APPLICATION OF LOGIC
Lecture # 06
Application of logic in Digital Logic
Circuits.
Logic have application in many diverse fields. But we study
the application of logic that have relevance in computer
science.
We will see how logic will use to simplify the circuits. This
idea is given by an American scientist, when he was not actually
a scientist, he was just a student.
He note down the Analogy between the operation of
switching devices and the operation of logical connectives. He
identify that how to simply a circuit and the problems occurs
in the circuit, how to solve them by using laws of logic.
He identify a method through which we simplify a circuit
through logic.
Basic components of circuits
Switches “in series”
Switches “in parallel”
Notations:
a battery,
2 switches P & Q
Light bulb
If switches are open then current can not pass through
them.
SWITCHES IN SERIES
Switches Light Bulb
P Q State
Closed Closed On
Closed Open Off
Open Closed Off
Open Open Off
SWITCHES IN PARALLEL
Switches Light Bulb
P Q State
Closed Closed On
Closed Open On
Open Closed On
Open Open Off
SWITCHES IN SERIES
Switches Light Bulb
P Q State P Q PQ
Closed Closed On T T T
Closed Open Off T F F
Open Closed Off F T F
Open Open Off F F F
SWITCHES IN PARALLEL
Switches Light Bulb
P Q State P Q PQ
Closed Closed On T T T
Closed Open On T F T
Open Closed On F T T
F F F
Open Open Off
Vocabulary
BULB Output
ON 1 True
OFF 0 False
Electronic engineer name these switches logical gates.
NOT GATE or INVERTOR
A NOT-gate (or inverter) is a circuit with one input and
one output signal. If the input signal is 1, the output signal
is 0. Conversely, if the input signal is 0, then the output
signal is 1.
P R
Input Output
P R
1 0
0 1
AND-GATE
An AND-gate is a circuit with two input signals and one
output signal.
If both input signals are 1, the output signal is 1.
Otherwise the output signal is 0.
Input Output
P P Q R
AND R
1 1 1
Q
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
OR-GATE
An OR-gate is a circuit with two input signals and one
output signal.
If both input signals are 0, then the output signal is 0.
Otherwise, the output signal is 1.
Input Output
P
OR
R P Q R
Q
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT
A Combinational Circuit is a compound circuit consisting
of the basic logic gates such as NOT, AND, OR.
Example:
P
Q AND
OR s
R
NOT
Rules to form a COMBINATIONAL
CIRCUIT
To combine two inputs we will MUST use any gate.
We can split input and use it for different gates.
The output of one gate can be use for input for other
gates.
The output of one gate CANNOT be used for input for
the same gate. (this rule is specific to combinational
circuit, not implemented to other circuits)
DETERMINING OUTPUT FOR A GIVEN
INPUT
Indicate the output of the circuit below when the input
signals are P = 1, Q = 0 and R = 0
OUTPUT FOR A GIVEN INPUT
P = 1, Q = 0 and R = 0
1 1
0
0
0 1
Output S = 1
INPUT/OUTPUT Table for a Circuit
Construct the input/output table for the following circuit.
P
AND NOT
Q
S
OR
R
LABELING INTERMEDIATE OUTPUTS
P X Y
AND NOT
Q
S
OR
R
TRUTH TABLE FOR CIRCUIT
P Q R X Y S
TRUTH TABLE FOR CIRCUIT
P Q R X Y S
1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
BOOLEAN VARIABLE & BOOLEAN
EXPRESSION
The variable that have only two possible values, that
variable is called Boolean Variable.
When we connect Boolean variables with different AND,
OR and NOT connective, the resultant expression is
called Boolean Expression.
FINDING A BOOLEAN EXPRESSION FOR
A CIRCUIT
Find a Boolean expression for a circuit?
P
OR
Q
AND
R OR
FINDING A BOOLEAN EXPRESSION FOR
A CIRCUIT
Find a Boolean expression for a circuit?
P
OR
Q
AND
R OR
Solution:
Trace through the circuit from left to right, writing down
the output of each logic gate.
P
P Q
PQ
Q OR (P Q)
(PQ) (P
(PR) R)
PR AND
PR
R OR
Hence (P Q) (P R) is the Boolean expression for this circuit.
Methods to describe a digital circuit
There are three methods to describe a digital circuit.
Draw it with the help of gates.
Describe any digital circuit with the help of truth table.
Write a Boolean expression for any digital circuit.
EXERCISE
Construct circuit for the Boolean expression
(PQ) ~R
SOLUTION
P PQ
Q AND (P Q) ~R
OR
~R
R NOT
Exercise: Draw a circuit for a following
Input/output Table
INPUTS OUTPUT
P Q R S
1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
SOLUTION:
INPUTS OUTPUT
P Q R S
1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 P Q ~R
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 ~P Q R
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: HOMEWORK
Draw the circuit diagram of the Boolean expression:
(P Q ~R) (~P Q R) = S
Exercise:
Design a circuit to take input signals P, Q and R and
output is 1 if, and only if, P and Q have the same value
and Q and R have opposite values.
Solution:
Step1: Draw a table
Step 2: In output we have 1 only when we have same
values of P and Q and opposite values of Q and R, both
the conditions should be fulfilled.
INPUTS OUTPUT
P Q R S
1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 P Q ~R
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 ~P~QR
0 0 0 0
S ≡ (p ∧ q ∧ ~r) ∨ (~p ∧ ~q ∧ r) Boolean Expression
EXERCISE:
Find the Boolean expression for this circuit and simplify
by using laws of logic.
P
Q AND
NOT
OR
AND
AND
NOT
