AUTOMATION, INSTRUMENTATION, AND

CONTROL SYSTEMS
REVIEW CLASSES FOR AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS
ENGINEERS LICENSURE EXAMINATION 2024

JULY 15, 2024

ENGR. RENER B. TANDUGON, MSAE

DABE,MSU-GSC 1
 TOPIC OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
6. MICROCONTROLLER
MICROCLIMATE MODIFICATION
PROGRAMMING
TECHNOLOGIES
7. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
3. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND
8. SENSORS
COMPONENTS
9. SIGNAL CONDITIONING
4. ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING
10. ACTUATORS
OP AMPS
11. MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS AND
5. DIGITAL CIRCUITS
CONTROL ARCHITECTURE
NUMBERING SYSTEMS
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
SEQUENTIAL LOGIC

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 INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION

Mechanical engineering, as a widespread professional

practice, experienced a surge of growth during the early 19th
century because it provided a necessary foundation for the
rapid and successful development of the industrial revolution.

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 INTRODUCTION

The primary engineering disciplines of the 20th century—

mechanical, electrical, civil, and chemical—retained their
individual bodies of knowledge, textbooks, and professional
journals because the disciplines were viewed as having
mutually exclusive intellectual and professional territory.

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 INTRODUCTION

We are now witnessing a new scientific and social

revolution known as the information revolution, where
engineering specialization ironically seems to be
simultaneously focusing and diversifying.

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 INTRODUCTION

This contemporary revolution was spawned by the

engineering development of semiconductor electronics,
which has driven an information and communications
explosion that is transforming human life.

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 INTRODUCTION

Mechatronics is one of the new and exciting fields on the

engineering landscape, subsuming parts of traditional
engineering fields and requiring a broader approach to the
design of systems that we can formally call mechatronic
systems.

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 INTRODUCTION

The term mechatronics is used to denote a rapidly

developing, interdisciplinary field of engineering dealing
with the design of products whose function relies on the
integration of mechanical and electronic components
coordinated by a control architecture.

Mechatronic systems are sometimes referred to as smart

devices

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 INTRODUCTION

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
A fundamental part of many mechatronic systems is a measurement system.
Measurement system composed of the three basic parts.

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 INTRODUCTION

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
A fundamental part of many mechatronic systems is a measurement system.
Measurement system composed of the three basic parts.

1. Transducer is a sensing device that converts a physical input into an output, usually a
voltage.
2. Signal processor performs filtering, amplification, or other signal conditioning on the
transducer output.
NOTE: The term sensor is often used to refer to the transducer or to the combination of
transducer and signal processor.
3. Recorder is an instrument, a computer, a hard-copy device, or simply a display that maintains
the sensor data for online monitoring or subsequent processing

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 INTRODUCTION

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
A fundamental part of many mechatronic systems is a measurement system.

Digital Thermometer
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 INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION
MICROCLIMATE MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES

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 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND
COMPONENTS

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 INTRODUCTION
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND COMPONENTS

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 INTRODUCTION
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND COMPONENTS

When electrons move, they produce an electrical current,

and we can do useful things with the energized electrons.
The resulting movement of electrons is the current.

The reason they move is that we impose an electrical field

that imparts energy by doing work on the electrons. A
measure of the electric field’s potential is called voltage.

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 INTRODUCTION
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND COMPONENTS

Voltage is sometimes referred to as electromotive force, or

emf.

An electrical circuit is a closed loop consisting of several

conductors connecting electrical components. Conductors
may be interrupted by components called switches.

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 INTRODUCTION
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND COMPONENTS

Switches.

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. passive electrical elements
-require no additional power supply
1. resistor ( R )
2. capacitor ( C )
3. inductor ( L )
B. active devices
-like integrated circuits (ICs)

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor -A resistor is a dissipative element that converts
electrical energy into heat. Ohm’s law defines the
voltage-current characteristic of an ideal resistor.

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Examples of basic circuit

elements.

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor
-The unit of resistance
is the ohm (Ω).
Resistance is a material
property whose value is
the slope of the
r e s i s t o r ’s v o l t a g e -
current curve
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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor
Determine the resistance of a
copper wire 1.0 mm in diameter
and 10 m long.

R = ρL ⁄A = 0.22 Ω

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor
Actual resistors used in assembling
circuits are packaged in various
forms including axial-lead
components, surface mount
components, and the dual in line
package(DIP) and the single in-
line package(SIP).
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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor
Variable resistors are available that provide a range of
resistance values controlled by a mechanical screw, knob,
or linear slide. Most common type is called a
potentiometer, or pot.
A potentiometer that is included in a circuit to adjust or fine
tune the resistance in the circuit is called a trim pot.

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
A. Resistor
Conductance is defined as the reciprocal of resistance.

It is a measure of how easily an element conducts

current as opposed to how much it resists it.

The unit of conductance is the siemen ( S=1/Ω= mho).

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
B. Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in the form of an
electric field.

The simplest capacitor consists of a pair of parallel conducting plates

separated by a dielectric material.

Dielectric material is an insulator that increases the capacitance as a

result of permanent or induced electric dipoles in the material.

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 INTRODUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
C. Inductor
An inductor is a passive energy storage element that
stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.

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 INTRODUCTION
BREADBOARD AND PROTOTYPING DEVICES

A breadboard is a
convenient device for
prototyping circuits in
a form that can be
easily tested and
modified

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 ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING
USING OP AMPS

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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS

The transducer output is usually described as an analog signal,

which is continuous and time varying.

Usually these signals come from transducers, which convert

physical quantities (e.g., temperature, strain, displacement,
flow rate) into currents or voltages.

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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS
Often the signals from transducers are not in the form we would
like them to be.
They may
■ Be too small, usually in the millivolt range
■ Be too “noisy,” usually due to electromagnetic interference
■ Contain the wrong information, sometimes due to poor
transducer design or installation
■ Have a DC offset, usually due to the transducer and
instrumentation design
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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS
Many of these problems can be remedied, and the desired signal
information extracted through appropriate analog signal
processing.

The simplest and most common form of signal processing is

amplification, where the magnitude of the voltage signal is
increased.

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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS
Other forms include;

• signal inversion
• differentiation
• integration
• addition
• subtraction
• comparison
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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS

Since computers and microprocessors require digital signals, any

application involving computer measurement or control requires

analog-to-digital conversion

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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS

AMPLIFIERS
amplifier increases the amplitude of a signal without affecting
the phase relationships of different components of the signal.

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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Operational amplifier, or op amp, is a low-cost and versatile
integrated circuit consisting of many internal transistors,
resistors, and capacitors manufactured into a single chip of
silicon. The op amp is the basic building
block for

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 INTRODUCTION
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING USING OP AMPS

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
The op amp is the basic building block for;
■ Amplifiers ■ Comparators
■ Integrators ■ A/D and D/A converters
■ Summers ■ Active filters
■ Differentiators ■ Sample and hold amplifiers

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 DIGITAL CIRCUITS

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
In contrast to an analog
signal that changes in a
continuous manner, a
digital signal exists only
at specific levels or
states and changes its
level in discrete steps.

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS

Most digital signals have only two states:

high and low

A system using two-state signals allows the

application:

1. Boolean logic
2. Binary number representations

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Digital devices are categorized according to their function:

1. combinational logic
2. sequential logic

Digital devices convert digital inputs into one or more digital outputs. The difference
between the two categories is based on signal timing.

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
1. combinational logic devices- outputs depend only on the instantaneous values of the
inputs

2. sequential logic devices- the timing, or sequencing history, of the input signals plays a
role in determining the output

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Digital Logic

• In digital electronics, a signal exists only at specific levels or states and changes its
level in discrete steps (Alciatore and Histand, 2012).

• A system using two-state signals allows the application of Boolean logic and binary
number representations, which form the foundation for the design of all digital
devices

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS Numbering System Conversions:
1. Binary to Decimal
Numbering Systems 2. Decimal to Binary
3. Hexadecimal to Decimal
1. Binary2 4. Decimal to Hexadecimal
2. Octal8 5. Hexadecimal to Binary
3. Decimal10 6. Binary to Hexadecimal
4. Hexadecimal16 7. Octal to Decimal
8. Decimal to Octal
9. Octal to Binary
10. Binary to Octal
11. Octal to Hexadecimal
12. Hexadecimal to Octal

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Combinational Logic

• Converts binary inputs into binary ouputs based on the rules of mathematical logic

• Logic gates control the flow of input signals to single output as expressed in their truth
tables

• Boolean expressions represent the equivalent equation derived from the truth table

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Logic Gates

1. AND gate
• Also known as the all or nothing gate
• Requires all input signals to be TRUE for the output to be TRUE

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Logic Gates

2. OR gate
• Also known as the any or all gate
• Requires at least one of the input signals to be TRUE for the output to
be TRUE

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Logic Gates

3. NOT gate
• Also known as the inverter gate
• Output signal is the inverse of the input signal
• Inversion is denoted by a ‘ symbol, or a bar above the letter
(e.g. A’ or Ā)

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Logic Gates

4. NAND gate
• NOT AND or inverted AND function.
• Output signal is the inverted output of an AND gate

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Logic Gates

5. NOR gate
• NOT OR or inverted OR function.
• Output signal is the inverted output of an OR gate

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Logic Gates

6. XOR gate
• Exclusive OR or anything but all gate.

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Logic Gates

7. XNOR gate
• Exclusive NOR
• Output is the inverted output of XOR gate

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Logic Gates

Buffer
• used to increase the current supplied at the output while retaining the digital state

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

There are three laws of Boolean Algebra that are the same as ordinary algebra.

• The Commutative Law

• The Associative Law
• The Distributive Law

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
DeMorgan’s Theorem, Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules in Circuit Simplification

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Sequential Logic

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 MICROCONTROLLER
PROGRAMMING

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 INTRODUCTION
MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
Terminologies

1. Microprocessor is a single, very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) chip that contains many

digital circuits that perform arithmetic, logic, communication, and control functions.

When a microprocessor is packaged on a printed circuit board (PCB) with other

components, such as interface and memory chips, the resulting assembly is referred to as a
microcomputer or single-board computer.

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 INTRODUCTION
MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
Terminologies

2. The microprocessor, also called the central processing unit (CPU) or microprocessor
unit (MPU), is where the primary computation and system control operations occur.
3. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) within the CPU executes mathematical functions on data
structured as binary words. A word is an ordered set of bits, usually 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits long.
4. The bus is a set of shared communication lines that serves as the central nervous system of
the computer. Data, address, and control signals are shared by all system components via the
bus.

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 INTRODUCTION
MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
Terminologies

5. Different types of memory include read-only memory (ROM), random access memory
(RAM), and erasable-programmable ROM (EPROM).
6. ROM is used for permanent storage of data that the CPU can read, but the CPU cannot
write data to ROM. ROM does not require a power supply to retain its data and therefore is
called nonvolatile memory.
7. RAM can be read from or written to at any time, provided power is maintained. The data in
RAM is considered volatile because it is lost when power is removed.

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 INTRODUCTION
MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
Terminologies

8. There are two main types of RAM: static RAM (SRAM), which retains its data in flip-
flops as long as the memory is powered, and dynamic RAM (DRAM)

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 INTRODUCTION
MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

What is a Microcontroller?

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 INTRODUCTION
MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

Wikipedia says:

Microcontroller

A micro-controller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor

core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals

A micro-controller contains the processor (whichall computers have) and memory, and
some input/output pins that you can control. (often called GPIO - General Purpose Input
Output Pins).

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Microcontrollers
• Small computers
• Microprocessors
Brain
Control unit
• Program/Data storage
• Peripherals (Input/Output)
• Generally, a low cost computer
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History of Microcontrollers
1971
Intel 4004 was released first microprocessor
1972
8008 was released and then 8080
1975
Intel 8048 was released
Intel President, Luke J. Valenter
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History of Microcontrollers
1976
Zilog, founded by Federico Faggin
Z80
Used in Gameboy
1979
Introduced Z8

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History of Microcontrollers
1993
Microchip
PIC16x84 was released
First with EEPROM program memory
1993
Atmel
First microcontroller with Flash memory
At present
Companies follow what Atmel has started
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Caveats with using Microcontrollers

• Though the microcontroller is

cheap, initial cost is HIGH
• Microcontroller programmers
needed
• Creating the PCB for the
circuit is necessary
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Arduino : An Introduction
• Hernando Barragan
Colombian student at Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (Ivrea, Italy)
Thesis : “Arduino – The Revolution of Open Hardware” (2005)
Developed the programming platform : Wiring

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Arduino : An Introduction
Massimo Banzi
David Cuartielles
Tom Igoe
Gianluca Martino
David Mellis

Developed a new prototype board, later coined as: “Arduino”

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Arduino : An Introduction
ARDUINO
Named after a local bar in Ivrea
"Arduino" is an Italian masculine first name, meaning "strong friend"

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Arduino : An Introduction
Alternative to other Input/Output module
e.g. National Instruments

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Arduino : An Introduction
“Interactive Device” pattern

Circuit that is able to sense the environment using components called

“sensors” and processing the information through “behaviour”
implemented as software
Interact back with the world using “actuators”

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Arduino Derivatives (Clones)
• Boarduino
• Funduino
• Gizduino
• Aceduino
• Tinkduino

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OPEN SOURCE?
• Files are free!
Go to Arduino website and get what you need
Instructions
Schematics
• Large community world wide which supports open source
Sharing of technology and projects
• DIY : everyone has an opportunity to experience building their ideas
into reality

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Arduino counterfeits?
• Counterfeits
“Almost exact” replica of the Arduino board
Logo, brand name, graphics, layout…

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Shields
• Adds more function to the bare Arduino board
• Extends the capability of the Arduino board
• Can be plugged on top (or bottom) of the Gizduino
• Different shields follow the same philosophy as the original toolkit: they
are easy to mount, and cheap to produce
• Stacking of shields use common pins with Arduino board

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Shields
• Transforms the Arduino board into:
• Data logger
• Motor driver (servo, stepper, DC motor, etc.)
• Relay driver
• Timed circuits
• DIY cellphone
• Visualizer (LCD or LEDs)
• Bluetooth controlled device
• More functions as you stack more types of shields
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The Arduino UNO R3 is the perfect board to get
familiar with electronics and coding. This versatile
development board is equipped with the well-
known ATmega328P and the ATMega 16U2
Processor.

This board will give you a great first experience

within the world of Arduino.

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MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

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MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

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Arduino Family

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Arduino Family

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MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING
Arduino Family

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Arduino Family

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The Integrated
Development
Environment
(IDE)

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The Integrated
Development
Environment
(IDE)

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The Integrated
Development
Environment
(IDE)

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Our The two leads (sometimes

first called “legs”) of an LED
are called an anode and
circuit a cathode.

The anode is the longer

lead.

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Updated
Circuit

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Our
First
Program

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Our
First
Program

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Our This defines a constant that

First can be used throughout the
program instead of its value.
Program
By convention, constants
are named starting with the
letter k.

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Our This sets up the pin that our

First LED is connected to as an
OUTPUT pin. (Meaning that
Program the Arduino is controlling
“writing” to a pin instead of
reading from it.)

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Our These lines are where the action is. We start by writing
HIGH out on the pin connected to the LED which will
First turn the LED on. (HIGH means putting 5V out on the pin.
The other choice is LOW which means putting 0V out on

Program
thepin.)

We then call delay() which delays the number of

milliseconds ( 1/1000 th of a second) sent to it.

Since we send the number 500, it will delay for ½ second.

We then turn the LED off by writing LOW out on the pin.

We delay for 500 milliseconds (½ second)

This will continue until power is removed from the

Arduino.

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Comments
This language supports two forms of comments:

1. The block comment style. It starts with a /* and continues until a */ is

encountered. This can cross multiple lines. Below are three examples.

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Comments
This language supports two forms of comments:

2. A single line comment. It starts with a // and tells the computer to ignore
the rest of the line.

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Reminders
If your program won’t compile (or it doesn’t do what you expect), here are a
few things to check that often confuse people:

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Reminders
If your program won’t compile (or it doesn’t do what you expect), here are a
few things to check that often confuse people:

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Other
Programming
Languages

Arduino uses a C++

programming language

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 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

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 INTRODUCTION
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

Data Acquisition
• Process of collecting and storing data using a microprocessor or computer
• Provides more compact method storage of data
• Can result in greater data accuracy, allows use of the data in a realtime control
system
• Enables data processing long after the events have occurred
• Transforms analog data into coded digital values for it to be stored in a digital
circuit ormicroprocessor

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

Data Acquisition
• An analog signal is initially evaluated numerically at discrete instants in time
resulting to digitized signals composed of discrete values corresponding to each
sample. A digitized signal is a sequence of numbers that is an approximation to
an analog signal.

• The collection of sampled data points forms a data array which can accurately
describe the original
analog signal

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

Data Acquisition

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

Data Acquisition
How fast or often the signal should be sampled to obtain an accurate
representation?

Recommended sampling rate

Select the minimal sampling rate required for a given application that retains all
important signal information

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

Data Acquisition
Shannon’s Sampling Theorem

• A signal at a rate more than two times the maximum frequency component in thebsignal
to retain all frequency components
• The digital samples must be taken at a frequency fs such that
fs > 2 fmax

where fmax is the highest frequency component in the input analog signal. The term fs is
referred to as the sampling rate, and the limit on the minimum required rate (2 fmax ) is
called the Nyquist frequency.

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

Data Acquisition
Shannon’s Sampling Theorem

The time interval between the digital samples is: Δt = 1 ⁄ fs

Example: if the sampling rate is 5000 Hz, the time interval between samples would be 0.2
ms.

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

Data Acquisition
Aliasing

• Results when sampling is less than two

times its maximum frequency
• Does not approximate the frequency in
the original signal
• Results in errors but also creates
information that is not really
there

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 SENSORS

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

1. Resistive Sensors
• Sensors which provide information in the form of electrical resistivity of a
material (Flammini and Depari, 2017)
• Also known as resistive transducers or variable resistance transducers
• Most frequently used for calculating different physical quantities like pressure,
vibration, temperature, force, and displacement
• Resistive sensors is characterized by changing resistance due to the effect of the
environment
• Resistance can be calculated with the help of measuring devices

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SENSORS

1. Resistive Sensors
• A sliding potentiometer shows how the length of the conductor changes the
resistance

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SENSORS

1. Resistive Sensors
• A sliding potentiometer shows how the
length of the conductor changes
the resistance
•Examples of the resistive sensor include
resistive temperature detectors, light
dependent resistors, resistive gas sensors,
strain gauges, and potentiometers

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SENSORS

1. Resistive Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

1. Resistive Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

1. Resistive Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

1. Resistive Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

1. Resistive Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

2. Capacitive sensors
• Sensors that can detect the nearness of a conductive material or a material with
different dielectric property than the sensor’s electrodes
• Common applications of such sensors are touch panels, where proximity
capacitive sensors are used as these can reliably respond to commands
(Shadwani et al., 2016)

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SENSORS

2. Capacitive sensors
How Do Capacitive Sensors Work?

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SENSORS

2. Capacitive sensors
Other Applications of Capacitive Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

3. Optical Sensors
• Optical sensors which convert light rays into electronic signals
• Measures the physical quantity of light and translates it into a form read by the
instrument
• These sensors have the ability to measure the changes from one or more light
beams
• Optical sensor has two points: the transmitting point where light is emitted, and
the other one is the receivingend

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

3. Optical Sensors
Types of
Optical
Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

3. Optical Sensors
Types of
Optical
Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

3. Optical Sensors
Types of
Optical
Sensors

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 INTRODUCTION
SENSORS

4. Thermoelectric Sensors
• Sensors that transform change in temperature to current • Typical example is the
thermocouple
• Employs the principle of Seebeck effect, that describes a build up of an electric
potential across a temperature gradient

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SENSORS

4. Thermoelectric Sensors

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 SIGNAL CONDITIONING

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
• Manipulation of a signal in a way that prepares it for the next stage of
processing (ni.com)
• Process of filtering out noises and amplification of signal prior to analog
to digital conversion (Alciatore and Histand, 2012)
• Typical example is the amplification of signal from thermocouple, as the
output voltage of the thermocouple is toosmall for most
microcontrollers to read
• Other sensors, such as resistance temperature detectors (RTDs),
thermistors, strain gages, and accelerometers, requiremexcitation
to operate (ni.com)
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SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Forms of Signal Conditioning

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 INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Sensor specific Signal Conditioning

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 ACTUATORS

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 INTRODUCTION
ACTUATORS
• Devices used to produce this motion or action
• Produce physical changes such as linear and angular displacement
• Modulate the rate and power associated with these changes
• Some of the most important actuators:
1. solenoids
2. electric motors
3. hydraulic cylinders
4. rotary motors
5. pneumatic cylinders

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ACTUATORS
Electromagnetic Force
• Many actuators rely on electromagnetic forces to create their action
• When a current-carrying conductor is moved in a magnetic field, a
force is produced in a direction perpendicular to the current and
magnetic field directions

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ACTUATORS

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 INTRODUCTION
ACTUATORS

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 INTRODUCTION
ACTUATORS

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 MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS AND
CONTROL ARCHITECTURES

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 INTRODUCTION
MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL ARCHITECTURE
Discussions:

1. Analog Circuits
2. Digital Circuits
• programmable array logic (PAL)
• programmable logic arrays (PLAs)
• field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
• application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
3. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs)
4. microcontrollers vs digital signal processors (DSPs)
5. Single-Board Computer vs personal computer (PC)

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