,

the idea of expanded intelligent buildings has been put up to address both sustainability

and intelligence. Buildings in the future will be referred as the thinking buildings since they

will be built with the smart buildings concept.

In accordance with Zharri etl. (2022) it was shown that water consumption is

an elastic and inelastic good, which complicates the regulation of the water conservation

issue. Water system price can be used in conjunction with customer trust to address the

issue of water shortage, but it is not a feasible way to encourage water conservation on

its own. The price of water-efficient equipment is the biggest obstacle to agricultural water

conservation. Many farmers are discouraged from employing water conservation systems

due to their high entrance cost, which lowers profitability. A simulated leakage test of a

real pipeline is used for validation, and the proposed method achieves detection

accuracies of 84.6%, 97.7%, and 98% for different leakage diameter settings, i.e., 5 mm,

7 mm, and 10 mm leak hole diameters, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 94.1%,

while the false alarm rates are 3.3%, 0.7%, and 0, respectively, as well as an overall of

1.2%. The results of experimental data based on real scenarios demonstrate the

effectiveness of the proposed method. In recent years, the identification of water leak
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detection methods has entered a wide range of fields. Pipeline failures in water

distribution networks lead to the loss of a considerable amount of high-quality water.

Different monitoring methods are often used to identify the failing infrastructure, which is

subsequently maintained. Increased pressures on a fast-expanding water supply network

needs the development of better leak detection technologies, particularly for use in smart

building applications. This paper offers a detailed examination of water leak detection

methods, intending to determine the state-of-the-art approaches and make

recommendations for future research. It is designed to demonstrate smart buildings, but

it may also be utilized in another similar context. This review concludes that, despite prior

achievements, there is still much room for improvement, particularly in the domain of real-

time models for earlier leak detection methods in building automation. These models

should enable the integration of leakage detection, evaluation, and control system that,

with minimal human interaction, may be customized for efficient leakage detection in real-

world circumstances.

On the word of Roberts, etl. (2023) the utilization of water has been illustrated to

be both versatile and inelastic, which makes directing the issue of water preservation

more troublesome. Water cost alone isn't a viable implies of advancing water

preservation; or maybe, it must be utilized in concert with shopper believe to address the

issue of water shortage. The essential obstruction to agrarian water preservation is the

taken a toll of water-efficient gear. The tall entrance taken a toll of water preservation

gadgets prevents numerous ranchers from utilizing them since it decreases benefit.

Through then utilize of inaccessible, optically fueled enhancement, an uncommon

discovery extend of 100 km is conceivable without the required for any hardware and so

farther control within the field.

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A framework can hence screen 200 km of pipeline when designed to screen 100 km

upstream and downstream from a single area. As well as recognizing conditions and

occasions driving to spills, this completely coordinates framework gives a implies of

recognizing and finding little spills in gas pipelines underneath the edge of display online

spill location frameworks based on checking stream parameters. Other critical benefits

incorporate the potential decreases in development costs; upgrade of the operator's

existing astuteness administration program; potential diminishments in observation costs

and HSE dangers. In expansion to coastal pipeline frameworks this combination of

usefulness and run is accessible for practicable. Access to clean water is never free.

Collecting, storing, treating, and distributing water are all necessities. Everyone is

responsible for water, and we are all part of the answer. However, maintaining sustainable

development in a period of rapid economic expansion, urbanization, and climate change

is a challenge. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6 addresses the sustainability of

water and sanitation access by concentrating on the quality, availability, and management

of freshwater resources, building on the applicable Millennium Development Goal. One

of the potential causes of these targets not being met is water leakage in the distribution

network. Water availability is a critical component of long-term urban development. Thus,

a systems approach to develop a water leak detection method is needed. Building

automation as a kind of technical intelligence in smart buildings will be discussed in this

paper.

As reported by Lin (2022) has been outlined to be both flexible and inelastic,

which makes coordinating the issue of water conservation more troublesome. Water

fetched alone isn't a practical infers of progressing water conservation; or perhaps, it must
 11

be utilized in concert with customer accept to address the issue of water deficiency. The

fundamental obstacle to agrarian water conservation is the taken a toll of water-efficient

equip. The tall entrance taken a toll of water conservation contraptions avoids various

farmers from utilizing them since it diminishes advantage. This has regularly depended

on ROV helped or surface conveyed study strategies. These strategies have been

appeared to have specialized as well as financial inadequacies, this is often especially

genuine of buried seaward pipelines where exactness is continuously flawed. As more

center is being set on seaward pipeline astuteness, it was time for an unused strategy to

develop. The innovation examined includes the retro-placement of changeless clamp-on

screens onto the pipeline which can degree pipeline to seawater potential as well as

current thickness. The goal of smart buildings is for them to be able to self-manage, learn,

predict, and adapt without the intervention or awareness of their users. Sensors and

monitors can quickly and automatically alter the room temperatures, lighting, shading,

energy, and water consumption. The utilization of information and communication

technology to improve the quality of the occupants in smart building applications is one of

the IoT applications in the urban context. In this paper, a smart water leak detection

system, like smart energy systems that can capture real-time data using IoT-enabled

sensors will be further discussed. This allows for the optimization of water facilities by

identifying leaks and monitoring how water is distributed across the network, allowing

individuals to make better water management decisions. Various sensing systems for

water leak detection have been created around the world as electronic and information

technologies have advanced. In the creation of IoT solutions, sensors are critical. Sensors

are devices that detect and replace external data with an understandable signal for
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humans and machines. The most basic level of a sensor is a device that detects the

feature amount of a measuring item and converts it into a readable signal that may be

shown on an instrument. Simply described, sensing technology is a system that uses

sensors to collect data by detecting physical, chemical, or biological property amounts

and converting them into readable signals. The various sensor technologies concepts

utilized in water leak detection systems will be discussed separately in this section.

LOCAL STUDIES

According to Garcia, etl. (2021) Water utilization will as it was developed and be

exacerbated within the future due to the expanding populace. Strife both globally and

locally are beyond any doubt to emerge. Subsequently mechanical, as the number one

client of freshwater, must be proactive in preservation endeavors. In any case the taken

a toll of implementing water conservation hones may be a common obstacle for

production lines, in this manner the require for motivating forces and support of endeavors

is key to making alter. Expansion clearly incorporates a part to play in making back for

ranchers through collaborations with shoppers. Based on the comes about of this think

about, it is clear that social capital is made through consumers believe in businesses and

their discernments as protectionists. A broad range of fields have incorporated the

identification of water leak detecting techniques. Water distribution networks lose a

significant proportion of high-quality water due to pipeline breakdowns. Various

monitoring techniques are frequently employed to pinpoint the deteriorating infrastructure,

which is then fixed. Better leak detection systems are required due to increased demand

on a rapidly growing water supply network, especially for use in smart building

applications. This paper provides a thorough analysis of water leak detection techniques
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with the goal of identifying the most advanced systems and offering suggestions for

further study. Although its purpose is to showcase smart buildings, it might also be applied

in another comparable setting.

As explained by Santos (2022) were create and be exacerbated inside the long

run due to the extending people. Conflict both all-inclusive and locally are past any

question to rise. Along these lines industrial, as the number one client of freshwater, must

be proactive in conservation endeavors. In any case the taken a toll of actualizing water

preservation sharpens may be a common impediment for generation lines, in this way

they require for spurring powers and bolster of endeavors is key to making change.

Extension clearly joins a portion to play in making back for farmers through collaborations

with customers. High Energy Piping (HEP) system failures in power plants can be caused

by micro- and macro-cracking, flow noise variations, thermal fatigue, and thermal

expansion, all of which can potentially lead to serious consequences. Piping replacement

is not always practical, and periodic inspections during outages allow cracks to worsen in

the meantime. MISTRAS Group offers a state-of-the-art Acoustic Emission (AE) solution

to continuously monitor for HEP cracking, helping you stay informed of your critical

piping’s condition at all times. Through HEP monitoring, MISTRAS helps plant operators

to extend the intervals between traditional inspections, and enables them to make more

informed maintenance decisions immediately if a crack deteriorates quickly, or on more

long-term run/repair/replace decisions. Cracks are detected remotely and communicated

back to plant maintenance personnel, and MISTRAS analysts provide support to address

defect indications. Our remote pipeline monitoring solutions keep you informed of your

pipeline’s condition at all times using permanently installed guided wave ultrasonic (GUL)
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collars to monitor large pipeline volumes. This technique can detect minuscule changes

in pipe cross-sections (identifies changes of less than 1%), while limiting the need for

inspectors to visit hard-to-access locations than the MISTRAS' pipeline monitoring

solutions are often pre-installed on pipes and cabled back to a platform. MISTRAS

monitors hundreds of buried, sleeved, and subsea pipes, and those in contaminated or

hazardous locations.

Conforming and stated by Sanchez (2023) utilization will because it were create and

be exacerbated inside end of the due to the extending masses. Along these lines of

freshwater, must be proactive in conservation endeavors. In any case the taken a toll of

executing water preservation sharpens may be a common deterrent for generation lines,

in this way the require for spurring powers and bolster of endeavors is key to making

modify. Extension clearly consolidates a portion to play in making back for farmers

through collaborations with customers. On the comes approximately of this think

approximately, it is obvious that social capital is made through consumers accept in

businesses and their discernments as protectionists. Another hardware-based water leak

detection method is the acoustic emission method which is also known as a non-

destructive testing method. Acoustic emission occurs when fluid leakage, crack

propagation, plastic deformation, and fracture in materials are generated by pressure

waves. These approaches rely on the fact that as water left the pipe, it produces a distinct

sound or noise, with minor leaks produce higher-frequency noises and big breaches

producing lower-frequency sounds. Leak detection via acoustic emissions relies on

escaping fluids emitting a low-frequency acoustic signal. To track the noise levels inside

the pipeline, acoustic sensors have been positioned all along its length. The permissible
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noise levels for the pipeline are established as a baseline. To be specific, acoustic

sensors, such as pressure sensors, accelerometers, and hydrophones, are deployed on

or within the pipeline in acoustic technology. As a result, the purpose of these procedures

is to discover unusual sounds or noises caused by the water leaks in pipes. An alarm

system is activated if there are any variations outside of a certain range. It will be feasible

to find the leak since the acoustic signal will be the highest when close to the leak. The

detection period, which is constrained by the speed of sound, the distance between the

monitors, the time required for data connection, and the required computational time, is

typically between 15 and 1 min, Within 30 m, the leak’s location may be roughly

pinpointed.

As demonstrated by Hernandez, etl. (2022) it would moreover be prescribed

that Expansion Increment their impact on approach advancement with water preservation

through social capital speculations. Since expansion teachers are as of now building

social capital inside their individual communities they ought to be utilized as assessors of

the open that in turn advocate their discoveries to policymakers. Having messages

conveyed to policymakers, customers, and ranchers from and certify source is a

successful procedure for legitimate arrangement advancement. Considered a vital

method due to low operational cost, and simple design and implementation. However, the

presence of leakages within pipeline networks gives rise to noteworthy jurisdiction

regarding environmental impact, economic implications, and safety considerations. The

prompt identification and precise localization of such leakages are of utmost importance

in order to get rid of their potential consequences on human existence. This project aims

to detect leakages in a pipeline network based on hydraulic laboratory modelling with

 16

artificial intelligence systems. The dataset from both the hydraulic laboratory network and

EPANET simulation respectively were used to train and test a model, then validate using

for leakage prediction and localization using artificial neural network. The results shows

that pressure is a more valid parameter to detect leakages to flowrate in a pipeline

network. Also, artificial neural network developed model performed very well in predicting

leak sizes with an accuracy of 96.89% respectively. The model developed based

achieved validation accuracies which vary broadly between about 85% and 90%. Also,

the F-score ranged between 80% and 91% which makes the model is valid to be used to

predict and localize the leaks in real time.

Based on Aquino, etl. (2023) it would additionally be endorsed their effect on

approach progression with water conservation through social capital hypotheses. Since

extension instructors are as of presently building social capital interior their person

communities they need to be utilized as assessors of the open that in turn advocate their

disclosures to policymakers. Having messages passed on to policymakers, customers,

and farmers from and certify source could be an effective strategy for true blue course of

action progression. Fiber optic leak detection systems are based on Distributed

Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology to detect and identify leaks using the idea of local

temperature variations. Since pipeline leaks normally generate local temperature

anomalies, an optical fiber line put throughout the whole pipeline could identify the leak

by taking temperature readings in fiber optics techniques. Temperature variations and

vibration signals can be captured by the fiber optic sensor that is used in conjunction with

the pipe laying and it is often taking a reading every 0.5 m. The Raman or Brillouin

scattering process is used as the basis for the examination of scattered light to obtain this
 17

temperature information. According to the Joule Thompson effect, gas leaks would cause

the immediate region to cool, but liquid leaks normally cause the immediate area to heat

up. This procedure should not cause false alarms if carried out correctly, but it does

require first obtaining a baseline profile of safe temperatures along the pipeline. This

technique has a maximum sensitivity of 50 mL/min, and leaks may be located using data

from nearby fiber optic probes. The position of the leak may be determined to be within a

one-meter range if the sensors are placed, as is customary, every 0.5 m. The amount of

the leak and the fluid being transferred are both indicated by the magnitude and the rate

of the temperature change. Even if the temperature change indicates the amount of the

leaks, it is still challenging to estimate any leakage within a certain range. It turns out to

be more of a large, medium, or tiny sign. Depending on the length of the pipeline, it may

take anywhere between 30 s and 5 min to generate a comprehensive profile. However,

this approach comes at a high cost. The material expenses for this technology can reach

upwards of 18 million for a 1200 km pipeline. Due to the advantages of geometric

versatility, immunity to electromagnetic interference, multi-parameter measurements

(strain, temperature, rotation, etc.), and fitting for measurement in harsh environments,

fiber optic sensors are becoming increasingly important in the field of pipeline monitoring.

This approach has been frequently employed in pipeline non-destructive examination

because of its exceptional capabilities.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Based on Rogers, etl. (2021) having progressed water or channeling observing

framework can offer assistance the Mechanical Economy to reduce nor progressed

hypothesis framework and give the advanced and organized. This offer assistance
 18

distinctive calculate by time being. Utilizing and having the development of Channeling

Checking framework in communities reduce the issue and conspiracy that will cause to

slower the community or the water framework. An expanding number of pipelines are built

in farther districts influenced by cruel natural conditions. These pipeline courses regularly

cross mountain ranges which are characterized by unsteady grounds and where soil

surface changes between winter and summer increment the likelihood of risks. Due to the

long separations to be observed and the direct nature of pipelines, conveyed fiber optic

detecting strategies offer critical points of interest and the capability to identify and localize

pipeline unsettling influence with extraordinary accuracy. Moreover pipeline

owner/operators lay fiber optic cable parallel to transmission pipelines for media

transmission purposes and at least extra taken a toll checking capabilities can be included

to the communication framework. Additionally, the IR thermography technique is

unaffected by pipe materials or sizes but the approach is only reliable when the soil is

close to being at ambient temperatures. These advantages make the deployment of an

infrared camera feasible for overcoming the constraints of conventional leak detection

technologies. The test area’s surface conditions, sun radiation, cloud cover, and ambient

temperature can all have an impact on this method’s capabilities. The fundamental

drawback of this approach is that it can only be applied to pipeline systems that transfer

gases or liquids at temperatures greater than the soil’s ambient temperature, such as

those used to transmit hot water or steam. In addition, the cost of the toolset, the

requirement for operators to complete extensive training and gain expertise, and the

method’s reliance on the weather are some of the drawbacks of this approach.
 19

According to Fin, etl. (2021) advanced water or channeling watching system can

offer help the Mechanical Economy to diminish nor advanced speculation system and

deliver the progressed and organized. This offer help unmistakable calculate by time

being. Utilizing and having the improvement of Channeling Checking system in

communities decrease the issue and trick that will cause to slower the community or the

water system. Correlators are a type of sound measurement instrument that are used to

determine the acoustic frequency induced by a leaky pipe. Leak Noise Correlators (LNCs)

are the most frequent method for locating leaks, and they were originally commercially

available in the late 1970s. A comparison was made between two microphones, one on

either side of the leak, in contact with the pipe, to determine the leak time distance. The

correlator calculated the leak location by recording the signal delay, sensor distance, and

sound velocity from two identical sensors placed along the pipe. In the high-water-

pressure situations, where hard pipe backfill was employed, the approach worked best

with clean, small-diameter metallic pipes. Next, these devices are used for security and

are often battery-operated. When they detect a higher-than-normal quantity of gas in the

air, they issue a sequence of auditory beeps that are difficult to miss. Following that, a

ground scan with a very sensitive gas detector is performed, which should reveals any

indications of released gas from the leak spot. This figure illustrates that the length of the

reaction is determined by the gas utilized, and the size of the response is determined by

the volume of gas injected. This method is widely used in machinery testing, but the high

cost makes it impractical for leak detection.

In consonance with Abbott (2023) future ponders ought to be conducted based upon

these discoveries. Investigate ought to be conducted on the finest situations for creating

social
 20

capital through the proposed water-care programs. This ponder might incorporate

collecting data on advertising instruction in formal versus settings and the reason of the

bunch. Understanding the reason of the gather, whether made for social or financial

interface, may alter the adequacy of water preservation behavior alter and

acknowledgment of feasible hones. Hence, ought to be mindful of such data as they

create programs of this sort. Analysts ought to too assess the sum of social capital made

through as of now existing water assurance arrangements and programs. This future think

about seem apply the investigate conducted in arrange to create messages from

authorize sources and create as much social capital as conceivable. Ipe type cable

installations can be found in most large North American cities. In the largest urban areas,

they constitute the main method of underground power transmission. When dielectric fluid

leaks occur, they create a major problem for HPFF cable systems. These leaks can occur

because of general corrosion of the steel pipe which houses the cables, or due to

electrolytic corrosion from stray currents, or external mechanical damage to the pipe. In

the case of extensive pipe corrosion, an initially small leak may cause an immediate

operational problem if the pumping plant cannot maintain the required pressure. Risks

arising from leaks in HPFF installations have been discussed for decades, but the leak

detection problem is not confined to electrical transmission lines. In fact, every installation

containing fluids (liquids or gases) may be subject to similar analysis. These include for

example, water supply lines, CO2 transmission lines of the gas pressurized

telecommunication cable networks, etc. Many leak detection approaches have been

proposed for such installations, some of which offer good detection capabilities, while
 21

other are cheap to install and easy to maintain. Creating a leak detection system able to

detect small leaks without costly investments is, however, still an open problem.

As mentioned by Aarone, etl. (2023) Thus, got to be careful of such data as they

make programs of this sort. Investigators got to as well survey the entirety of social capital

made through as of now existing water confirmation courses of action and programs. This

future think almost appears apply the explore conducted in organize to form messages

from authorize sources and make as much social capital as conceivable. The Brillouin-

based Omni Sens DITEST checking framework has been utilized in a few long separate

pipeline ventures. The method is competent of measuring strain and temperature over

100's kilometers with meter spatial determination. Devoted fiber optic cables have been

created for nonstop strain and temperature checking and their arrangement along the

pipeline has empowered changeless and nonstop pipeline ground development,

interruption and spill discovery. This paper presents a depiction of the fiber optic Brillouin-

based DITEST detecting procedure, its estimation execution and limits, whereas tending

to future viewpoints for pipeline checking. The interest in leak detection systems arises

from the need to reduce the impact of a leak. When discussing leak detection solutions,

the crucial parameter is the minimum detectable amount (or rate) of the leak. The lower

it is, the faster a leak can be detected and appropriate actions taken. Depending on the

type of installation, the leak may result in economic losses (drinking water pipes),

environmental hazard (HPFF lines) or even human casualties (hydrogen transportation

systems). In all these scenarios early leak detection is crucial. Solutions to the leak

detection problem are based on various principles. A large group can be discerned,

containing approaches utilizing highly specialized hardware equipment, dedicated solely

 22

to the task of leak detection. This may, for example, assume the form of a special wire

which electrical properties change in the presence of the fluid contained in the installation

and which is installed alongside the pipe, an electronic device capable of analysis of

acoustic signals associated with leaks or even an airborne optical sensor operating in the

infra-red wavelengths and detecting traces of fluid escaping from the pipeline. In all such

cases, the equipment has to be purchased (which may be very costly) and installed (which

may be difficult, especially in case of retrofitting).

Mercedes, etl. (2021) Water effectiveness implies minimizing misfortunes due

to dissipation, runoff or underground waste. The dissipation skillet can be utilized to

decide how much water is required to flood the arrive. Surge water system, the most

seasoned and most common sort, is frequently exceptionally unevenly conveyed, as a

few areas may get overabundance water to supply other parts. Overhead watering with

rotating or side sprinklers gives a much more indeed and controlled conveyance design.

Dribble water system is the foremost costly and slightest utilized type, but it gives the

finest comes about in conveying water to plant roots with negligible misfortunes. Group

of solutions attempt to detect leaks by building some sort of a model of the installation.

This model may be based on analytical equations describing behavior of the installation,

which requires precise knowledge of the installation parameters, or may be obtained by

empirical observation of the behavior coupled with machine learning algorithms. When

discrepancy is detected between the model and actual installation state, it may indicate a

leak. These approaches promise lower costs by not requiring specialized hardware

equipment, as the model is computed using data coming from the sensors that are

commonly used in the installation anyway (e. g., pressure, temperature, flow sensors).
 23

However, they often require significantly larger number of such sensors that are normally

present in the installation. Which again leads to high costs and cumbersome

implementation.

LOCAL LITERATURE

As previously reported by Magallanes & Mercado (2021) water framework

cost can be utilized in conjunction with client believe to address the issue of water

deficiency, but it isn't an attainable way to energize water preservation on it possess. The

cost of water-efficient gear is the greatest deterrent to rural water preservation. Numerous

agriculturists are debilitated from utilizing water preservation frameworks due to their tall

entrance taken a toll, which brings down benefit. The initial system implementation

required a significant number of parameters to be entered by human operators prior to

system operation. In particular, the whole definition of the Bayesian network – the

decision-making component of the system – had to be hand-crafted. This not only made

system application more difficult and prone to human errors, but, as the operating

conditions of the installation change in time, made it impossible to provide the optimal

parameters, thus reducing detection capabilities. To meet this need, the fully automatic

system has been designed. The most important novel element of the system is the

module capable of computing numerical specification of the Bayesian network on the

basis of the leaks simulated by the software. The concept of training the detector using

simulation results has already been employed in the leak detection solutions. However,

the approach described in the literature required a precise analytical model of the

installation being investigated. Such model may not be readily available; moreover, it may

not reflect the behavior of the installation precisely enough for the desired detection
 24

accuracy. The solution proposed by the authors does not require such model; moreover,

the simulation is based on the current behavior of the installation and, therefore, is always

up-to-date, offering required precision.

According to Suarez, etl. (2022) system taken a toll can be utilized in conjunction

with client accept to address the issue of water lack, but it isn't a feasible way to energize

water conservation on its have. The taken a toll of water-efficient equip is the most

prominent obstruction to rustic water conservation. Various agriculturists are weakened

from utilizing water conservation systems due to their tall entrance taken a toll, which

brings down benefit. Essentially, water is an extremely vital resource for human beings.

However, each year, a significant amount of water is lost because of leakages in multiple

water distribution systems. From this perspective, much ink has been spilled upon the

issue of water leakage detection and location. Indeed, since the emergence of data and

interest in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, leak detection and

location solutions have been optimized. This survey aims to present a comprehensive

review of leak detection and location techniques in water distribution networks (WDNs).

The different categories of leak detection and location solutions are set forward, in

particular the intelligent ones. A comparative study between AI algorithms is performed

using scenarios from the Leak DB data set. To our knowledge, this is the first work that

uses a common benchmark data set to offer a comparative experimental study of the

most used algorithms in leak detection. The selective choices of scenarios and

experiments grant a deep understanding of the leak detection works, as well as a support

for future research to develop artificial intelligence methods in this area.

 25

Valdez, etl. (2022) framework taken that can be utilized in conjunction with client

acknowledge to address the issue of water need to monitor the right water consume, but

it isn't an attainable way to energize water preservation on it have. The taken a toll of

water-efficient prepare is the foremost conspicuous hindrance to provincial water

preservation. Different agriculturists are debilitated from utilizing water preservation

frameworks due to their tall entrance taken a toll, which brings down advantage. Complex

terrain and climatic conditions, pipeline laying patterns are diverse. Complex construction

patterns also have more potential factors that lead to leaks. Therefore, leak detection

requires an algorithmic model that can detect in real time and dynamically, without the

interference of complex environments. Most of the earlier pipeline leak detection relied on

manual detection, which greatly reduced the efficiency of detection. Therefore, an

automated detection technology is necessary. In addition, it is possible to improve the

accuracy of leak detection with the assistance of smart sensors. As one of facility widely

used in process industry, pipeline network is a complex, highly topological, and highly

automated system, which is composed of multiple pipelines by parallel and series

connections in various ways. Corrosion and other factors, pipelines network may suffer

from leakage of hazardous materials, which may lead to economic losses, environmental

pollution, or even casualties. As a result, leakage detection has been a crucial issue in

the integrity management of pipeline networks. A number of methods have been

developed for leakage detection of single pipes. The representative leakage detection

methods consist of the acoustic method. The negative pressure wave method and the

volume/mass balance method. However, these methods have limitations in detecting

leakages in the pipeline network, which are more complicated in topology than single
 26

pipes. The advantages of the acoustic method are its quick response and its ability to

small leakage detection. However, due to the complication of pipeline networks, a mass

of sensors are needed to install in pipelines for this method. Moreover, the environment

seriously affects the acquisition of acoustic signal. The negative pressure wave method

is widely applied in pipeline leakage detection for reasons of low cost, easy installation,

and convenient maintenance. The disadvantages of this method come from low detection

accuracy and poor detectability of small leakage. The principle of the volume/mass

balance method is simple and does not need to establish the mathematical model of the

pipeline, but it cannot locate the leakage. In addition, this method is not sensitive to small

leakages and is unsuitable for small leakage detection in pipeline networks. Therefore,

pipeline network brings great challenges to traditional methods, and there is still a need

to develop novel methods to detect leakage in an effective and precise manner.

Corresponding to Dela Rosa & Ledesma (2022) consumers’ eagerness to pay for

preservation hones can too be decided through critical indicators such as consumers'

believe in agriculturists and the conviction that agriculturists are not traditionalists. Hence

shoppers were more likely to be open to paying for preservation in the event that they

trusted agriculturists as traditionalists, as well as in the event that they distinguished

factories as destitute protectionists. This think about demonstrated the more buyers know

almost cultivating hones, the more likely they are reaching to be willing to pay for more

grounded preservation hones, in any case in case the rancher was seen to be a destitute

or a solid protectionists of water assets. Although a huge advantage of IRT exists in

leakage detection of pipelines, the complicated features of pipeline networks under

complicated background in IR thermal images are considerable challenges for leakage

 27

detection. Firstly, the pipeline network consists of a combination of pipes connected in

series and parallel. It is inherently complicated, not only with high topology but also with

complicated and diverse constituent materials. The emissivity is low for pipes with smooth

surfaces, high for pipes with rusty surfaces, and increases as the temperature rises.

These factors presented on the IR thermal images greatly increase the complexity of the

leakage detection background. Secondly, the complicated and changeable environment

in which the pipeline network is located can lead to changes in the background of the IR

thermal images. This also increases the complexity of the IR thermal image background.

For the above reasons, the temperature distribution of the IR thermal image of the pipeline

network is very complicated, so it is extremely difficult to identify the temperature

anomalies caused by leak points from it. Therefore, it is necessary to combine IRT with

object detection technology to improve the accuracy of leakage detection on the one hand

and realize automated leakage detection on the other hand. However, some challenges

remain to be addressed for use of IRT as a tool for leakage detection in pipeline networks.

For example, the false test often appears for the thermal anomaly in the condition of

complicated topology and background factors. Furthermore, the resolving capability of

the IR camera directly influences the detected size of the leaking object, which further

affects the extraction of leaking features and classification. Therefore, feature extraction

is the key to leakage detection, as mentioned in many previous works. For the traditional

feature extraction methods, such as scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT), histograms

of oriented gradients (HOG), local binary pattern (LBP), it is necessary to design fixed

templates according to the specific object. The input images are classified using a

classifier, such as a support vector machine (SVM), after feature extraction of the
 28

candidate region to implement integrated identification and location. Nevertheless, the

weakness of traditional methods lies in the difficulty of developing robust models to extract

the features of leakage in pipeline networks under the condition of complicated

backgrounds or a variety of. In addition, there are a number of challenges for the

traditional methods to finish such a detection task, including being heavily reliant on a

specific task, demand for apriority knowledge of objects, and poor portability. The

algorithms will be re-designed when the same objects with different forms come out.

Therefore, the difficulty of feature extraction of leakage from the IR thermal images makes

the traditional detection methods unsuitable for identifying leakage of pipeline networks.

Research conducted by Antolin (2023) conservation sharpens can as well be

chosen through basic pointers such as consumers' accept in agriculturists and the

conviction that agriculturists are not traditionalists. Consequently customers were more

likely to be open to paying for conservation within the occasion that they trusted

agriculturists as traditionalists, as well as within the occasion that they recognized farmers

as down and out protectionists. This think almost illustrated the more buyers know nearly

developing sharpens, the more likely they are coming to to be willing to pay for more

grounded conservation sharpens, in any case in case the farmer was seen to be a down

and out or a strong protectionists of water assets. An algorithmic model capable of

automatically detecting pipeline leaks will be proposed. It will replace the previous manual

monitoring or fixed-threshold detection methods, whose thresholds can be dynamically

adjusted in real time according to the amplitude of the noise level, thus achieving a

balance between false alarm probability and detection probability. To achieve this goal,

the constant false alarm rate detector in radar detection theory is used for the real-time
 29

detection of pipeline leakage signals. Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector is an

adaptive threshold method that detects the target with a constant false alarm probability

level, which eliminates the problem of threshold failure due to noise level variations. Its

real-time threshold adjustment property makes it an effective method for automatic

detection and facilitates real-time implementation with less computation compared to

machine learning based methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that

the idea of CFAR detection is applied to pipeline leakage detection. In practical scenarios,

the noise acquired by acoustic sensors mainly comes from thermal noise in circuit

devices. Meanwhile, there may be some interference terms, such as electromagnetic

interference or operating conditions variations of the transport pump. This makes the

mean value of the noise may not be zero. That is, the noise signal is superimposed on

some constant term. In addition, if the interference term may change with time, the noise

signal will also have a trend term.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research conducted the Development of Green Tech IoT based Water Supply

Piping Automation using Arduino and ESP MCU, as this study intended to answer the

research questions:

1. What is the Development of Green Tech IoT based Water Supply Piping

Automation using Arduino and ESP MCU?

1.1. 2D Design and

1.2. 3D Design

2. How will the Development of Green Tech IoT based Water Supply Piping

Automation using Arduino and ESP MCU?

2.1. Close Loop Control System Diagram;

2.2. Schematic Diagram;

 30

2.3. Microcomputer Assembly Design; and

2.4. Software Flowchart Design

3. How the Development of Green Tech IoT can based Water Supply Piping

Automation using Arduino and ESP MCU?

3.1. Hardware Functionality;

3.2. Software Functionality; and

3.3. Prototype Testing Procedure

4. How reliable is the Development of Green Tech IoT can based Water

Supply Piping Automation using Arduino and ESP MCU?

4.1. Sustainability;

4.2. Portability;

4.3. Safety;

4.4. Economy; and

4.5. Engineering Standard

5. What is the perception of the target user of the Development of Green Tech

IoT can based Water Supply Piping Automation using Arduino and ESP

MCU?

5.1. Data Analysis;

5.2. Survey Instrument Procedure;

5.3. Survey Instrument; and

5.4. Statistical Research Tool

 31

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Knowledge Development

This research is important because it contributes to the body of knowledge on the

issues of piping monitoring. Moreover, the study would be beneficial to:

Industrial Automation. The integration of Arduino and ESP MCU for piping monitoring

systems that indicates the process of advancement this area in the industrial, that gives

more controls, better monitoring, and analysis of the processes. By studying this

technology the contributes to the advancements of automation within industrial settings,

leading to smarter and efficient ways.

IoT Applications. Integrating of mobile interface for showing real-time data, showcase

the potential of Internet of Things (IoT) for industrial monitoring and management.

Researching the limitations and capabilities of integration of IoT for industrial piping

monitoring contributes to the knowledge about IoT deployment in complex industrial

environment.

Safety and Reliability. Researching the development of piping monitoring system

contributes to the improvements of safety standards for industrial facilities by early

detection and managing potential hazards. Understanding the reliability of the monitoring

system in real-world industrial scenarios improve its effectiveness in preventing accidents

and securing the reliability of piping infrastructure.

 32

Cost Reduction and Efficiency. Studying the efficiency of Arduino and ESP MCU-based

monitoring systems in real-world industrial applications offer understanding into their

potential to reduce operational costs, downtime, and improvement of overall efficiency.

Research results can help companies make better decisions about investing in monitoring

technology. This can help them use resources more efficiently and make more profits for

industrial stakeholders.

Real-time Data Analysis. The Arduino and ESP Microcontroller Unit (MCU), along with

integration of mobile interface including the pressure sensor, allows to analyze data in

real-time. This new way of monitoring piping systems gives new opportunities for

understanding how they work and monitoring any issues and problem that will encounter.

Studying the ways and methods used for monitoring data in real-time helps us understand

more and encourages new ideas in this area of industrial monitoring. The importance of

exploring the creation of an industrial piping monitoring system, utilizing Arduino and ESP

MCU alongside an integrated mobile interface for real-time analysis, is found in its ability

to push forward industrial automation, IoT applications, real-time data analysis, and

operational effectiveness. Researching in this area allows researchers to share useful

ideas and solutions for modern industrial needs. This research can lead to better, more

adaptable to industrial practices as technology developed.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The researchers hypothesized that Arduino Uno and ESP is an effective

Microcontroller to make the Green Tech IoT can based Water Supply Piping Automation

using Arduino and ESP MCU functional.

 33

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The study will concentrate on creating a Development of Green Tech IoT can

based Water Supply Piping Automation using Arduino and ESP MCU. The functionality,

usability, and security characteristics of the smart home system will all be tested and

evaluated for this project.

The project consists of electrical components, sensors, and programmable

modules that are coordinated to carry out their various operations. Monitor the piping to

assure the water flows is right and have the advancement of monitoring. The transition to

the use of plastic piping systems is an inevitable process for any company aiming to

position themselves at the forefront of their field. The quality of Water Flow Meter and

leak with advance connection through Mobile Phones.

A user-friendly and easy to access monitoring to reassured the interface. Using the

Paddlewheel Sensor, ESP32, Arduino Uno, LCD 16x2, Digital Solenoid Valve, Turbine

Sensor (Water Flow Meter), Rain Module Sensor, Pipelines and elbows, Buck Converter,

Pressure Sensor, Water Pump and Water Level Control Floater Sensor for the water tank.

At this point those materials consists different voltage to conceive the whole piping

monitoring system. Arduino and ESP as the microcontroller, Turbine sensor with LCD, and

the Pressure Sensor. Arduino have an operating voltage consists 5V, the Input Voltage is

7-12V and the limit is 15-20V. ESP32-WROOM-32D has voltage and supply 2.7v-3.6v,

Bluetooth, Wi-Fi RF Family/Standard. Paddlewheel is connected to pipes with elbows, the

sensor produce 0.5 spun that can maximize the heat average that produces from the

Turbine. The faster the wheel is spun, the more heat dissolves. It was connected right after

the Turbine Sensor. Digital Solenoid Valve with Digital LCD Display is connected before

the turbine sensor, to control the high flow of water.

 34

Every solenoid valve has a nominal actuation voltage, which is usually based on

the common power supply voltage such as 12-24 VDC. The normal voltage is typically

printed in solenoid valve body. Water Pump, this is usually take 12v and 70 watts. This

pump only uses smallest amount from the power supply. LCD 2x16, this LCD connected

to Turbine Sensor. This combination of LCD and the Turbine can use to manage or

maintain the water flows and the pressures in the pipelines, it can be 0 if the water is not

flowing and it can be in the range of 50-150 that depends the pressures of flowing in the

pipelines. The LCD takes 5V and the Turbine sensor is 5V. ESP32 or Wi- Fi module it runs

at operating voltage of 3V and can handle the maximum voltage of around 3.6V. Lastly,

Pressure Sensor. This sensor recommended the sensor be powered DC 5v. The output is

based on psi we use.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For a better understanding of the concepts presented in this paper, the researchers

provided operational definitions of terms utilized in this study.

Application - A mobile app (or mobile application) is a software application

developed specifically for use on small, wireless computing devices, such

as smartphones and tablets, rather than desktop or laptop computers.

Arduino Uno - an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor,

a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a

motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board

what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To

do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the
 35

Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Automation - Automation is the application of technology, programs, robotics or

processes to achieve outcomes with minimal human input.

Automatic Transfer Switch – provide a reliable means of transferring essential

load connections between primary and alternate sources of electrical power.

Battery - a device that converts chemical energy contained within its active

materials directly into electric energy by means of an electrochemical oxidation-

reduction (redox) reaction.

Buck Converter – is used to step down voltage of the given input in order to

achieve required output.

ESP32 - a series of low-cost, low-power system on a chip microcontrollers with

integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth.

Hardware - the physical components of a computer system the tangible, electrical,

and mechanical parts that you can touch. This includes items such as the central

processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices (hard drives, SSDS), input

devices (keyboard, mouse), output devices (monitor, printer), and various

interconnected circuits on the motherboard.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) - a software application that helps

programmers develop software code efficiently.

Industrial – related to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories.

Internet of Things (IoT) - interconnected network of physical devices, vehicles,

appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity,

enabling them to collect and exchange data over the internet.

 36

Liquid-crystal Display (LCD) – a 16x2 or 2x16 display is a liquid crystal display

that can show 16 characters in each of two rows, providing the total of 32

characters of information’s.

Leakage - the accidental admission or escape of a fluid or gas through a hole or

crack.

Microcontroller - a compact and integrated circuit that contains a processor core,

memory, and input/output peripherals. Unlike a general-purpose computer, a

microcontroller is designed for specific embedded applications and is commonly

used in various electronic systems to control and manage devices or processes.

Monitor - refers to the display device that visually outputs information generated

by a computer. Monitors come in various technologies like LCD, LED, or OLED

and are essential for user interaction and data visualization.

Paddlewheel Sensor – that are the have a freely rotating wheels that set in a path

of a fluid stream. In this case this takes the molecules in the water cleans.

PCB Board - a structure for assembling electronic components and their

connections into a unified circuit that allows electrical current to pass between

components.

Pressure Sensor – measurement tools for detecting, monitoring, reading and

displaying changes in applied pressure from a contained volume of liquid or gas.

Increasingly used in applications such as bottle and equipment leak detection,

Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems, air blades, compressed air pressure

monitoring, industrial flow monitoring, filter pressure monitoring, duct airflow, gas

detection, pneumatic controls, mine safety instrumentation.

 37

Power Supply - the power supply in computer engineering is the electrical supply

that provides energy to a computer system. It can be in the form of a power supply

unit converting Alternating Current (AC) power from an outlet to Direct Current (DC)

power for internal components or batteries in portable devices.

Prototype – an original model on which something is patterned.

Real-time – the actual time during which something takes place.

Relay - as interface devices that enable the transfer of signals and information

between different devices or systems.

Software - set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and

execute specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical

aspects of a computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to applications,

scripts and programs that run on a device. It can be thought of as the variable part of

a computer, while hardware is the invariable part.

Solar Panel - a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic

(PV) cells.

Solar Charge Controller - used in off-grid systems to maintain batteries at their

highest state of charge without overcharging them to avoid gassing and battery

damage.

Turbine Sensor – also known as Water Flow Sensor it is use to determine the

flow meter housing contains rotor blades attached to the rod and mounted on the

bearings in order to spin. As the fluids moves through the meter, the rotor blades

turn.

Water Pump - used to transport water from one location to another.

Wl-Cfs (Water Level Control Floater Sensor) – a float valve inside that allows
 38

water to flow until a specific level is reached. Once the water reaches thus level,

the float valve will be pushed up with the water due to buoyancy and stop the flow

of water.

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) - technology that enables devices to exchange data

wirelessly using radio waves. It allows electronic devices such as computers,

smartphones, tablets, and other hardware to connect to the internet and local area

networks without the need for physical cables.

Wi-Fi Module - Wi-Fi module is a hardware component that enables wireless

communication using Wi-Fi standards. It allows devices to connect to Wi-Fi

networks, facilitating wireless data transfer and internet connectivity.

Volts - the unit of electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and

electromotive force.
 39

CHAPTER 2
METHODS

This chapter covers the methods and procedures the researchers will be using to

gather important information required. The researchers will be using the Experimental

Prototype Development Method and System Development Method (SDM). Standard

testing for embedded hardware shall be done using measuring instrument and software

capability testing is done by Alpha and Beta testing.

2D PROJECT DESIGN

Figure 2.0 Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation
using Arduino and ESP MCU

To further visualize the overall design, the researchers transferred the rough ideas

and sketches to a 2D model. Figure 2.0 shows the 2D model of the Development of

Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation using Arduino

and ESP MCU.

 40

Figure 2.1 Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation
using Arduino and ESP MCU Front View

Figure 2.2 Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation
using Arduino and ESP MCU Top View

Figure 2.3 Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation
using Arduino and ESP MCU Side View (Right)
 41

Figure 2.4 Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation
using Arduino and ESP MCU Side View (Left)

Figure 2.5 Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation
using Arduino and ESP MCU Back View

Figure 2.6 Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation
using Arduino and ESP MCU Bottom View
 42

REASEARCH DESIGN

To perform this study, the researchers will use the Experimental Prototyping

Method. Building the concept and prototype as an experiment that can be approved or

rejected is known as experimental prototyping. According to Ledesma (2022), prototype

experiments are a way of ensuring that the questions we want answered are clear,

testable with our prototype, and that we test the prototype consistently with the different

people who use the prototype. Experimental prototyping design refers to the process of

creating prototypes as part of the experimental design methodology. This approach

involves systematically developing and testing prototypes to gather insights, validate

assumptions, and refine concepts before committing to full-scale production. Unlike

traditional design methods, experimental prototyping encourages a hands-on, trial-and-

error approach, fostering creativity and innovation. It allows designers to quickly identify

flaws, iterate on solutions, and ultimately develop more robust and user-centric products.

By embracing experimentation and iteration, this design methodology empowers

designers to push the boundaries of creativity and bring groundbreaking ideas to life. As

of Claremont (2023), prototyping is a critical part of the design process that can help

designers create better design solutions that meet the needs of end-users. By starting

with low-fidelity prototypes, testing early and often, involving stakeholders and end-users,

and iterating based on feedback, designers can create products and systems that are

more usable, functional, and enjoyable for users. The prototyping model is a systems

development technique (SDM) where a prototype (an early approximation of a final

system or product) is created, tested, and then modified as necessary until an acceptable

prototype is established from which the entire system or product may now be developed.

The best use of this methodology occurs when not all of the product requirements are

understood in advance. Users and developers go through an iterative, trial-and-error

process. Prototypes are pivotal in design and development processes across industries,
 43

serving multiple critical functions. They facilitate the transformation of abstract ideas into

tangible representations, aiding in visualizing and communicating design concepts

effectively. Moreover, prototypes support iterative development, allowing designers to

explore various ideas, test hypotheses, and refine solutions based on feedback and

insights gained from each iteration. By testing prototypes with target users, designers can

gather invaluable feedback early on, identifying usability issues, preferences, and unmet

needs. This early user feedback helps in creating products that better meet user

requirements. Prototyping also helps mitigate risks associated with product development

by uncovering potential flaws or issues before significant resources are invested, thus

reducing the likelihood of costly mistakes later in the process. Furthermore, prototypes

serve as a common language for communication and collaboration among

multidisciplinary teams, stakeholders, and clients, facilitating discussions, clarifying

requirements, and aligning expectations. They also provide concrete evidence and

insights that inform decision-making throughout the design process, ultimately leading to

the creation of more user-friendly, innovative, and successful products while reducing

time to market.

In summary, prototypes are essential tools for designers and developers to

explore, validate, and refine design concepts, ultimately leading to the creation of

products that are more user-friendly, innovative, and successful in the market.

Sequential Phases in Prototyping

1. Basic Requirement Identification

2. Developing the Initial Prototype

3. Review of the Prototype

4. Revise and Enhance the Prototype

 44

Figure 2.7 Closed Loop Control Block Diagram

Figure 2.8 Picture Schematic Diagram

MICROCOMPUTER/MICROPROCESSOR ASSEMBLY

The main microcomputer that the researchers used are the Arduino Uno and

ESP32. The Arduino Uno is then prompted by the ESP32 for monitoring system. Turbine

is connected to LCD 16x12, the turbine is use for assuring the number of liters flows in the

pipes from water supply to faucet. This shoes the number of liters flows, it indicates from

zero liters (0L) to ninety liters (90L). When the water flows in turbine, it shows the liters

flow and delivered. The ESP32 is also connected to Rain Module Sensor, ESP32 will

provide the monitoring system. The ESP32 will use as the automated monitoring system
 45

of pipes. The Arduino is powered by power supply. Turbine is connected to Arduino UNO

same with ESP32.

Figure 2.9 Software Flow Chart Design

Figure 2.9 shows the software flow chart of the prototype. It shows the complete

process of the automated piping monitoring system.

 46

HARDWARE FUNCTIONALITY

The Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation using

Arduino and ESP MCU is a fully automated piping monitoring system that uses to monitor

the industrial pipe or community pipe. Monitoring and classifying the leakage it can also

be manually monitor with monitoring system using Arduino and ESP32.

 47

TABLE 2.0 HARDWARE MATRIX AND FUNCTIONALITY

Table 2.0 shows the hardware components that were used in the prototype

alongside their specifications and functions.

FIGURE 2.10 LOOP FLOWCHART AUTOMATION DESIGN

Figure 2.3 shows the Loop Flowchart Automation Design of the prototype.
 48

PROTOTYPE TESTING PROCEDURE

HARDWARE TESTING

COMPONENTS TESTING
Arduino Uno This was tested by uploading a code in it
and if it performs the desired output based
on the code.
Water Pump These were tested by applying a voltage
on the water pump and hose each side.
Turbine/Water Flow These were tested by applying a code in
Arduino Uno and connected the Turbine
with exact code and put water to its hole.
ESP32 Tested by putting correct code to see the
desire output.
Solenoid Valve Tested by putting current to click the
opening or closing.
Paddle Wheel Tested by putting some water if the
impeller is functioning.
Water Level Control Sensor Tested by attaching to water tank and flow
some water until reach the limited water.
LCD 12x16 Tested through the Arduino and put some
corrected codes and see the display
output of the codes.
Rain Module Sensor This sensor can be connected to Arduino
Uno and ESP to test the module and pad.

Pressure Sensor Can be connected to ESP and Arduino to

put codes and test the sensor.

TABLE 2.1 HARDWARE TESTING

Table 2.1 shows the hardware components and how they were tested.

SOFTWARE TESTSING
SOFTWARE TESTING
Arduino IDE Tested by using it to program Arduino Uno.
It should be able to compile and upload the
command to the Arduino Uno.
ESP32-Wroom-32D Tested and check inputting codes to prove
if the ESP32 is working perfectly.

Table 2.2 shows the software used in the development of the prototype and how it was
 49

tested. The researchers used experimental prototyping method to test the hardware and

software that were used in the system. Galitzine (2021) said that this experiment strives

for consistent methods and variables, and a testable hypothesis. Prototype experiments

are a way of ensuring that the questions we want answered are clear, testable with our

prototype, and that we test the prototype consistently with the different people who use the

prototype. It is totally acceptable for the outcomes of your experiment to generate more

questions than answers.

PROTOTYPE’S RELIABILITY

Sustainability

The Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation

using Arduino and ESP MCU will use sensors, microprocessors, and components that are

available in the market which passed the standards for electronic materials. All of the

components used for this project can be seen on the Hardware and Software.

Efficiency

The prototype provides weather protection, keeping clothes safe from rain, dust,

and excessive sunlight. It also is energy-efficient, incorporating features like solar power

or low electricity consumption. This not only reduces environmental impact but also saves

on utility bills. Moreover, automatic systems offer convenience and safety by minimizing

manual labor. Overall, their combination of functionality, energy efficiency, and

convenience makes them a smart choice for efficient laundry drying solutions.
 50

Safety

For the prototype’s safety and regulations, the researchers will use fuse, and power

supply and sensors on the system and microcontrollers to prevent electrical malfunction.

In testing and experimentation, a fuse will be temporarily connected to the switches to

prevent electrical damage to the components and system. Power Supply system was also

present in the whole system. Insulators were also used a lot to protect the connections.

Economy

The prototype of Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping

Automation using Arduino and ESP MCU will be presented by using a miniature of the

system to demonstrate how it works. The core architecture, interfaces, protocols, and

services specified in ISO/IEC 30118-1:2018 enable the implementation of profiles for IoT

usages and ecosystems. The key architectural elements of network connectivity,

discovery, data transmission, device and service management, and ID and security are

also defined in ISO/IEC 30118-1:2018. Simple devices (limited devices) and more

advanced devices (smart devices) can both be supported by the basic architecture.

Engineering Standards

The prototype of Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping

Automation using Arduino and ESP MCU follows established engineering rules and

guidelines to ensure the solutions proposed are reliable, safe, and effective. We conduct

tests and checks according to industry standards, and the

 51

researchers follow ethical guidelines. By sticking to these standards, the researchers aim

to contribute valuable insights to the field of engineering while maintaining the credibility

of our work.

DATA ANALYSIS

The researchers will conduct a simple survey for the targeted clients using

Purposive Sampling Technique. The analysis of data collected in relation to the

perception of the targeted client if the prototype is acceptable to them is the Descriptive

Type Survey Questionnaire Method using Percentage and Weighted average Formula.

The interpretation of the collected data will be generated from the verbal interpretation of

the Likert’s Scale Method.

The Purposive Sampling Technique is used for its demographic profile and

descriptive method to interpret the indicators of the 4-point Likert Scale on the survey

methodology. According to Clark (2023), the 4-point Likert Scale The 4-Point scale

eliminates the neutral option, ensuring respondents make a definitive choice and

potentially offering clearer data.

Survey Instrument Procedure

This efficient methodical organized precise standardized to data gathered and

analysis is very crucial for successful fulfilment of the researcher’s survey of the study

“Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation using Arduino

and ESP MCU.” This procedure focuses on collecting valuable knowledge and

recommendation to enhance the performance and functionality of the prototype. The

variable is based on functionality and reliability.

 52

QUESTIONNAIRE

“Development of Green Tech IoT Based Water Supply Piping Automation using

Arduino and ESP MCU”

Note: This questionnaire was composed of questions that was necessary for the

completion of the study. It will be done with consent and all of the information and answers

on this paper will be confidential.

NAME (OPTIONAL):
Direction: Please put a check (/) mark on the space provided that best applies to
you.

I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

AGE:

☐ 18 – 25 ☐26 – 30

☐ 40 – above
OCCUPATION STATUS:

☐ Academic (Student) ☐ Working Student

☐ Freelancer ☐Unemployed
☐ Employed ☐Others:

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

☐ High School ☐ Senior High School

☐ College ☐Post Graduate

☐ Others:
 53

SEX:

☐ Male

☐ Female
CIVIL STATUS:

☐ Single ☐Solo Parent

☐ Married

ADDRESS:

II. FUNCTIONALITY

Table. What is the functionality of the prototype which

indicates the acceptability and agreeability of its function?

FUNCTIONALITY
INDICATORS SA A DA SD
4 3 2 1

1. “DEVELOPMENT OF
GREEN TECH IOT BASED
WATER SUPPLY PIPING
AUTOMATION USING
ARDUINO AND ESP
MCU” is user- friendly.

2. The “DEVELOPMENT OF
GREEN TECH IOT BASED
WATER SUPPLY PIPING
AUTOMATION USING
ARDUINO AND ESP
MCU” is easy to operate.
3. The “DEVELOPMENT OF
GREEN TECH IOT BASED
WATER SUPPLY PIPING
AUTOMATION USING
ARDUINO AND ESP MCU”
is useful.
4. The usability
“DEVELOPMENT OF
GREEN TECH IOT BASED
 54

WATER SUPPLY PIPING

AUTOMATION USING
ARDUINO AND ESP MCU”
is modern and
contemporary.
5. The automation is
beneficial to its function.
Respondent (N) = 50

I. RELIABILITY

Table. What are the factors that make the “Development of Green Tech Iot

Based Water Supply Piping Automation Using Arduino and ESP MCU”

reliable?

RELIABILITY
INDICATORS SA A DA SD
4 3 2 1
1. The materials like hardware
and software are available.
(Sustainable)
2. The “DEVELOPMENT OF
GREEN TECH IOT BASED
WATER SUPPLY PIPING
AUTOMATION USING
ARDUINO AND ESP MCU”
might be improved and
applicable for future use.
(Portable)
3. All the materials used are
safe and environmentally
friendly. (Safety)
4. The expenses and cost of the
“DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN
TECH IOT BASED WATER
SUPPLY PIPING
AUTOMATION USING
ARDUINO AND ESP MCU” is
affordable. (Economy)
5. The security and strength of
the component of the product
is according to the guidelines
of the existing standards to
both local and international.
(Engineering Standard)
 55

Respondent (N) = 50

Statistical Research Tool

I. Demographics

1. Age
2. Sex
3. Civil Status
4. Educational Attainment

Tool - Percentage
𝑷
%𝑷 𝑷 𝑷𝑷𝑷%
= 𝑷
II. Functionality
General Weighted Mean

∑𝑷
𝑷𝑷𝑷 =
𝑷
𝑷

FOUR (4) POINT RESPONDENT’S SCALE

Point of scale SCALE VERBAL INTEGRATION

4 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree

(SA)

3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree

(A)

2 1.76 – 2.50 Disagree

(DA)

1 1.00 – 1.74 Strongly Disagree

(SD)
 56

CHAPTER 3
RESULTS
This chapter presents the detailed results of the project research. The full

information about the Prototype including its construction and integration will be

presented using the 3D Model and schematics of the prototype. The researchers used

questionnaires to gather the data required for the prototype. The researchers used a 4-

point Likert Scale to interpret the data gathered, the gathered data are interpreted by

gathering their General Weighted Mean (GWM) and find their verbal interpretation.

3D PROTOTYPE MODEL

Figure 3.0 Development of Green Tech Iot Based Water Supply Piping Automation

Using Arduino and ESP MCU

 57

Figure 3.1 Prototype’s Top View

Figure 3.2 Prototype’s Front view

Figure 3.3 Prototype’s Side View (Right)

 58

Figure 3.4 Prototype’s Side View (Left)

Figure 3.5 Prototype’s Rear View

Figure 3.6 Prototype’s Bottom View

 59

Figure 3.7 Prototype’s Control System, Power Supply and Components

The figure shows the prototype’s Control System, Power Supply and Components. The

Control System is compromised different components: Arduino Uno, Power Supply, Water

Pump, Solenoid Valve, Turbine/Water Flow with LCD, Water Level Control Sensor. The

Arduino Uno and ESP32 are the main microcontroller in this prototype, this is where the

main program required for the prototype is executed. The Power Supply enables for the

simplification of the connections required for power, the module takes in a DC voltage

supply of 12 V and then steps it down to 3.3 V and 5 V. The Arduino Uno is then prompted

by the esp32 for monitoring system. Turbine is connected to LCD 16x12, the turbine is use

for assuring the number of liters flows in the pipes from water supply to faucet. Lastly, the

Battery Over-discharge module protects and prevents the battery cells from over-

discharging by cutting off the discharge current when the cell voltage reaches the over-

discharge threshold. The power supply, primary function is to regulate the voltage and

current from the solar panels to the batteries and prevent overcharging or deep discharging

of the batteries.
 60

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

RAIN MODULE
CONVERTER SENSOR
ATS

BUCK
ESP

AC
BATTERY RELAY PRESSURE
SENSOR

SOLAR ARDUINO UNO

TURBINE

SCC LCD
WT

IMPELLER DSV WATER PUMP WS

FAUCET

Figure 3.7 Development of Green Tech Iot Based Water Supply Piping Automation

Using Arduino and ESP Mcu

Figure 3.7 shows the schematic diagram of the Development of Green Tech Iot Based

Water Supply Piping Automation Using Arduino and ESP Mcu. The main source of energy in

the system is power supply is around 12v-24v, helps regulate the current and amperes that

flow between the components and power supply to avoid over-charges and flowing of energy

source. The voltage is then passed through a 12V to 3.3/5 V power supply module for more

convenient distribution of power supply. The 5V powers up the Arduino Uno which then

powers the Turbine with LCD 5v, and the 5V powers up from the ESP32.
 61

FLOW OF PROCEDURE

DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN TECH IOT BASED WATER SUPPLY PIPING

AUTOMATION USING ARDUINO AND ESP MCU

Figure 3.8 Main Control System Flow of Procedure

The block diagram shows the complete looping procedure of the prototype, the

block diagram also shows a more detailed process in the software flowchart diagram. The

power supply uses solar energy to power the prototype’s power adaptors to dispense

them into 12 V and 5 V. The said voltages is then used by the Arduino Uno and the ESP32

motor driver to control the also provide power for the Turbine with LCD.

The water limits serve as a stoppage when the piping monitoring reaches them, the

limit pf water signals the Turbine connected to the Arduino Uno if the water is flowing at its

maximum position and orders the microprocessor to stop them.

 62

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

1. Hardware

1.1 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a popular microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328P chip. It features digital and analog input/output pins, onboard power

regulation, a USB interface for programming and communication, and a reset

button. The Uno is widely used in hobbyist projects, educational settings, and

prototyping due to its ease of use, affordability, and extensive community support

for programming and hardware expansion. (Arduino Uno - Arduino Official Website)

1.2 Water Pump

The water pump is a machine that is used to transfer the water from one

location to another. This can be used to transfer water from one place to be used

for drinking water or irrigation, or it can be used to remove water from an area to

prevent the damage.

1.3 Digital Solenoid Valve

Is an electromechanically operated valve. Solenoid valves differ in the

characteristics of the electric current they use. Solenoid are used wherever fluid

flow has to be controlled automatically. This Solenoid has improved with LCD

Display.

1.4 ESP 32

A chip that provides Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity for embedded devices

– in other words, for IoT devices. While ESP32 is technically just the chip, the

modules and development boards that contain this chip are often also referred to

as “ESP32” by the manufacturer.

1.5 Turbine/Water Flow Meter

 63

Devices used to measure the volume or mass of fluid that passes through

the pipe. They are commonly used in water treatment and distribution systems,

irrigation, and industrial processes. This indicator is used to determine if water is

being directed through the meter even when everything appears to be turned off,

signifying a leak.

1.6 LCD 16x2

An LCD screen is an electronic display module that uses liquid crystal to

produce a visible image. The 16x2 LCD display is a very basic module commonly

used in DIYs and circuits. The 16x2 translates a display of 16 characters per line in

2 such lines. In LCD, each character is displayed in a 5x7 pixel matrix.

1.7 Impeller

Paddle wheel flowmeters or Impeller measure the velocity if liquids in

pipes, such as chemicals, water and liquids. High accuracy is attainable if carefully

installed. These flowmeters are measuring flow at the edge of the flow profile and

thus are affected by viscosity changes.

1.8 Water Level Controller Valve

The operation of an automatic water level control valve typically involves

a float mechanism or a pressure sensor. The float mechanism detects the water level

and activates the valve based on the position of the float. There are various

automatic water level control valves with different sensors and working principles.

1.9 Water Tank/Water Supply

A container for storing fluids, commonly water. For many applications,

drinking water, irrigation, fire suppression, farming, both for plants and livestock,

chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses. Water tank

parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction

materials, linings.
 64

1.10 Faucet

A fixture for drawing or regulating the flow of liquids especially from a pipe.

Device that controls the flow of liquid.

1.11 Battery
An electrochemical device (consisting of one or more electrochemical cells)

which can be charged with an electric current and discharged whenever required.

1.12 Solar Panel

(Also known as "PV panels") is a device that converts light from the sun,

which is composed of particles of energy called "photons", into electricity that can

be used to power electrical loads.

1.13 Solar Charge Controller

Are used in off-grid systems to maintain batteries at their highest state of

charge without overcharging them to avoid gassing and battery damage. This helps

to prolong battery life.

1.14 PCB Boards

A non-conductive material with conductive liens printed or etched.

Electronics components are mounted on the board and the traces connect the

components together to form a working circuit or assembly.

1.15 Pressure Sensor

Used in applications such as bottle and equipment leak detection, Variable

Air Volume (VAV) systems, air blades, compressed air pressure monitoring,

industrial flow monitoring, filter pressure monitoring, duct airflow, gas detection,

pneumatic controls, mine safety instrumentation.

2. Software

2.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software

platform used for programming Arduino microcontrollers. It provides a user-

 65

friendly interface that allows developers and hobbyists to write, compile, and

upload code to Arduino boards easily. The IDE includes features such as

syntax highlighting, code completion, a serial monitor for debugging, and a

library manager for accessing pre-written code modules. It supports a variety

of programming languages, including C and C++, making it accessible to a

wide range of users with different programming backgrounds. (Arduino

Official Website - Arduino IDE).

DATA ANALYSIS

PRODUCT COST ESTIMATION

MAIN CONTROL SYSTEM

MATERIALS QUANTITY COST TOTAL
Water Pump 1 Php 900.00 Php 900.00
Arduino Uno 1 Php 450.00 Php 450.00
Digital 1 Php 2,448.00 Php 2,448.00
Solenoid Valve
Female to female wires 1 Php 100.00 Php 100.00
(set)
ESP32 1 Php 350.00 Php 350.00
Turbine/Water Flow 4 Php 250.00 Php 1,000.00
Meter
Power Supply 1 Php 1,199.00 Php 1,199.00
Water Level Control 1 Php 350.00 Php 350.00
Sensor
LCD 16x2 i2c 4 Php 149.00 Php 596.00
Paddle Wheel 4 Php 350.00 Php 1,400.00
(Impeller)
Solar Panel 1 Php 1,746.00 Php 1,746.00
Water Tank 2 Php 300.00 Php 300.00
and Water
Supply (set)
Circuit Breaker AC 2 Php 80.00 Php 230.00
(AC and DC) DC 3 (AC)
Php 150.00
(DC)
 66

Buck Converter 2 Php 50.00 Php 100.00

Faucet 4 Php 50.00 Php 100.00

Converter 2 Php 420.00 Php 840.00

Plyboard 1 Php 1,050.00 Php 1,050.00

Pipe (10f) 2 Php 80.00 Php 160.00

Hinge (2 sets) 4 Php 35.00 Php 70.00

Solar Charge 1 Php 612.00 Php 612.00

Controller

Elbow 6 Php 17.00 Php 102.00

Solenoid Valve 1 Php 2,050.00 Php 2,050.00

Relay (8 1 Php 250.00 Php 250.00

channels)

Inverter 1 Php 400.00 Php 400.00

Rain Module 3 Php 50.00 Php 150.00

Sensor

Pressure 3 Php 440.00 Php 1,320.00

Sensor

Automatic 1 Php 420.00 Php 420.00

Transfer
Switch (ATS)
Wheels 4 Php 35.00 Php 140.00

TOTAL COST Php 18,693.00

Table 3.1 PRODUCT COST ESTIMATION
 67

SURVEY RESULTS

Demographics

AGE
Young Adult Quadragenarian and
Adults Above
Quadragenarian and
Above
10%

Adult
30% Young
Adults
60%

Figure 3.9 Age Graph

OCCUPATION
STATUS
Academic Employe Unemploye
(Student) d d
Unemploye
d 10%

Employe
d Academi
30% c
Student
60%

Figure 3.10 Occupation Status Graph

 68

SEX
Male
Femal

Femal Male
e 50%
50%

CIVIL STATUS
Married Single Solo Parent

Marrie
Solo d 8%
Parent
16%

Single
76%
 69

EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT
High School Senior High School College Level Post
Level Level Graduate
High
Post School
Graduate 4%
11%
Senior High
School Level
20%

College
Level
65%

Functionality

QUESTION
1
Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree
Disagre
e 0% Strongly
Agree Disagree
16% 0%

Strongly
Agree
84%

Figure 3.14 Question 1: The “Development of Green Tech Iot Based Water Supply

Piping Automation Using Arduino and ESP Mcu” is user-friendly.

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The Figure 3.14 shows the data collected for the question number 1 of the survey.

42 out of 50 or 84% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is user-friendly

while 8 or 16% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this question is 3.84, with a

descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree.”

QUESTION 2
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree Disagree Strongly
0% Disagree
0%

Strongly
Agree
33%
Agree
67%

Figure 3.15 Question 2: The “Development of Green Tech Iot Based Water

Supply Piping Automation Using Arduino and ESP Mcu” is easy to

operate.

The Figure 3.15 shows the data collected for the question number 2 of the survey.

33 out of 50 or 67% of the respondents Agree that the system is easy to operate while 17

or 33% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this question is 3.34, with a descriptive

interpretation of “Strongly Agree.”

QUESTION 3
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree

Strongly Disagre
Disagree e
0% 0%
Strongly
Agree
30%

Agre
e
70%
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Figure 3.16 Question 3: “Development of Green Tech Iot Based Water Supply

Piping Automation Using Arduino and ESP Mcu” is maintainable.

The Figure 3.16 shows the data collected for the question number 3 of the survey.

15 out of 50 or 30% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is maintainable

while 35 or 70% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this question is 3.3, with a

descriptive interpretation of “Agree.”

QUESTION 4
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree

Disagre Agre
e e
0% 8%

Strongly
Agree
92%

Figure 3.17 Question 4: The usability of the “Development of Green Tech Iot Based

Water Supply Piping Automation Using Arduino and ESP Mcu” is modern and

contemporary.

The Figure 3.17 shows the data collected for the question number 4 of the survey.

44 out of 50 or 92% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is modern and

contemporary while 6 or 8% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this question is 3.88,

with a descriptive interpretation of “Strongly-Agree.”

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QUESTION 5
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Disagree
0%
Agree
36%

Strongly Agree
64%

Figure 3.18 Question 5: The automation is beneficial to its function.

The Figure 3.18 shows the data collected for the question number 5 of the survey.

32 out of 50 or 64% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is beneficial to its

function while 18 or 36% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this question is 3.64, with

a descriptive interpretation of “Strongly-Agree.”

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Reliability

QUESTION 1
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Strongly
Disagree
Disagree 0%
34% Strongly
Agree
36%

Agree
30%

Figure 3.19 Question 1: The materials like hardware and software are available.

(Sustainable)

The Figure 3.19 shows the data collected for the question number 1 of the survey.

18 out of 50 or 45% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is sustainable

while 15 or 37% Agree and 17 or 18% Disagree. The General Weighted Mean for this

question is 2.72, with a descriptive interpretation of “Agree.”

QUESTION 2
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

ADgisraeger
ee
4%0%

Strongly Agree
96%
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Figure 3.20 Question 2: “Development of Green Tech Iot Based Water Supply

Piping Automation Using Arduino and ESP Mcu” might be improved and

applicable for future use. (Portable).

The Figure 3.20 shows the data collected for the question number 2 of the survey.

48 out of 50 or 96% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is portable while

2 or 4% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this question is 3.96, with a descriptive

interpretation of “Strongly-Agree.”

QUESTION 3
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree

Agre
e Disagree Strongly
14% Disagree
0% 0%

Strongly
Agree
86%

Figure 3.21 Question 3. All the materials used are safe and environmentally

friendly. (Safety).

The Figure 3.21 shows the data collected for the question number 3 of the survey.

43 out of 50 or 86% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is environmentally

friendly while 7 or 14% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this question is 3.86, with

a descriptive interpretation of “Strongly-Agree.”

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QUESTION 4
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree

Strongl
Disagre y
e Disagre
0% e 0%

Strongly Agree
34%
Agre
e
66%

Figure 3.22 Question 4. The expenses and cost of the “Development of Green

Tech Iot Based Water Supply Piping Automation Using Arduino and ESP Mcu” is

affordable. (Economy).

The Figure 3.22 shows the data collected for the question number 4 of the survey.

17 out of 50 or 34% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is economical

while 33 or 66% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this question is 3.34, with a

descriptive interpretation of “Agree.”

QUESTION 5
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree

Disagre Strongly
e Disagree
Agre 0% 0%
e
38%
Strongly
Agree
62%
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Figure 3.23 Question 5: 5. The security and strength of the component of the

product is according to the guidelines of the existing standards to both local and

international. (Engineering Standard).

The Figure 3.23 shows the data collected for the question number 5 of the survey.

31 out of 50 or 62% of the respondents Strongly-Agree that the system is adhering to the

Engineering Standard while 19 or 38% Agree. The General Weighted Mean for this

question is 3.62, with a descriptive interpretation of “Strongly Agree.”

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