Aim is to study the various factors on which the internal
resistances/ EMF of cell depends
Physics Investigatory Project
Submitted by: -
Mehul Arora
Class-XII
West Point School, Kotkapura
Submitted To:
Mr. Mayank Mittal
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Mehul Arora of class XII of West
Point School, Kotkapura has successfully carried out the
investigatory project entitled "To Study the various factors
on which the internal resistances/ EMF of cell depends”
under the supervision of Mr. Mayank Mittal for the academic
year of 2024-2025.
All the work related to the project is done by the candidate
himself. The approach towards the subject has been sincere
and scientific.
Place: Kotkapura
Date:
External Examiner Internal Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
As a student of class XII, I did this project as a part of my
studies entitled "To Study the various factors on which the
internal resistances/ EMF of cell depends”
I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my physics teacher whose
valuable advice, and guidance helped me in doing this project
from conception to completion.
At the same time, I can't forget to express my thankfulness to
the Principal of our School for extending her generous
patronage and constant encouragement.
Finally, I am thankful to my parents for helping me
economically and my friends for giving me a helping hand at
every step of the project.
(Signature of Student)
CONTENTS
1. Objective
2. Introduction
3. Theory
4. Requirements
5. Procedure
6. Observation
7. Result and References
8. Precaution
9. Bibliography
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study is to identify the various factors on
which the internal resistance/emf of a cell depends.
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need for batteries in our daily use of
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased greatly.
An electrochemical cell is a device by which electric energy is
generated at the cost of chemical energy due to chemical
action taking place in the cell. There are of two types: -
1. Primary cell: It is the cell in which electrical energy is
produced due to chemical energy. The chemical reaction in
the cell is irreversible. E.g., Daniel cell, Leclanche cell.
2. Secondary cell: - It is the cell in which electrical energy is
first stored up as chemical energy and when the outside
circuit is closed to draw the current from the cell the stored
chemical energy is reconverted into electrical energy. The
chemical reaction is reversible. E.g., Edison cell.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the
factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased, we can
increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it
more reliable.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Electromotive force, also called emf (denoted and measured
in volt), is the voltage developed by any source of electrical
energy such as a battery or dynamo. It is generally defined as
the electric potential for a source in a circuit.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
International resistance is defined as the resistance offered
by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions. It's S.I. unit is
Ohm (Ω)
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to
an external resistance (R) such that (1) is the current flowing
through the circuit.
Internal Resistance (r)= [E-V]/I
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
• Is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
• Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
• Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
• Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r=[E-V]/R
REQUIREMENTS
• Potentiometer
• Battery (or battery eliminator)
• Two one-way keys
• Rheostat
• Galvanometer
• Resistance box
• Ammeter
• Cell (Leclanche cell)
• Setsquare
• Connecting wires and sand paper
Potentiometer one way keys
Battery eliminator
PROCEDURE
• Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
and make tight connections according to the circuit
diagram.
• Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
• Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make
sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the
cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
• Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
• Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
• Without inserting a plug-in key, adjust the rheostat so
that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
• Determine the position of the null point accurately using
a set square and measure the balancing length (1)
between the null point and the end P.
• Next introduce plugs in both keys and at the same time,
take out a small resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with the cell
• Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain
the null point.
• Measure the balancing length (L) from end P. Record
these.
• Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
• Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for some
time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
• Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another
set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
• Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of
electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to
10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration
of electrolyte
• Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to
10. Record your readings.
To study variation of international resistance with
Temperature
• Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
temperature of electrolyte.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to
10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATION
Table for internal resistance
S.No. Ammeter Shunt Internal
reading With Without Resistance Resistance
[A] R(L1) R(L2) R(Ω) r(Ω)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
Table for effect of separation between electrodes
S.no. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
between point L1 point L2 Resistance
electrodes (cm) (cm) (Ω)
d (cm)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
Table for effect of temperature
S. Temperature L1 L2 Resistance r=R(L1L2)/L1 Tr
No. (T) °C cm cm R(Ω) (ΩK)
1. 40 325 12 1 0.96 301.44
2. 32 552 23.6 1 0.95 291.96
3. 27 660.5 35.5 1 0.94 283.87
RESULT
• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is
equal to E-0.98 Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to
the separation between the electrodes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the temperature of electrolytes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be tidy, well-organized, and secure.
2. Plugs should only be inserted into the keys when taking
measurements.
3. The positive terminals of the battery E and cells E, and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the
wires.
4. The jockey key should make gentle contact with the wire,
not be dragged along it.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat
for this purpose..
6. The cells should not be disturbed during the experiment.
7. The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery should be
greater than that of the cell.
8. Some high resistance plugs should be taken out from
resistance box before the jockey is moved along the wire.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Wikipedia
• Books.google.co.in
• www.slideshare.com
• https://www.cbse portal.com
• Physics NCERT book for class XII
