MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

(MAT 152)

LESSON 6: Data Management: Responsible Handling of Data and Data Presentations

Data: Set of facts that provide a part picture of reality.
Information: It is a data that has been processed, organized, and given context, making it
meaningful and useful.
Data Presentations: Showing information in an effective format making it clear and easy-to-
understand.
Text: Any written or printed words that convey a message.
Table: Set of data arrange in range and columns.
Graph: It is an effective visual tool as it displays data at a glance, facilitates comparison, and can
reveal trends and relationships within the data.
Textual Presentation: It combines text and numerical facts in statistical reports and is narrative
in nature.
Tabular Presentation: It is used when the values are numeric and independent.
Graphical Presentation: It is a way of showing information using pictures, charts, or graphs
instead of just words.
Ethical awareness and responsible handling of data: It is about knowing what's good and bad
and how our actions can affect others.
*Principles of Ethical Awareness and Responsible Handling of Data.
● Keeping Information Safe: Making sure that personal information stays safe and is handled
with care.
● Being Honest and Fair with Data: Treating everyone's information honestly and fairly, without
playing favorites or being unfair.
● Making Things Clear: Making sure that everyone understands how things work and can make
fair choices.
● Agreeing Only When You Understand: Making sure that people know what they're saying
"yes" to before they agree to anything.
Two Types of Data
A. Categorical Data - means organizing individuals or things into groups based on their
characteristics.
Examples: gender (male or female), eye color (brown, green, gray), blood type (A, B, O), and
course (Nursing, Education, Accountancy)
B. Numerical Data – is a type of data where exact numerical values are expected.
Examples: height, weight, age, pulse rate, number of children, typing speed
Classifying Numerical Data
Discrete Variables have values obtained by counting.
Examples: Number of children, Number of male students in a class and Number of patients with
T.B.
Continuous Variables have values obtained by measuring.
Examples: Temperature, Distance, Area, Density, Age, Height and Weight

LESSON 7: INTERPRETING DIFFERENT GRAPHS

Different Graphical Presentations
Graphs: A graph is like a visual map made of dots and lines. The dots represent things, and the
lines show connections between them.
Bar graph: A bar graph is a type of graph that uses rectangular bars to represent data.
Line graph: Line graph is good for showing how thing change over time.
Histogram: It is a special type of bar graph that shows how often different numbers or ranges of
numbers appear in a dataset.
Pie Graph: It is a circular chart divided into slices to show how different parts make up a whole.
Scatter Plot: It is a type of graph that uses dots to show how two different things are related.
Understanding Data Ethically
Data Integrity: It means making sure that the information we use is correct and true.
Transparency: It is being open and clear about how we collect and use information.
Fair Representation: It means showing information accurately and without bias.
Use the right picture: It means choosing the best type of graph or chart to show information
clearly and honestly.
Respect for privacy and consent: It means being careful to protect people's personal information
and asking for permission before using it.
Accountability and Responsibility: It means being honest and careful with the information we
use.
Consider the societal impact: It means thinking about how our actions with data might affect
other people and the world around us.
Step 1. Identify the type of graph. Step 5. Do Math if Needed:
Step 2. Look at the Lines and Labels. Step 6. Consider Context:
Step 3. Read the Title. Step 7. Check for Outliers or Anomalies.
Step 4. Find Patterns. Step 8. Summarize Findings.

LESSON 8: COMPUTING MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Measures of central tendency are methods used to find the "middle" or "center" of a
dataset and this gives us a sense of where most of the data points are located. There are three main
measures: mean, median, and mode.
The mean is found by adding all the numbers together and then dividing by the number of
numbers.
The weighted mean, unlike a regular mean, which treats all numbers equally, the weighted
mean assigns different weights to each number, making some numbers count more in the
computation.
Disadvantages to the mean are that it is highly susceptible to outliers (observations which
are markedly distant from the bulk of observations in a data set).
The median is the middle number when the dataset is arranged in order. The median is not
affected by outliers.
The mode is the number that appears most often.
Step 1: Understand the Type of Data
● Nominal: Categories with no specific order (e.g., types of pets)
● Ordinal: Categories with a specific order (e.g., movie ratings)
● Interval: Numeric scales with equal intervals, no true zero (e.g., temperature in Celsius)
● Ratio: Numeric scales with equal intervals and a true zero (e.g., height in centimeters).
Step 2: Look at Your Data
● Draw a Picture: Make a bar graph or a number line to see how your data is spread out.
o Even Spread (Symmetrical): The data looks the same on both sides.
o Skewed (Lopsided): Most of the data is bunched up on one side with a few far-out numbers
(outliers) on the other side.
Step 3: Think About What You Need to Know
● What’s Your Goal? Are you trying to find out the most common thing, the middle point, or
the average?
o Most Common: Use the mode.
o Middle Point: Use the median.
o Average: Use the mean.
Step 4: Choose the Right Measure
● For Categories (like favorite fruit):
o Use the Mode: The mode is the one that happens the most.
● For Order (numbers that are arranged increasing or decreasing order, like race positions):
o Use the Median: The median is the middle number when you line them up.
● For Numbers (like test scores):
o Symmetrical with no big outliers: Use the mean (average).
o Skewed or has outliers: Use the median (middle value).
Step 5: Do the Math
Step 6: Check Your Answer
● Does it Make Sense? Think about the type of your data and the appropriate measure to use.
Does your answer seem right? Did you pick the best way to describe it?
 LESSON 9: COMPUTING MEASURES OF DIRPERSION
Measures of dispersion help us understand our numbers better. One way to do this is by looking
at the biggest and smallest numbers to see how far apart they are, which is the range.
Variance and standard deviation show how spread out or close together numbers are in a dataset.
If the numbers are all close together, the difference will be small. But if they're spread out, the
difference will be bigger.
Variance shows how much the data points differ from the mean. Imagine you're trying to figure
out how much the scores of students in a class vary from the average score. Sample variance is
like measuring how spread out those scores are from the average.
Standard Deviation provides an average measure of how far the data points are from the mean
and is derived from the variance. Sample standard deviation is like a tool we use to see how
spread out the numbers are in a small group compared to the average number in that group.
Step 1. Understand Your Data:
● Know the type of data you are dealing with nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio.
● Understand the distribution of your data: Is it symmetric, skewed, or multimodal?
● Identify any outliers: Extreme values can heavily influence certain measures of dispersion.
Step 2. Consider the Scale of Measurement:
● For nominal data: Measures of dispersion are generally not applicable, but you can still use
range.
● For ordinal data: Range, interquartile range (IQR) are appropriate.
● For interval/ratio data: You have a wider range of options including variance, standard deviation,
range, IQR.
Step 3. Assess Data Distribution:
● If your data is normally distributed (bell-shaped curve), measures like variance and standard
deviation are suitable.
● For skewed distributions, where the data is not symmetric, IQR might be better as they are less
affected by extreme values.
Step 4. Determine the Presence of Outliers:
● If your dataset contains outliers, it's important to choose a measure of dispersion that is robust
to them.
● Outliers can heavily influence the mean and standard deviation, so in the presence of outliers,
IQR might be more appropriate.
Step 5. Select the Measure:
 LESSON 10: TREE DIAGRAMS AND BASIC PROBABILITY PROBLEMS
A tree diagram is a picture used for making smart choices, figuring out values, or calculating
chances of things happening.
Probability Computation: For equally likely outcomes, the probability of event A is given by:
P(A) = Number of favorable outcomes/Total number of possible outcomes
The Addition Rule helps when events are connected, like when one thing happening affects
another. It also works for events that can both happen or events that can't both happen at the same
time. On the other hand, the Multiplication Rule is for when events don't affect each other, like
flipping a coin and rolling a dice at the same time.
Addition Rule → For 2 events, A and B, the probability of selecting one event or another is given
by:
P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P (A and B).
Multiplication Rule → For 2 independent events, A and B, where the outcome of A does not
change the probability of B, the probability of A and B is given by: P (A and B) = P(A) × P(B).
Step-by-step process of creating a tree diagram and computing probabilities.
Step 1. Identify the Events
Step 2. List the Possible Outcomes for Each Event
Step 3. Draw the Tree Diagram
● Add Branches for the First Event and add Branches for the Second Event
Step 4. Determine the Probabilities for Each Branch
Step 5. Calculate the Combined Probabilities
Step 6. List All Possible Outcomes and Their Probabilities
LESSON 11: PROBABILITIES OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
A special type of normal distribution is called the standard normal distribution. This has an
average (mean) of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, which means it's perfectly centered and has
a spread that's easy to compare with other data.
 LESSON 12: Pearson-r Correlation Coefficient, Linear Relationship and Regression Line
When we talk about a linear relationship, it means that as one thing changes, another thing
changes in a way that forms a straight line on a graph. Linear correlation is the term we use to
describe how closely this straight-line relationship is followed. We use a statistics number called
the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, denoted as r, to measure this. The closer the
number r is to 1 or -1, the stronger the relationship is. So, if we look at a graph and see one variable
on the x-axis and another on the y-axis, a linear correlation tells us how well the two variables, x
and y, match up to form a straight line.