RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
FLEXURAL ANALAYSIS OF BEAMS
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM| ultimate strength design (USD)
Ultimate (USD) or Nominal Flexural Moments
▪ Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method is a limit analysis concept. Theoretically, the stress of concrete will reach its
maximum usable strain of 0.003 also referred to as the crushing strain which is equal to a stress of 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 ’. When the
section rotates such that the maximum strain (0.003) has reached, it is now considered to have reached its ultimate moment
capacity.
▪ After the concrete compression stresses exceed about 0.50𝑓𝑐 ′ , they no longer vary directly as the distance from the neutral
axis or as a straight line. Rather, they vary much as shown in the figure. It is assumed for the purpose of this discussion that
the curved compression diagram is replaced with a rectangular one with a constant stress of 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 ’ as shown.
Actual and equivalent stress distributions at ultimate load
▪ Dealing with a curve stress block is complicated. Thus, an empirical transformation was adopted in the design to convert
the parabolic stress block into rectangular stress block. Experiments have shown that the equivalent rectangular stress block
with same volume and the same location of the resultant has a depth equal to “a” with a uniform stress of 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 ’. The
relationship between “a” and “c” is defined as 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐.
Old Code
New Code
𝑓𝑐′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.005
7
0.65 ≤ 𝛽1 ≤ 0.85
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSIONS
USD requires that:
𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0| 𝐶 = 𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎= →∗∗∗ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= →∗∗∗ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∑ 𝑀 = 0| 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 (𝑑 − ) = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) (𝟏) ∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 (𝑑 − ) = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) → 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2 2 2 2
𝑎 𝑎
∑ 𝑀 = 0| 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − )
2 2
𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑦
Substitute 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) (𝟐) ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − ) → 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 1.7𝑓𝑐′
Balance Strain Section
▪ Balanced condition is defined as a beam section where concrete crushing of its extreme compression fiber occurs
simultaneously with the yielding of the tension reinforcement.
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑓𝑐 ′ 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
The idealized moment-curvature diagram for a reinforced concrete beam
with one layer of tension reinforcement
Over Reinforced Section
▪ In an over-reinforced beam, the concrete extreme compression fiber will reach its crushing strain before the tension
reinforcement yields.
Under Reinforced Section
▪ In contrast to over-reinforced section, in an under-reinforced beam, the tension reinforcement will yield first before concrete
crushes.
*****Flexural members are required to be ductile. These members are designed to undergo ductile failure when ultimate
capacities are reached. Ductile failure is preferred over a brittle failure because the former is slow in developing and more
than adequate tell-tale signs manifest before section collapses. In contrast, brittle failure is sudden with little or no warning
leading to a disastrous consequence.
Maximum Steel Ratio, 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
To ensure that the flexural member will be ductile, the amount of tension reinforcement is controlled. Also to ensure under-
reinforced behavior ACI establishes a minimum net strain ∈𝑡 = 0.004 for members subjected to axial loads less than
0.10𝑓𝑐 ′𝐴𝑔 .
𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.003 3 𝑓𝑐 ′
∈𝑡 =∈𝑦 = 0.004 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 0.003 + 0.004 7 𝑓𝑦
Minimum Steel Ratio, 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
Also, the code has a minimum steel ratio with the same objective of making the beam section ductile. If steel reinforcements
are too few, then the effect of the steel reinforcements is no longer felt as if the section is pure concrete only. Concrete being
a brittle material, will lead to brittle failure if the amount of tension reinforcement is negligible.
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 − adopt which ever is higher
𝟏. 𝟒 √𝒇𝒄 ′
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏−𝟏 = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏−𝟐 =
𝒇𝒚 𝟒𝒇𝒚
Moment Reduction Factor, ∅
The ACI code further encourages the use of lower reinforcement ratios by allowing higher reduction factors in such beams.
Variation of strength reduction factor with net tensile strain in the steel Net tensile strain and 𝑐/𝑑𝑡 ratios
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
CRITERIA
c
≤ 0.375 ∗∗∗ tension controlled ∅ = 0.9
dt
c
> 0.600 ∗∗∗ compression controlled ∅ = 0.65
dt
c 250
0.375 < < 0.600 ∗∗∗ transition zone ∅ = 0.65 + (∈𝑡 − 0.002) ∅ = 0.483 + 83.33 ∈𝑡
dt 3
∈𝑡 ≥ 0.005 ∗∗∗ tension controlled ∅ = 0.9
∈𝑡 ≤ 0.002 ∗∗∗ compression controlled ∅ = 0.65
250
0.002 <∈𝑡 < 0.005 ∗∗∗ compression controlled ∅ = 0.65 + (∈𝑡 − 0.002) ∅ = 0.483 + 83.33 ∈𝑡
3
By ratio and proportion
(𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄)
∈𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝒄
(𝒅 − 𝒄) (𝒅 − 𝒄)
∈𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ; 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄 𝒄
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION
A beam is classified as tension-controlled when (∈𝑡 ≥ 0.005) at failure.
A tension-controlled section is the preferred beam section because failure will surely be ductile, allowing occupants to flee
for safety. With such assured ductility, 90% of the nominal bending strength of the beam may be used as maximum beam
capacity, corresponding to ∅ = 0.9.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION
A compression-controlled section is one in which (∈𝑡 ≤ 0.002) when loaded to failure. The strength reduction factor for a
compression-controlled section is ∅ = 0.65.
With such a strain, failure is brittle which means that it is sudden and explosive in nature.
Brittle failure is not allowed in beams. Therefore, compression-controlled beam sections are not allowed.
TRANSITION ZONE
When the net tensile strain is between 0.002 and 0.005 (0.002 <∈𝑡 ≤ 0.005), the section is in the transition-zone.
Correspondingly, the reduction factor varies linearly between 0.65 and 0.90 and is given by:
250
∅ = 0.65 + (∈𝑡 − 0.002) ∅ = 0.483 + 83.33 ∈𝑡
3
STEEL RATIO CORRESPONDING TO ∅ = 0.9
As in the maximum steel ratio, it can also be shown that a steel ratio equal to or less than the ratio shown below will
correspond to a reduction factor of ∅ = 0.9.
𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.003 3 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝝆𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.85𝛽1 →∗∗∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑓𝑦 0.003 + 0.005 8 𝑓𝑦
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
ANALYSIS OF A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
The procedure is outlined below:
1. Determine 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
2. Determine the actual steel ratio 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 .
3. Compare the actual steel ratio 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 with 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 . 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
4. Calculate the amount of steel reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑.
5. Determine the Moment Capacity
𝑎 𝑎
(𝟏) ∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 (𝑑 − ) = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) → 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 ∅ − 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
2 2
𝜌𝑓𝑦
(𝟐) ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝜌𝑏𝑑2 (1 − ) → ∅ − 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1.7𝑓𝑐′
DESIGN OF A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
PART A| BEAM SECTION | Determining the required section size defined by bd2
▪ One procedure of determining the required bd2 involves choosing a steel ration, 𝜌.
Choose ρ nearer and just above ρmin for the following reasons:
1. A high steel ratio leads to congestion of rebars especially at the joints where beams and column rebars meet
2. The price of steel in this country is expensive since this is imported, thus the steel ratio is minimized for an economical
design.
𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.003 3 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝝆𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.85𝛽1 →∗∗∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑓𝑦 0.003 + 0.005 8 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 ∶ ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐′
𝑀𝑢 𝜌𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌𝑓𝑦 (1 − ) 𝑏𝑑2
∅ 1.7𝑓𝑐′
ρfy
Let 𝐑 = ρfy (1 − ′ )
1.7fc
2
𝑀𝑢
𝑏𝑑 =
∅𝑅
𝑀𝑢 𝜌𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌𝑓𝑦 (1 − ) 𝑏𝑑2
∅ 1.7𝑓𝑐′
𝑀𝑢 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌 (1 − ) = 𝜌 − 𝜌2
∅𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 1.7𝑓𝑐′ 1.7𝑓𝑐′
Mu fy m 2
𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐗 = 𝐦= → ρ −ρ+X =0
∅fy bd2 0.85f′c 2
1 − √1 − 2𝑚𝑋
𝜌=
𝑚
1. Determine 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
2. Choose 𝜌
3. Choose a “d/b” ratio, “d” is to be maximized to optimize the design. The usual range for “d/b” ratio if from 2 to 3. Let 𝑅𝑑𝑏
represents the chosen “d/b” ratio.
4. Determine R using the chosen 𝜌.
5. Determine the required 𝑏𝑑2 . Let 𝑆 = 𝑏𝑑2
3 𝑆
6. Determine the beam width and round it off (multiple of 50 mm). 𝑏 = √ 2
𝑅 𝑑𝑏
𝑆
7. Determine the required effective depth using the b in step 6. 𝑑 = √
𝑏
∅𝑏
8. Determine the beam height and round it off (multiple of 50 mm). ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + ∅𝑠 +
2
∅𝑏
9. Determine the actual effective depth. 𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ℎ − (𝑐𝑐 + ∅𝑠 + )
2
PART B| STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
1. Determine “X”. Use actual d and b in the calculation.
2. Determine “m”.
3. Determine the required steel ratio 𝜌.
4. Determine the required area of steel reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 .
5. Determine number of bars, arrange and verify required spacing if applicable.
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF BEAMS
Requirements for concrete beams and slabs
Concete Exposure Reinforcement Concrete Cover (mm)
Cast against and permanently
All 75
in contact with ground
Exposed to weather or in 20 mmØ and bigger 50
contact with ground 16 mmØ and bigger 40
Not exposed to weather or
not in contact with ground All 40
Diameter
Number
English Metric
3 3/8 '' 10 mm
4 1/2" 12 mm
5 5/8" 16 mm
6 3'4" 20 mm
8 1" 25 mm
9 9/8" 28 mm
10 1 1/4" 32 mm
Concrete Steel
fc' Ec =4700√fc' Mpa Grade fy fy (Mpa)
PNS-ASTM
3000 21373.38 20.68 230-33 33 ksi 227.535
3500 23087.48 24.13 275-40 40 ksi 275.79
4000 24682.83 27.58 415-60 60 ksi 413.69
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
RC-1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 1
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF OVER-REINFORCED BEAM
According to the ACI Code, all beams are designed for yielding of the tension steel with ∈𝑡 not less than 0.004 and thus
𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
OVER-REINFORCED BEAM
▪ Compression Controlled Member
▪ 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
▪ 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
▪ 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙
▪ ∅ = 0.65
STRAIN DIAGRAM
FROM THE STRAIN DIAGRAM
(𝒅 − 𝒄) (𝒅 − 𝒄)
∈𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ; 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄 𝒄
FROM THE STRESS DIAGRAM
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0| 𝐶 = 𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
(𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝒃 = 𝑨𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝟎 → 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐
STESS DIAGRAM
𝒄
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2
𝜌𝑓𝑠
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑠 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐′
LIMITATION OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
1. ∅𝑀𝑛 ∈𝑡=0.004 > 𝑀𝑢
∅𝑀𝑛 ∈𝑡=0.004 → 𝑆𝑅𝑅𝐵 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
∅ = 0.483 + 83.33 ∗ 0.004 = 0.82
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 ∈𝑡=0.004 = 0.82𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐′
2. 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
3. 𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Rev. No. : 1
Rev. Date 09/31/2024 Prepared by: BGG
