JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, INDIA
Approved by All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi
UG programs accredited by NBA: ECE, CSE, ISE, CIVIL, MECHANICAL, E & IE
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade

MATHEMATICS-1 FOR CSE/EC/ME/CIVIL STREAMS

(BMAT S/E/M/C 101)

Course Objectives:
1. Familiarize the importance of calculus associated with
one variable and two variables for engineering
applications.
2. Develop the knowledge of Linear Algebra to solve
system of equations.
3. Analyze the Ordinary Differential equations for
applications in different branches of
engineering.

Module 3: Linear and Bernoulli’s differential equations. Exact and reducible to exact
( − ) ( − ). Applications of
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁 1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁
𝑁 𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥 𝑀 𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥
differential equations - Integrating factors on
ODE’s - Orthogonal trajectories, L-R & C-R circuits(Newtons law of cooling). Problems. Non-
linear differential equations: Introduction to general and singular solutions, Solvable for p
only, Clairaut’s equations, reducible to Clairaut’s equations. Problems.

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 Department of Mathematics
JSS Academy of Technical Education
Dr Vishnuvardhana Road, Bangalore 560060

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 Module 3(Common for all streams)

3.1 Linear and Bernoulli’s differential equations

Introduction:

1. Linear differential equation in 𝒚:

This is of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥 alone.

𝑑𝑥

General solution is 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥.

2. Linear differential equation in 𝒙:

This is of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑦 alone.

𝑑𝑦

General solution is 𝑥. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐, where 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦.

3. Bernoulli’s differential equation in 𝒚:

This is of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑦𝑛, where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑥 alone.

𝑑𝑥

Dividing this equation by 𝑦𝑛, 𝑦−𝑛 + 𝑃𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑄 (1)

𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑡, then (1 − 𝑛)−𝑛 =

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑡
+ 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄
1−𝑛 𝑑𝑥
Equation (1) becomes

𝑑𝑡
+ (1 − 𝑛)𝑡 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄
𝑑𝑥
Reduced linear differential equation is

4. Bernoulli’s differential equation in 𝒙:

This is of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑃 and 𝑄 are functions of 𝑦 alone.

𝑑𝑥

Dividing this equation by 𝑥𝑛, 𝑥−𝑛 + 𝑃𝑥1−𝑛 = 𝑄 (1)

𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑥1−𝑛 = 𝑡, then (1 − 𝑛)−𝑛 =

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

1 𝑡
+ 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄
1−𝑛 𝑑𝑦
Equation (1) becomes

3
 𝑑𝑡
+ (1 − 𝑛)𝑡 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄
𝑑𝑦
Reduced linear differential equation is

Problems:

1. Solve 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝒅𝒙

This is a linear L.D.E in 𝑦 with 𝑃 = cot , 𝑄 = cos 𝑥

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥

General solution is 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦. sin 𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 sin 𝑥 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1

𝑦 sin 𝑥 = − cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐
1

2. Solve 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙

𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑦3 on both
sides,
+ tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
(1)
𝑦3 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2

= 𝑡 then − =
1 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If
𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑡, =−
1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑡
Put in (1)
𝑦2 𝑦3 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

− + 𝑡 tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑡

2 𝑑𝑥

Multiply by -2 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡
− 2𝑡 tan 𝑥 = −2 sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = −2 tan , 𝑄 = −2 sec 𝑥

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫ −2 tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒−2 log sec 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑡 cos2 𝑥 = ∫ −2 sec 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑡 cos2 𝑥 = −2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

4
( ) cos2 𝑥 = −2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
1

𝑦2

5
3. Solve 𝒅𝒚 + = 𝒚𝟐𝒙
𝒚

𝒅𝒙 𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑦2 on both sides,

+ ( ) = 𝑥--(1)
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1

𝑦2 𝑑𝑥

If 1 = 𝑡 then − =
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡

𝑦 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Put 1 = 𝑡, =−
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
in (1)
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

− + =𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Multiply by -1 on both sides,

− = −𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = −1/𝑥, 𝑄 = −𝑥

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 = 𝑒− log 𝑥 =
1 − 𝑑𝑥
∫ 1
𝑥
𝑥

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑡 =∫−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1

𝑥 𝑥

𝑡 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
1

1
𝑥𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐

4. 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒚 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙

𝒅𝒚

𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

6
 Divide by cos 𝑦 on both sides,

sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 + sec 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥

𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥
(1)

If sec 𝑦 = 𝑡 then sec 𝑦

= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

(1) ⇒ + 𝑡 tan 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥

𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = tan , 𝑄 = cos2 𝑥

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑡 sec 𝑥 = ∫ cos2 𝑥 sec 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 sec 𝑦 sec 𝑥 =

sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

5. Solve: 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒓𝟐

𝒅𝒓

𝒅𝜽

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑟2 on both sides,

− +𝑟 = 1 (1)
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟2 𝑑𝜃

= 𝑡 then −
1 1

=
𝑑𝑟
If 𝑑𝑡

𝑟 𝑟2 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

(1) ⇒ cos 𝜃 + 𝑡 sin 𝜃 = 1

𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥

Divide by cos 𝜃 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑡 tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃
𝑑𝑥

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 This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = tan , 𝑄 = sec 𝜃

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

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 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒∫ tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐

𝑡 sec 𝜃 = ∫ sec 𝜃 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐

1
sec 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 + 𝑐
𝑟

6. Solve: 𝒅𝒛 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛)𝟐

𝒛 𝒛

𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by (log 𝑧)2 on both sides,

(1 ) =
1
+
1 𝑑𝑧
1 ---- (1)
(log 𝑧)2 log 𝑧 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

= 𝑡 then −
1

=
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡
If

log 𝑧 (log 𝑧)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥

(1) ⇒ − + =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 1

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2

Multiply by -1 on both sides,

−𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = − ,𝑄=−

1 1

𝑥 𝑥2

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

1
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫�𝑑 = − log 𝑥
=𝑥
1
�𝑥
−
𝑒

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑡 =∫− . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1 1

𝑥 𝑥2

𝑡 = +𝑐
1 𝑥−2

𝑥 1

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 𝑥 log 2
𝑧

= 2𝑥 + 𝑐
1
2

7. Solve: 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑𝒚𝟔
𝒅𝒚

𝒅𝒙

10
Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by 𝑥 on both sides,

+ ( ) 𝑦 = 𝑥2𝑦6
𝑑𝑦 1

𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Divide by 𝑦6 on both sides,

+ ( 5) = 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1 2------
1 (1)
𝑦6 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑡 then − =
1 5 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
If
𝑦5 𝑦6 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑡, =−
1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑡
Put in (1)
𝑦5 𝑦6 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

− 5 𝑑𝑥 +𝑥 = 𝑥2
1 𝑑𝑡 𝑡

Multiply by -5 on both sides,

−5 = −5𝑥2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = −5/𝑥, 𝑄 = −5𝑥2

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

5
𝐼𝐹 =𝑒 ∫
�
𝑑
= −5 log 𝑥
=𝑥5
1
− 𝑥
𝑒
�

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑡 𝑥5
1
= ∫ − 5𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1

𝑥5

𝑡
𝑥5
= −5 ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥

= 2𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥5𝑦
5 5
2

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8. Solve: 𝒙𝒚(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐) =𝟏
𝒅𝒚

𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 =
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦

12
 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥2𝑦3
𝑑𝑦

Divide by 𝑥2 on both sides,

− 𝑦 ( ) = 𝑦3
1 𝑑𝑥 1

𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥

If 1 = 𝑡 then − =
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Put 1 = 𝑡, =−
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
in (1)
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦

− − 𝑦𝑡 = 𝑦3
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦

Multiply by -1 on both sides,

𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑦𝑡 = −𝑦3
𝑑𝑦

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = 𝑦, 𝑄 = −𝑦3

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫ =𝑒
𝑦2
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

𝑦2 𝑦2
𝑡𝑒 2 = ∫ − 𝑦3𝑒 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

Put 𝑝 = , 𝑑𝑝 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2

𝑡𝑒𝑝 = ∫ − 2𝑝𝑒𝑝𝑑𝑝 + 𝑐

𝑡𝑒𝑝 = −2(𝑝𝑒𝑝 − 𝑒 𝑝 ) + 𝑐

2
1 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑦2

𝑒 = −2 𝑒 −𝑒 )+𝑐
2

(
2 2 2

𝑥
2

𝑒 = (2 − 𝑦2)𝑒 +𝑐
1 𝑦2
2 2
𝑥

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9. Solve: 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒚
𝒅𝒙

14
 Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

Divide by cos2 𝑦 on both sides,

sec2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 sec2 𝑦 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

sec2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑦

= 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥

= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
If tan 𝑦 = 𝑡 then
sec2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

(1) ⇒ + 2𝑥𝑡 = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = 2𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑥3

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
2

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑡𝑒𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥3 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐, Put 𝑝 = 𝑥2, 𝑑𝑝 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

2 2

𝑡𝑒𝑝 = ∫ 𝑝 𝑒𝑝𝑑𝑝 + 𝑐
1

𝑡𝑒𝑝 = (𝑝 − 1 )𝑝 + 𝑐
1

(tan 𝑦)𝑒𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 1 )𝑥 + 𝑐
2 1 2

10. Solve: 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒚

𝒅𝒙 𝒙−√𝒙𝒚

Step 1: Reduce it to an LDE

=
𝑥−√𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑑𝑦

− = −√
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

Divide by √𝑥 on both sides,

15
 − √𝑥 ( ) = −
1 1
1 𝑑𝑥

√𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 √𝑦

16
 If √𝑥 = 𝑡 then
=
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

2√𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Put √𝑥 = 𝑡, =2
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
in (1)
√𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

2 −( )𝑡 =−
𝑑𝑡 1 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 √𝑦

Divide by 2 on both sides,

−2 𝑡=−
𝑑𝑡 1 1
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑦
𝑦

This is an LDE in 𝑡 with 𝑃 = − ,𝑄=−

1 1

2𝑦 2√𝑦

Step 2: Solve reduced LDE

𝐼𝐹 = ∫−
1

𝑒∫
𝑃
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦
= √𝑦
1
𝑒 2𝑦

General solution is 𝑡. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

𝑡 √𝑦 = ∫− 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
1 1
1
√
2√𝑦 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
=∫−
𝑥
√𝑦
1
2𝑦

√ =− log 𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑥 1

𝑦 2

Practice problems:

17
 3.2 Exact and reducible to exact differential equations
Exact differential equation:

 A differential equation of the form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is said to be exact

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
if
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 General solution of an exact differential equation is

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Reducible to exact differential equation:

 If 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , given differential equation is not exact.

𝛛

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

 If 𝛛𝑀 − is close to 𝑁 then 1 ( − ) = (𝑥). Now 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝛛𝑁 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁
 Reduce it to an exact differential equation by multiplying I.F on both sides.
𝑑𝑥

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥 𝑁 𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥
 If 𝛛𝑀 − is close to 𝑀 then ( − ) = (𝑦). Now 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒−
𝛛𝑁 1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥 𝑀 𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

Problems:

1. Solve: (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚

= 𝟎 (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
0--------------------------------------------(1)
𝑀 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
=𝑦
𝛛𝑁
𝛛𝑀
= 2𝑦 𝛛𝑥
𝛛𝑦
Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

− = , close to N.
𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥
( − )= (𝑦) = = (𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁 1 1

𝑁 𝛛 𝑥𝑦 𝑥
𝛛𝑦 𝑥
1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒∫ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =�� 𝑒 = 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥

Multiply by 𝑥 on both the sides of equation (1)

(𝑥3 + 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑥2)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
This is an exact D.E.

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎 (𝑥3 + 𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑥2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

18
 + +3 = 𝑐
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥3
4 2

19
2. Solve: (𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 +
𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥2 +
2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0-----------------------------------------(1)
𝑀 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦2 𝑁 = 𝑥2 +
−𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝛛𝑀
= 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 𝛛𝑁
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥
Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

− = 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 2𝑦) , close to N.

𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

2(𝑥 + 2𝑦) = = (𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]

2
( − )=
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁
1
𝑁 𝛛 𝑥2+2𝑥𝑦 𝑥
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

2
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑥2
=𝑒 𝑥
∫

Multiply by 𝑥2 on both the sides of equation (1)

(4𝑥3𝑦 + 3𝑥2𝑦2 − 𝑥3) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥4 + 2𝑥3𝑦)𝑦

= 0 This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎 (4𝑥3𝑦 + 3𝑥2𝑦2 − 𝑥3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥4𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + =𝑐
𝑥4

3. Solve: (𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒆𝟏/𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝟑

(𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑒1/𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (−𝑥2𝑦)𝑦 = 0--(1)

3

𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑒𝑥3 𝑁 = −𝑥2𝑦

1

𝛛𝑀
= 2𝑥𝑦
𝛛𝑁
= −2𝑥𝑦
𝛛𝑥
𝛛𝑦

Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.

𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥
20
 − = 4𝑥 , close to N.
𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

21
 (4𝑥𝑦) = − = (𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
4
( − )=
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁
1
𝑁 𝛛 −𝑥2𝑦 𝑥
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒∫ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒�� = 𝑥−4
−4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

Multiply by 𝑥−4 on both the sides of equation (1)

𝑥2(𝑥2 + 𝑦3 + 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎 (𝑥4 + 𝑥2𝑦3 + 6𝑥3)𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

+ +2 = 𝑐
𝑥5 𝑥3𝑦3 3𝑥4
5 3

4. Solve: (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐

𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (𝑥2 + 𝑦3 + 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 = 0--------------------------------------(1)

𝑀 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦2
6𝑥

= 𝑦2
𝛛𝑁
𝛛𝑀
= 3𝑦2 𝛛𝑥
𝛛𝑦
Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

− = 2𝑦2 , close to N.
𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

(2𝑦2) = = (𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]

2
=( − )
1 𝛛𝑀
1 𝛛𝑁

𝑁 𝛛 𝑥𝑦2 𝑥
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

1
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 = 𝑥2
∫ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 � 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
�

Multiply by 𝑥2 on both the sides of equation (1)

(𝑥−3𝑦2 − 𝑥−4𝑒1/𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥−2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

3

22
This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎 (𝑥−3𝑦2 − 𝑥−4𝑒1/𝑥 )𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

3

23
 1 3

+ =
𝑒𝑥

−2 2
𝑦
2𝑥 𝑐
3

Solve: (𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙)

𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (𝑦4 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦3 + 2𝑦4 −

4𝑥)𝑦 = 0---------------------------------------------(1)

𝑀 = 𝑦4 + 2𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦3 + 2𝑦4 −
4𝑥
𝛛𝑀
= 4𝑦3 + 2
= 𝑦3 − 4
𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑁
𝛛𝑥
Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

− = 3𝑦3 + 6 = 3(𝑦3 + 2) , close to M.

𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

(𝑦3 + 2 ) = = (𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]

3
( − )=
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁
3
𝑀 𝛛 𝑦4+2𝑦 𝑦
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹 = −3 ∫
1

𝑒− ∫
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦−3
𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

Multiply by 𝑦3 on both the sides of equation (1)

𝑦−3(𝑦4 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦−3(𝑥𝑦3 + 2𝑦4 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎 (𝑦 + 2𝑦−2)𝑥 + ∫(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥𝑦 + + 𝑦2 = 𝑐
2𝑥

𝑦2

5. Solve: (𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟑𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐)

𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (3𝑥2𝑦4 + 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥3𝑦3

− 𝑥2)𝑑𝑦 = 0-----------------------------------------(1)
24
𝑀 = 3𝑥2𝑦4 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑁 = 2𝑥3𝑦3 − 𝑥2
𝛛𝑀
= 12𝑥2𝑦3 + 2𝑥
𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑁
= 6𝑥2𝑦3 − 2𝑥
𝛛𝑥

Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.

𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

25
 − = 6𝑥2𝑦3 + 4𝑥 = 2(3𝑥2𝑦3 + 2𝑥) , close to M.
𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

(3𝑥2𝑦3 + 2 ) = = (𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]

2
( − )=
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁
2
𝑀 𝛛 3𝑥2𝑦4+2𝑥𝑦 𝑦
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹 = −2 ∫
1

𝑒− ∫
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦−2
𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

Multiply by 𝑦−2 on both the sides of equation (1)

𝑦−2(3𝑥2𝑦4 + 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦−2(2𝑥3𝑦3 − 𝑥2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

(3𝑥2𝑦2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑥
∫
𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑦

𝑥3𝑦2 + =𝑐
𝑥2

6. 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: (𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐(𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙

+ 𝒚𝟒) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (𝑥𝑦3 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑥2𝑦2 +

𝑥 + 𝑦4)𝑑𝑦 = 0------------------------------------(1)

𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦3 + 𝑦 𝑁 = 2(𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦4)

𝛛𝑀
= 3𝑥𝑦2 + 1 𝛛𝑁
= 2(2𝑥𝑦2 + 1) = 4𝑥𝑦2
𝛛𝑦 +2
𝛛𝑥

Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.

𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

− = −𝑥𝑦2 − 1 = −(𝑥𝑦2 + 1) , close to M.

𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

( − )= − =− = (𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁 𝑥𝑦2+1 1

𝑀 𝛛 𝑥𝑦3+𝑦 𝑦
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹 = ∫
1

𝑒− ∫
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 =𝑦
𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

26
Multiply by 𝑦 on both the sides of equation (1)

(𝑥𝑦3 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦(𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦4)𝑑𝑦 = 0 This is an exact

D.E. General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

27
 ∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎 (𝑥𝑦4 + 𝑦2)𝑥 + ∫(2𝑦5) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

+ 𝑥𝑦2 + = 𝑐
𝑥2𝑦4 𝑦6

2 3

7. Solve: (𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚)

𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (𝑦 log 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 −
log 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0-----------------------------(1)

𝑀 = 𝑦 log 𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥 − log 𝑦

= 𝑦 ( ) + log 𝑦
𝛛𝑀 1
=1
𝛛𝑁
𝛛𝑦 𝑦 𝛛𝑥

Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.

𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

− = 1 + log 𝑦 − 1 = log 𝑦, close to M.

𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

(log 𝑦) = = (𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]

1
( − )=
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

1
𝑀 𝛛 𝑦 log 𝑦 𝑦
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹 =
1
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒− ∫
𝑔(𝑦) =
𝑒
𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦 = 𝑦

Multiply by 𝑦 on both the sides of equation (1)

(𝑦 log 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − log 𝑦)𝑦 = 0 This is an exact D.E.

1 1

𝑦 𝑦

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

log 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( log 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
∫
𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑦

𝑥 log 𝑦 + = 𝑐
(log 𝑦)2

8. Solve: 𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥)𝑦 = 0 (1)

28
𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥

𝛛𝑀
= 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝛛𝑁
= 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2
𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.

𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

29
 − = −𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = −(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) , close to M.
𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 ) = − = (𝑦) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]
1
( − )=−
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁
1
𝑀 𝛛 𝑥𝑦+𝑦2+𝑦 𝑦
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹 = ∫
1

𝑒− ∫
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 =𝑦
𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

Multiply by 𝑦 on both the sides of equation (1)

(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(𝑥2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

This is an exact D.E.

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎 (𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦2)𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

+ 𝑥𝑦3 + 𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑐
𝑥2𝑦2

9. Solve: 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚)

𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 (2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 log 𝑥 −

𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0---------------------------------(1)

𝑀 = 2𝑦 𝑁 = 2𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦

= 2𝑥 ( ) + 2 log 𝑥
𝛛𝑁 1

=2
𝛛𝑀
𝛛𝑦
−𝑦
𝛛𝑥 𝑥
Since 𝛛𝑀 ≠ , this is not an exact D.E.
𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

− = −2 log 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −(2 log 𝑥 − 𝑦) , close to N.

𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

𝛛𝑦 𝛛𝑥

(−2 log 𝑥 + 𝑦) = − = (𝑥) [𝑠𝑎𝑦]

1
( − )=
1 𝛛𝑀 𝛛𝑁

1
𝑁 𝛛 2𝑥 log 𝑥−𝑥𝑦 𝑥
𝛛𝑦 𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
1
1
∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥
= 𝑒
−

30
Multiply by 𝑦 on both the sides of equation (1)

(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 = 0 This is an exact D.E.

1 1

𝑥 𝑥

General solution is

∫𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

31
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑦

𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑥

2𝑦 log 𝑥 − = 𝑐
𝑦2

32
 3.3 Orthogonal Trajectory
Definition: Two families of curves such that every member of either family cuts each
member of the other family at right angles are called orthogonal trajectories.

Example: Family of circles 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑎2 is the orthogonal trajectories to the family of

straight lines 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. Where 𝑎 and 𝑚 are arbitrary constants.

Working rule to find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒄) = 𝟎:

 Form the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constant 𝑐.

 Replace 𝑑𝑦 by − . [tan(90 + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃]
𝑑

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
 Solve the modified differential equation.
Working rule to find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒄) = 𝟎:

 Form the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constant 𝑐.

 Replace 𝑑𝑟 by −𝑟2 . [tan(90 + 𝜙) = − cot 𝜙]
𝑑

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟
 Solve the modified differential equation.

1. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of parabolas 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂 .

Problems:

Consider 𝑦2 = 4𝑎𝑥--------(1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
2𝑦 = 4𝑎
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

Substitute in (1),
𝑦2 = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

Replace 𝑑𝑦 = −
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On integrating,
= −𝑥2 + 𝑐
𝑦2

2𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑘
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).

33
2. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂 .
Consider 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑎2-----------(1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

Replace 𝑑𝑦 by −
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑦 (− ) =
𝑑𝑥

−𝑥
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦
1
1

𝑥 𝑦

On integrating,
log 𝑥 = log 𝑦 + log 𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑦𝑐
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).
3. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄 𝒙 .
Consider 𝑦2 = 𝑐 𝑥3------------(1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
2𝑦 = 3𝑐 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

× 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑐 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

By (1), 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑦2

𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 = 3𝑦
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

Replace 𝑑𝑦 by −
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

2𝑥 (− ) =
𝑑

3𝑦
𝑑𝑦

−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
On integrating,
−𝑥2 = +𝑐
3𝑦2

2𝑥2 + 3𝑦2 = 𝑘
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).

34
4. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄 𝒙 .
Consider 𝑦2 = 𝑐 𝑥3------------(1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
2𝑦 = 3𝑐 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

× 𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑐 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

By (1), 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑦2

𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 = 3𝑦
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

Replace 𝑑𝑦 by −
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

2𝑥 (− ) =
𝑑

3𝑦
𝑑𝑦

−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
On integrating,
−𝑥2 = +𝑐
3𝑦2

2𝑥2 + 3𝑦2 = 𝑘
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).
5. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒙𝟐/𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐/𝟑 = 𝒂𝟐/ .
Consider 𝑥2/3 + 𝑦2/3 = 𝑎2/3--------------(1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,

+
2 2 1
−3 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
3 = 0
𝑦
−
1 𝑑𝑥
3
3
1
3 𝑑𝑦

× ⇒
1
=0
−
+
𝑥
3
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 3
−
2

Replace 𝑑𝑦 by −
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑑𝑥
−1 −
𝑥 3 + 3 )=0
𝑦 (− 𝑑
𝑦
1
𝑦
1
) = −𝑥
− 3 𝑑
(−
−
𝑥
𝑑
𝑦 3

1 1

35
𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦3 𝑑𝑦
On integrating,

𝑥4/3 = 𝑦4/3 + 𝑐

𝑥4/3 − 𝑦4/3 = 𝑐
This is the family of orthogonal trajectories of (1).

36
6. Show that the family of parabolas 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝒂) is self-orthogonal.
Def:A family of curves is self orthogonal if the differential equations of given
family and orthogonal family are same.
𝑦2 = 4(𝑥 + 𝑎)
Diff. w. r. to 𝑥,
2𝑦 = 4𝑎
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

By substituting in (1),
𝑦2 = 2𝑦 (𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 ( )
2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 +𝑦( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ------
(1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Replace 𝑑𝑦 by −
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 (− ) + 𝑦 (− )
𝑑 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑦 = −2𝑥 ( ) + 𝑦 ( )
𝑑 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑦 ( 𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 𝑦 ) + 𝑦
𝑑
2 )
𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑑
𝑥

𝑦=
+ 2𝑥 𝑦 )--------(2)
𝑑
𝑦( 2 )
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑑
𝑥

Since (1) = (2),

The given family of parabolas is self-orthogonal.
+
𝟐
𝒙
𝒚𝟐
= 𝟏, where 𝝀 is
7. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves

𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐+𝝀

= 1-------(1)
the parameter.

+𝑏2+𝜆
𝑥
2
2

𝑎 2

Diff. w.r.to 𝑥,

+𝑏2+𝜆 𝑑𝑥= 0
2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑎2

= −𝑎2
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑏2+𝜆
𝑑𝑥

37
 = −𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
( )
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏2+𝜆

Substitute in (1),

−𝑎 ( ) = 1
𝑥2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑
𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
2

38
 𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑦 ( ) = 𝑎2
𝑑

𝑑𝑦

𝑥2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑥𝑦 ( )
𝑑

𝑑𝑦

=𝑥2−𝑎2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Replace 𝑑𝑦 = −
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

− =
𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2−𝑎2

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑎 −𝑥

( − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎2

𝑎2 log 𝑥 − = +𝑐
𝑥2 𝑦2

2 2

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2𝑎2 log 𝑥 + 𝑘
This is the family orthogonal trajectories of (1).
8. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄
𝑥3 − 3𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑐---(1)
Diff. w.r.to 𝑥,
3𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

Replace 𝑑𝑦 = −
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 2𝑥𝑦 (− )
𝑑

𝑑𝑦

=𝑦2−𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Pu 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣2=
𝑑𝑣 2𝑥(𝑣𝑥) 2𝑣
(𝑣𝑥)2−𝑥2 −1

𝑥 =
𝑑𝑣
2𝑣
−𝑣 = =
2𝑣−𝑣3+𝑣 3𝑣−𝑣3
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2− 𝑣2−1 𝑣2−1
1

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2−1 1

3𝑣−𝑣3 𝑥

− ( ) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
1 3−3𝑣2 1

3 3𝑣−𝑣3 𝑥

On integrating,
− log(3𝑣 − 𝑣3) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
1

39
log(3𝑣 − 𝑣3) = −3log 𝑥 − 3 log 𝑐

40
 𝑥3(3𝑣 − 𝑣3) = 𝑘
𝑥3 (3 ( ) − ) = 𝑘
𝑦 𝑦3

𝑥 𝑥3

3𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦3 = 𝑘. This is the family orthogonal trajectories of (1).

9. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽.
𝑟𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
log 𝑟𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log cos 𝑛𝜃

= −𝑛
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃

=−
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

−𝑟 = − tan
𝑑𝜃

𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑟

cot 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
1

𝑑𝑟
𝑟

On integrating,
1
log sin 𝑛𝜃 = log 𝑟 + log 𝑐
𝑛

log sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 log

𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛
𝑟𝑛 = 𝑘 sin 𝑛𝜃
This is the required O.T.
10. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂𝒏.
𝑟𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛
log(𝑟𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃) = log 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 log 𝑟 + log cos 𝑛𝜃 = log 𝑎𝑛

−𝑛 =0
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
= tan 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

−𝑟 = tan
𝑑𝜃

𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑟

cot 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝑑𝑟
1
𝑛

41
 𝑟

On integrating,
1
log sin 𝑛𝜃 = −log 𝑟 + log 𝑐

42
 log sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 log
𝑐

sin 𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑛

𝑟𝑛

𝑟𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑘. This is the required O.T.

11. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽.
𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃
log 𝑟 = log(2𝑎 cos 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 2𝑎 + log cos 𝜃

=−
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
= − tan 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

−𝑟 =−
𝑑𝜃

tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑟

cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
1

𝑑𝑟
𝑟

On integrating,
log sin 𝜃 = log 𝑟 +
log 𝑐 log sin 𝜃 =
log 𝑐𝑟
sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑘 sin 𝜃
This is the required O.T.
12. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽.
𝑟𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
log 𝑟𝑛 = log 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 log 𝑟 = log 𝑎𝑛 + log sin 𝑛𝜃

= 𝑛sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
= cot 𝑛𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

−𝑟 = cot
𝑑𝜃

𝑛𝜃
𝑛

43
𝑑𝑟

tan 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝑑𝑟
1

On integrating,
1
log sec 𝑛𝜃 = − log 𝑟 + log 𝑐

44
 log sec 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 log
𝑐

sec 𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑛

𝑟𝑛

𝑟𝑛 = 𝑘 cos 𝑛𝜃. This is the required O.T.

13. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽).
𝑟 = (1 − cos 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 − cos 𝜃)

=1−cos 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

−𝑟𝜃 =
𝑑𝜃
sin
𝑑𝑟 1−cos 𝜃

− 𝑑𝜃 𝑟= 𝑑𝑟
1−cos 𝜃 1
sin 𝜃

𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
1
− sin (1+cos
1−cos2 𝜃
𝑟
𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
1

−
sin2 𝜃 𝑟
sin 𝜃(1+cos
𝜃)

− (1+cos 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
sin 𝜃 1

𝜃) 𝑟

On integrating,
log(1 + cos 𝜃) = log 𝑟
+ log 𝑐 log(1 + cos 𝜃)
= log 𝑐𝑟
1 + cos 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑟
𝑟 = (1 + cos 𝜃). This is the required O.T.
14. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = (𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽).
𝑟 = (1 + sin 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 𝑎 + log(1 + sin 𝜃)

=1+sin 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

−𝑟𝜃 =
𝑑𝜃
cos
𝑑𝑟 1+sin 𝜃

− 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
1+sin 𝜃 1
cos 𝜃
− cos 𝜃(1−sin 𝜃)
1−sin2 𝜃

45
 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
𝑟 1

𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
1
−𝜃
cos
1−sin 𝑟
𝜃

On integrating,

46
 log(1 − sin 𝜃) = log 𝑟 +
log 𝑐 1 − sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑟
𝑟 = (1 − sin 𝜃). This is the required O.T.
15. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = 𝟐(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽).
𝑟 = 2(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 2𝑎 + log(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)

=cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟 cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

−𝑟𝑑𝑟 =cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃

𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃

− cos 𝜃−sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑟= 𝑑𝑟
cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃 1

On integrating,
log(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) = log 𝑟 + log
𝑐 log(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) = log 𝑐𝑟
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑟
𝑟 = (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
This is the required O.T.
16. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝒓 = 𝟒(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽).
𝑟 = 4(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)
log 𝑟 = log 4𝑎 + log(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)

=
1 𝑑𝑟 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃+sec2 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃 sec 𝜃+tan 𝜃
1 𝑑𝑟
= sec 𝜃
𝑟 𝑑𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

−𝑟 = sec 𝜃
𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑟

− cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
𝑑𝑟
1

On integrating,
− sin 𝜃 = log 𝑟 +
log 𝑐 log 𝑟𝑐 = −
sin 𝜃

𝑟𝑐 = 𝑒− sin 𝜃

47
𝑟𝑒sin 𝜃 = 𝑘
This is the required O.T.

48
17. Prove that the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves 𝟐𝒂 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 is
𝒓
𝟐𝒃
= 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽.
𝒓

2𝑎
= 1 − cos 𝜃
𝑟

log = log(1 − cos 𝜃)

2𝑎

log 2𝑎 − log 𝑟 = log(1 − cos 𝜃)

− 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 =
1 𝑑𝑟 sin 𝜃
1−cos 𝜃

by −𝑟
𝑑𝜃
Replace 1 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 =
𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑟 1−cos 𝜃

𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
1−cos 𝜃 1
sin 𝜃 𝑟

𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
1
1−cos 𝜃 2

sin (1+cos 𝜃) 𝑟

𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
1
sin2 𝜃
sin 𝜃(1+cos 𝑟
𝜃)
sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑟
1
(1+cos
𝑟
𝜃)
On integrating,
−log(1 + cos 𝜃) = log 𝑟 +
log 𝑐 log 2𝑏 = log 𝑟 +
log(1 + cos 𝜃)
log = log(1 + cos 𝜃)
2𝑏

𝑟
2𝑏
= 1 + cos 𝜃
𝑟

This is the required O.T.

49
 3.4(a) Newton’s law of cooling(for EC/ME/CV streams)

Introduction:
If  0 is the temperature of the surroundings and  is the temperature of the body at any time
t, then by Newton’s law of cooling, 𝒅𝜽 = −𝒌(𝜽 −
𝜽 ), Where 𝑘 is a constant.
𝒅𝒕 𝟎

Problems:
1. If the temperature of the air is 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑪 and the substance cools from 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑪 to
𝟕𝟎𝟎𝑪 in 15 minutes, find when the temperature will 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝑪.
By Newton’s law of cooling,
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 𝜃 )
𝑑𝑡 0

= −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝜃−𝜃
0

On integrating,
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝜃 − 𝜃0) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐′
𝜃 − 𝜃0 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡
By data, 𝜃0 = 300𝐶
Therefore, 𝜃 − 30 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡--------(1)
If 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 100 If 𝑡 = 15, 𝜃 = 70
(1) ⇒ 100 − 30 = (1) ⇒ 70 − 30 = 70𝑒−15𝑘
𝑐𝑒0
𝑒15𝑘 =40
70

Therefore, 𝑐 = 70
15𝑘 = log
7

𝑘 = log
1 7

15 4

= 0.0373

On substituting in (1), 𝜃 − 30 = 70𝑒−0.0373𝑡

Put 𝜃 = 40, 10 = 70𝑒−0.0373𝑡

𝑒0.0373𝑡 = 7
0.0373𝑡 = log
7

𝑡 =
1

0.037
log 7 = 52.17 mins.
Conclusion: 3

50
The temperature will 400𝐶 when 𝑡 = 52.170𝐶

51
2. A copper ball originally at 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑪 cools down to 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑪 in 𝟐𝟎 minutes, the
temperature of the air being 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝑪. What will be the temperature of the body
after 𝟒𝟎 minutes from the original?
By Newton’s law of cooling,
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 𝜃 )
𝑑𝑡 0

= −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝜃−𝜃
0

On integrating,
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝜃 − 𝜃0) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐′
𝜃 − 𝜃0 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡
By data, 𝜃0 = 400𝐶
Therefore, 𝜃 − 40 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡--------(1)
If 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 80 If 𝑡 = 20, 𝜃 = 60
(1) ⇒ 80 − 40 = 𝑐𝑒0 (1) ⇒ 60 − 40 = 40𝑒−20𝑘
Therefore, 𝑐 = 40 𝑒20𝑘 =20
40

20𝑘 = log 2
𝑘 = log 2
1

20

= 0.0347

On substituting in (1), 𝜃 − 40 = 40𝑒−0.0347𝑡

Put 𝑡 = 40, 𝜃 − 40 = 40𝑒−1.388
𝜃 − 40 = 9.983
𝜃 = 50
Conclusion:
The temperature of the body after 40 minutes is 500𝐶.

52
3. If the air is maintained at 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑪 and the temperature of the body cools down
from 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑪 to 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑪 in 12 minutes, find the temperature of the body after 𝟐𝟒
minutes.
By Newton’s law of cooling,
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 𝜃 )
𝑑𝑡 0

= −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝜃−𝜃
0

On integrating,
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝜃 − 𝜃0) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐′
𝜃 − 𝜃0 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡
By data, 𝜃0 = 300𝐶
Therefore, 𝜃 − 30 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡--------(1)
If 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 80 If 𝑡 = 12, 𝜃 = 60
(1) ⇒ 80 − 30 = 𝑐𝑒0 (1) ⇒ 60 − 30 = 50𝑒−12𝑘
Therefore, 𝑐 = 50 𝑒12𝑘 =30
50

12𝑘 = log
5

𝑘 = log 2
1

12

= 0.0426

On substituting in (1), 𝜃 − 30 = 50𝑒−0.0426𝑡

Put 𝑡 = 24, 𝜃 − 30 = 50𝑒−1.0224
𝜃 − 30 = 17.9865
𝜃 = 48
Conclusion:
The temperature of the body after 24 minutes is 480𝐶.

53
4. Water at temperature 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑪 takes 5 minutes to warm upto 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑪 in a
room temperature of 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝑪. Find the temperature of the water after 𝟐𝟎
minutes.
By Newton’s law of cooling,
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 𝜃 )
𝑑𝑡 0

= −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝜃−𝜃
0

On integrating,
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝜃 − 𝜃0) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐′
𝜃 − 𝜃0 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡
By data, 𝜃0 = 400𝐶
Therefore, 𝜃 − 40 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡--------(1)
If 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 10 If 𝑡 = 5, 𝜃 = 20
(1) ⇒ 10 − 40 = 𝑐𝑒0 (1) ⇒ 20 − 40 =
−30𝑒−5𝑘
Therefore, 𝑐 = −30
𝑒5𝑘 =20
30

5𝑘 = log
3

𝑘 = log
1 3

5 2

= 0.0811

On substituting in (1), 𝜃 − 40 = −30 𝑒−0.0811𝑡

Put 𝑡 = 20, 𝜃 − 40 = −30𝑒−1.622
𝜃 − 40 = −5.9251
𝜃 = 34.070𝐶
Conclusion:
The temperature of water after 20 minutes is 34.070𝐶.

54
5. A bottle of mineral water at a room temperature of 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝑭 is kept in a
refrigerator where the temperature is 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝑭. After half an hour water cooled to
𝟔𝟏𝟎𝑭. What is the temperature of the mineral water in another half an hour?
By Newton’s law of cooling,
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 𝜃 )
𝑑𝑡 0

= −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝜃−𝜃
0

On integrating,
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝜃 − 𝜃0) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐′
𝜃 − 𝜃0 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡
By data, 𝜃0 = 440𝐶
Therefore, 𝜃 − 44 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡--------(1)
If 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 72 If 𝑡 = , 𝜃 = 61
1

2
(1) ⇒ 72 − 44 = 𝑐𝑒0
(1) ⇒ 61 − 44 = 28 𝑒−2
𝑘

Therefore, 𝑐 = 28
𝑘
𝑒2 =17
28

= log
𝑘 28

2 17

𝑘 = 0.998

On substituting in (1), 𝜃 − 44 = 28 𝑒−0.998𝑡

Put 𝑡 = 1, 𝜃 − 44 = 28 𝑒−0.998
𝜃 − 44 = 10.32
𝜃 = 54.320𝐹
Conclusion:
The temperature of the mineral water in another half an hour is 54.320𝐹.

55
6. If a body is heated to 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒄 and placed in the air at 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒄. After an hour
its temperature become 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝒄. How many additional time is required for it to
cool to
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝑪 ?
By Newton’s law of cooling,
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 𝜃 )
𝑑𝑡 0

= −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝜃−𝜃
0

On integrating,
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝜃 − 𝜃0) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐′
𝜃 − 𝜃0 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡
By data, 𝜃0 = 100𝐶
Therefore, 𝜃 − 10 = 𝑐𝑒−𝑘𝑡--------(1)
If 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 110 If 𝑡 = 1, 𝜃 = 60
(1) ⇒ 110 − 10 = (1) ⇒ 60 − 10 = 100
𝑐𝑒0 𝑒−𝑘
Therefore, 𝑐 = 100
𝑒𝑘 = 50
100

𝑘 = log 2
𝑘 = 0.6931

On substituting in (1), 𝜃 − 10 = 100 𝑒−0.6931𝑡

Put 𝜃 = 30, 30 − 10 = 100 𝑒−0.6931𝑡

𝑒0.6931𝑡 =20
100

0.6931𝑡 = log 5
𝑡 = 2.3220
Conclusion:
Required additional time = 2.3220 − 1 = 1.3220 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠.

56
3.4(b) RL and RC circuits(for CS streams)

Introduction:

Notation Terminology Unit

L Inductance Henry

C Capacitance Farad

R Resistance Ohms

E Electro motive force (e.m.f.) Volts

I Current Amperes

Q Charge Coloumb

(i) 𝐼 =
𝑑𝑄

𝑑𝑡

(ii) Voltage drop across resistance 𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼

(iii) Voltage drop across inductance 𝐿 = 𝐿

𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝑡

(iv) Voltage drop across capacitance 𝐶 =

𝑄

By Kirchhoff’s law, 𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸 in LR circuit.

𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝑡

By Kirchhoff’s law, 𝑅𝐼 + = 𝐸 in RC circuit.

𝑄

1. When a switch is closed in a circuit containing a battery E, a resistance R and an

inductance L, the current I builds up at a rate given by 𝑳 + 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑬. Find 𝒊
𝒅𝒊

𝒅𝒕
as a
function of 𝒕. How long will it be , before the current has reached one-half its final
value if 𝑬 = 𝟔 volts, 𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ohms and 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟏 henry?

𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸, Put 𝐸 = 6, 𝑅 = 100, 𝐿 = 0.1

𝑑𝐼
To find I:

𝑑𝑡

0.1 + 100𝐼 = 6
𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
+ 1000𝐼 = 60
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
60−1000 = 𝑑𝑡
𝐼

57
−0.001 log(60 − 1000𝐼) = 𝑡
+ 𝑐 log(60 − 1000𝐼) =
−1000𝑡 + 𝑐′

58
 60 − 1000𝐼 = 𝑘𝑒−1000𝑡
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = 0. 𝑠𝑜, 𝑘
= 60 60 − 1000𝐼 =
60𝑒−1000𝑡
1000𝐼 = 60 − 60𝑒−1000𝑡
𝐼 = 0.06(1 − 𝑒−1000𝑡)

To find t when I reaches max. value of I/2 :

When t is max, I is max. So, Max. value of 𝐼 = 0.06
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 = 0.03
𝐼

0.03 = 0.06(1 − 𝑒−1000𝑡)

𝑒1000𝑡 = 2
𝑡 = 0.0006931 𝑠𝑒𝑐

2. When a Resistance R ohms is connected in series with an inductance L henries

with an e.m.f. of E volts, the current 𝒊 amperes at time 𝒕 is given by 𝑳 + 𝑹𝒊 =
𝒅𝒊

𝑬. If 𝑬 =
𝒅𝒕
𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 volts and 𝒊 = 𝟎 when 𝒕 = 𝟎, find 𝒊 as a function of 𝒕.

L𝑑𝐼 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸, Put 𝐸 = 10 sin , 𝑖 = 0, 𝑡 = 0

𝑑𝑡

𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 10 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝑡

+ 𝐼 = 10 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝐼 𝑅

𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝑅 𝑅
𝐼. 𝑒∫𝐿 = ∫ 10 sin . 𝑒∫𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐼. 𝑒 = ∫ 10 sin . 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑅𝑡 𝑅𝑡
𝐿 𝐿

𝑅𝑡
10𝑒 𝐿 𝑅
( sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + 𝑐
𝑅𝑡
𝐼. 𝑒 𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑅2
2+
1
𝐿 𝑅𝑡
−
10𝐿
𝐼 = (𝑅 sin 𝑡 − 𝐿 cos 𝑡) + 𝑐
𝑅2+𝐿2

By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 0.
𝐿2+𝑅2
0 =
10𝐿
59
(−𝐿) + 𝑐

Therefore, 𝑐 =
10𝐿2

𝐿2+𝑅2

60
 𝐼 = 𝑅𝑡
(𝑅 sin 𝑡 − 𝐿 cos 𝑡 + 𝐿𝑒− )
10𝐿
𝑅2+
𝐿2

3. A resistance of 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀, an inductance of 0.5 henry are connected in series with a

battery of 20 volts. Find the current in the circuit at 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓 secs. If 𝒊 = 𝟎 at 𝒕
= 𝟎.
𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝐸, Put 𝐸 = 20, 𝑅 = 100, 𝐿 = 0.5
𝑑𝑖

𝑑𝑡

0.5 + 100𝑖 = 20
𝑑𝑖

𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖
+ 200𝑖 = 40
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖
40−200 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑖
−0.005 log(40 − 200𝑖) = 𝑡
+ 𝑐 log(40 − 200𝑖) =
−200𝑡 + 𝑐′ 40 − 200𝑖 =
𝑑𝑒−200𝑡
𝑖 = 0 at 𝑡 =
0. 40 = 𝑑
40 − 200𝑖 = 40𝑒−200𝑡
1 − 5𝑖 = 𝑒−200𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0.5
1 − 5𝑖 = 𝑒−100

𝑖 =
1−𝑒−100
5

4. Find the current at any time 𝒕 > 0, in a circuit having in series a constant
electromotive force 𝟒𝟎𝑽, a resistor 𝟏𝟎𝛀, an inductor 𝟎. 𝟐𝑯 given that initial

By data, 𝐸 = 40, 𝑅 = 10, 𝐿 = 0.2

current is zero.

By Kirchoff’s law, 𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝑡

On substituting, 0.2 + 10𝐼 = 40

𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝑡

Therefore, 𝑑𝐼 + 50𝐼 = 200

𝑑𝑡

Solution is given by
𝐼. 𝑒50𝑡 = ∫ 200 𝑒50𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝐼 = 4 + 𝑐𝑒−50𝑡
61
By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 =
0. 0 = 4 + 𝑐, 𝑐 =
−4
Therefore, 𝐼 = 4 − 4𝑒−50𝑡 = 4(1 − 𝑒−50𝑡)

62
 and an inductor of 2 henries. If the switch is closed at a time 𝒕 = 𝟎, determine
5. A generator having e.m.f. 100 volts is connected in series with a 10 ohms resistor

the current at time 𝒕 > 0.

By data, 𝐸 = 100, 𝑅 = 10, 𝐿 = 2

By Kirchoff’s law, 𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝑡

On substituting, 2 + 10𝐼 = 100

𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝑡

Therefore, 𝑑𝐼 + 5𝐼 = 50
𝑑𝑡

Solution is given by

𝐼. 𝑒5𝑡 = ∫ 50 𝑒5𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

𝐼. 𝑒5𝑡 = 10𝑒5𝑡 + 𝑐

𝐼 = 10 + 𝑐𝑒−5𝑡

By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 =

0. 0 = 10 + 𝑐, 𝑐 =

−10

Therefore, 𝐼 = 10 − 10𝑒−5𝑡 = 10(1 − 𝑒−5𝑡)

6. A decaying e.m.f. 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕 is connected in series with a 𝟐𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎 resistor and

𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 capacitor. Find the charge and current at any time assuming 𝑸 = 𝟎 at
𝒕 = 𝟎. Show that the charge reaches the maximum. Calculate it and find time
when it is reached.
By data, 𝐸 = 200 𝑒−5𝑡, 𝑅 = 20, 𝐶 = 0.01

By Kirchoff’s law, 𝑅𝐼 + =𝐸
𝑄

On substituting, 20𝐼 +
𝑄 = 200𝑒−5𝑡
0.01

Therefore, 𝑑𝑄 + 5𝑄 = 10𝑒−5𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Solution is given by

𝑄. 𝑒5𝑡 = ∫ 10𝑒−5𝑡 𝑒5𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑄. 𝑒5𝑡 = 10𝑡 + 𝑐

By data, at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 =

63
0. 0 = 0 + 𝑐, 𝑐 =

64
Therefore, 𝑄. 𝑒5𝑡 = 10𝑡

𝑄 = 10𝑡 𝑒−5𝑡
𝑑𝑄
= 10(𝑒−5𝑡 − 5𝑡𝑒−5𝑡) = 10(1 − 5𝑡)−5𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑄 is maximum when 𝑑𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑡

10(1 − 5𝑡)−5𝑡 = 0

𝑡= .
1

Maximum value of 𝑄 = 10 ( ) 𝑒−1 =

1 2

5 𝑒

65
3.5 Non-linear differential equations

Introduction: Product of variables and their first order derivatives are allowed in the non-
linear differential equations.

Problems:

1. Solve: 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒑(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝒙𝒚
= 𝟎 (𝑝 + 𝑥)(𝑝 + 𝑦) = 0
𝑝 = −𝑥 𝑝 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥
𝑦
+𝑦−𝑐 = 0
2
𝑥

2 𝑥 + log 𝑦 − 𝑐 =
0
Therefore, the general solution is
( + 𝑦 − 𝑐) (𝑥 + log 𝑦 − 𝑐) = 0
2

2. Solve: 𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑝2 + 𝑝 (𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥) + 1 = 0
(𝑝 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒−𝑥(𝑝 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 0 (𝑝 + 𝑒𝑥)(𝑝 + 𝑒−𝑥) =
0
𝑝 = −𝑒𝑥 𝑝 = −𝑒−𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = −𝑒−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−𝑒−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑐 =
𝑒 +𝑦−𝑐 = 0
𝑥

0
Therefore, general solution is
(𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑐)(𝑦 − 𝑒−𝑥 − 𝑐) = 0

66
3. Solve: 𝒙𝒚𝒑𝟐 + 𝒑(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐) − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑥𝑦𝑝2 + (3𝑥2 − 2𝑦2) − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦𝑝2 + 3𝑥2𝑝 − 2𝑦2𝑝 − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥(𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥) − 2𝑦(𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥) =
0 (𝑥𝑝 − 2𝑦)(𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥) = 0
𝑥𝑝 = 2𝑦 𝑦𝑝 = −3𝑥
𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝑦 = −3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
2
1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
+ −𝑐 =
𝑦2 3𝑥2
log 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥
0
+ 𝑐 log 𝑦 = log 2 2

𝑐𝑥2 𝑦2 + 3𝑥2 − 2𝑐
= 0
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥2
Therefore, general solution is
(𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥2)(𝑦2 + 3𝑥2 − 2𝑐) = 0

4. Solve: 𝒑(𝒑 + 𝒚) = 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝒚)

𝑝2 + 𝑝𝑦 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑦
= 0 (𝑝2 − 𝑥2) + (𝑝 −
𝑥) = 0 (𝑝 − 𝑥)(𝑝 + 𝑥
+ 𝑦) = 0
𝑝=𝑥 𝑝 = −𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥 − 𝑦
=𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
On integrating, This is an L.D.E. Solution is
𝑦= +𝑐
𝑥
2

2
𝑦𝑒𝑥 = ∫ −𝑥 . 𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥 +
𝑐
𝑦− −𝑐=0
𝑥
2

2 𝑦𝑒𝑥 = −(𝑥𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) +
𝑐
𝑒𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, general solution is
[𝑦 − − 𝑐] [𝑒(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) − 𝑐] = 0
𝑥2

67
2

68
5. Solve: 𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐
𝑝2 + 2𝑝𝑦 cot 𝑥 − 𝑦2 = 0
(𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥)2 − 𝑦2 − 𝑦2 cot2
𝑥 = 0 (𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥)2
− 𝑦2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 = 0
(𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)(𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 0
𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑝 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 =
0 0
𝑑𝑦
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦

= − (sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1−cos 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
2 2

= − sin
( 𝑥(1−cos 𝑥)
) 𝑑𝑥 = (sin 𝑥(1+cos 𝑥)
) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1−cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1−cos 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦

= −1−cos
( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥

= 1+cos
( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑦
On integrating,
log 𝑦 = − log(1 − cos 𝑥) +
log 𝑐
On integrating,

𝑦(1 − cos 𝑥) − 𝑐 = 0 log 𝑦 = − log(1 + cos 𝑥) +

log 𝑐

𝑦(1 + cos 𝑥) − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, general solution is
[(1 − cos 𝑥) − 𝑐][(1 + cos 𝑥) − 𝑐] = 0.

)−
𝒙 (𝒅𝒚 �+ 𝒙𝒚 𝟔𝒚𝟐 =𝟎
6. Solve: 𝒅𝒚

𝟐 ) ( 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝑥 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑦𝑝 − 6𝑦2 =
2 2

0 (𝑥𝑝 + 3𝑦)(𝑥𝑝 −
2𝑦) = 0
𝑥𝑝 + 3𝑦 = 0 𝑥𝑝 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = −3𝑦 𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
1 −3 1 2

69
 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥

On integrating, On integrating,
log 𝑦 = −3log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥 +
log 𝑐 log 𝑦 + 3log 𝑥 log 𝑐 log 𝑦 = log 𝑥2
= log 𝑐 + log 𝑐
log 𝑦𝑥3 = log 𝑐𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥2
𝑦𝑥3 = 𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥2 = 0
𝑥3𝑦 − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑥3𝑦 − 𝑐)(𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥2) = 0
7. Solve: 𝟒𝒚𝟐𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑𝒙𝒚(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏) +
𝟑𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 (2𝑦𝑝)2 + 2𝑦𝑝(3𝑥2 + 𝑥) +
3𝑥3 = 0
2𝑦(2𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥2) + 𝑥(2𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥2)
= 0 (2𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥)(2𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥2) = 0
2𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥 = 0 2𝑦𝑝 + 3𝑥2 = 0
2𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = −3𝑥2
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −3𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On integrating, On integrating,
𝑦2 = − +𝑐 𝑦2 = −𝑥3 + 𝑐
2𝑥

2
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑦2 + − 𝑐) (𝑥3 + 𝑦2 − 𝑐) = 0
𝑥2

8. Solve: 𝒅𝒚 − = −
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒚

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒙

𝑝 −𝑝 =
1 𝑥2−𝑦2
𝑥𝑦

=
𝑝2−1 𝑥2−𝑦2
𝑝 𝑥𝑦

𝑥𝑦𝑝2 − (𝑥2 − 𝑦2) − 𝑥𝑦 = 0

𝑥(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥) + 𝑦(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥)
= 0 (𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦)(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥)
=0
70
 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 = 0 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = −𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
1
1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
On integrating,
On integrating,
log 𝑦 = − log 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2 = 2 +2
𝑥2 𝑐

log 𝑐 log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 = 𝑐

= log 𝑐

𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑐 =
0
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐)(𝑦2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑐) = 0

9. Solve: 𝒚𝒑𝟐 + (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒑 − 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝑦(𝑝 − 1) + 𝑥(𝑝 − 1) =
0 (𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥)(𝑝 − 1) = 0
𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥 = 0 𝑝−1=0
𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑦

=1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
On integrating, On integrating,
𝑦=𝑥+𝑐
= −2 +
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑐
2 2
𝑦−𝑥−𝑐 =
𝑦2 + 𝑥2 = 𝑐
0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑐 =
0
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑐)(𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐) = 0

10. Solve: 𝒙𝟐𝒑𝟐 + 𝒙𝒑 − (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚)

= 𝟎 (𝑥2𝑝2 − 𝑦2) + (𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦)
=0

71
(𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦)(𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 + 1) = 0
𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦 = 0 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 =𝑦 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1

𝑦 𝑥 𝑦+1 𝑥

On integrating, On integrating,
log 𝑦 = log 𝑥 + log(𝑦 + 1) = −log 𝑥 +
log 𝑐 log 𝑦 = log 𝑐 log 𝑥 + log(𝑦 + 1)
log 𝑐𝑥 = log 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑥 (𝑦 + 1 ) = 𝑐
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥)(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑐) = 0

72
 𝟐
11. Solve: 𝒙𝒚 ( ) − (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐) ( ) + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝑥𝑦𝑝2 − 𝑥2𝑝 − 𝑦2𝑝 +

𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥) − 𝑦(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥)
= 0 (𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥)(𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦) =
0
𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 =𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1

𝑦 𝑥
On integrating,
On integrating,
𝑦2
2 = 2 +2
𝑥2 𝑐
log 𝑦 = log 𝑥 +
𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑐 log 𝑐 log 𝑦 =
𝑦2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑐 = log 𝑐𝑥
0
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
Therefore, the general solution is
(𝑦2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑐)(𝑦 − 𝑐𝑥) = 0

+ (𝒙 − ( 𝒅𝒙 ) − 𝒙 = 𝟎
� 𝒅𝒚
𝒚
𝒅𝒙 )
𝒅𝒚
Solve:
( 𝒚)
𝑦𝑝2 + 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥 = 0
(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥) − (𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥) =
0 (𝑝 − 1)(𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥) = 0
𝑝−1=0 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑦

=1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On integrating, On integrating,
𝑦=𝑥+𝑐
= −2 +
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑐
2 2

𝑦2 = −𝑥2 + 𝑐

Therefore, the general solution is

73
(𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐)(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑐) = 0

74
 3.6 Clairaut’s equation and reducible to Clairaut’s equation

This is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝). General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + (𝑐).

Introduction:

Working rule to find singular solution:

 Differentiate general solution partially w.r.to 𝑐.
 Substitute the value of 𝑐 in the general solution.

Note:
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝)----(1)
Differentiate w.r.to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑝 + 𝑝′𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑝)𝑝′
𝑑𝑥

𝑝′𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑝)𝑝′ = 0
𝑝′[𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑝)] = 0
𝑝′ = 0
𝑝=𝑐
Substitute 𝑝 = 𝑐 in (1),
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑐).
This is the general solution.
Problems:
1. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒑 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒚 − 𝒙𝒑).
𝑦 − 𝑥𝑝 = sin−1 𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 + sin−1 𝑝
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + sin−1 𝑐----(1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to c,
0=𝑥+ 1 − 𝑐2 =
1

√1−𝑐2 1

1
= −𝑥 𝑥2
√1−𝑐2
𝑐2 = 1 −
√1 − 𝑐 = −
2 1 1
𝑥 𝑥2

𝑐= 𝑥
√𝑥2−1

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

This is the required singular solution.

75
 √𝑥2−1
𝑦 = √𝑥2 − 1 + sin−1
𝑥

This is the required singular solution.

76
2. Find the general solution and singular solution of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒑𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 +
𝒑
sin(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑝
𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 − sin−1 𝑝
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − sin−1 𝑐----(1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to c,
0=𝑥−
1

√1−𝑐2
1
√1−𝑐 =𝑥
2

√1 − 𝑐2 =
1

1−𝑐 = 2 1

𝑥2

𝑐 =1−
2 1

𝑥2

𝑐=
√𝑥2−1
𝑥

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

√𝑥2−1
𝑦 = √𝑥2 − 1 − sin−1
𝑥

This is the required singular solution.

3. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒑 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒑𝒙 − 𝒚).
𝑝 = log(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑒𝑝
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑒𝑐-------(1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to c,
0 = 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑒𝑐
𝑐 = log 𝑥

This is the required singular solution.

77
Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).
𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 − 𝑥

This is the required singular solution.

78
4. Find the general solution and the singular solution of (𝒚 − 𝒑𝒙)(𝒑 − 𝟏) = 𝒑.
𝑦 − 𝑥𝑝 =
𝑝

𝑝−1

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 +
𝑝

𝑝−1

This is in Clairaut’s form.

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 +
𝑐 -------(1)
𝑐−1

Differentiate partially w.r.to c,

0=𝑥+
(𝑐−1)1−(1)
(𝑐−1)2

𝑥 =
1

(𝑐−1)2

(𝑐 − 1)2 =
1

𝑐−1=
1

√𝑥

𝑐=1+
1

√𝑥

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 √𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = (√𝑥 + 1)2
This is the required singular solution.

5. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒙𝒑𝟐 − 𝒚𝒑 + 𝒂 = 𝟎.

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑝2 + 𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 +
𝑎

This is in Clairaut’s form.

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
+
𝑎 -------(1)
𝑐

Differentiate partially w.r.to c,

0=𝑥−
𝑎

𝑐2
𝑥 =
𝑎

𝑐2

𝑐=√
𝑎

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

79
𝑦 = 2√𝑎𝑥

80
 This is the required singular solution.
6. Find the general solution and the singular solution of 𝒙𝒑𝟑 − 𝒚𝒑𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.
𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑥𝑝3 + 1
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 +
1

𝑝2

This is in Clairaut’s form.

General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 +
1 -------(1)
𝑐2

Differentiate partially w.r.to c,

0=𝑥−
2

𝑐3

𝑥 =
2

𝑐3
1
𝑐=( )
2 3

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

21 3 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 ( ) + ( )3
𝑥

𝑥 2

This is the required singular solution.

�
𝒚 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒚) = (𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒚
7. Find the general solution and the singular solution
( 𝟏
of 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
.
𝑦 = −2𝑝2 + (𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝 − 2𝑝2)
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + (𝑐 − 2𝑐2)----(1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to c,
0 = 𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑐

𝑐=
𝑥+1
4

Substitute the value of 𝑐 in (1).

𝑦 = 𝑥 (4 ) +4( −8 )
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 (𝑥+1)2

8𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1)2

8𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 − 1)
8𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
This is the required singular solution.

81
8. Solve 𝒚(𝒚 − 𝒙𝒑) = 𝒙𝟒𝒑𝟐 using substitutions 𝑿 = and 𝒀 = .
𝟏 𝟏

𝒙 𝒚
1
−
𝑑𝑌
=
𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
1
𝑑𝑋 −
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝑃 = 𝑝
2
𝑌

𝑋2

𝑦2(𝑦 − 𝑥𝑝) = 𝑥4𝑝2

Put 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = ,𝑝= 𝑃
1 1 𝑋2

𝑋 𝑌 𝑌2
2
1 1 1 𝑋2 1 𝑋2
( −
𝑌2 𝑌 𝑃) = ( )
𝑌2 𝑋4 𝑌2
𝑋

(𝑌 − 𝑋𝑃) =
1 𝑃2

𝑌4 𝑌4

𝑌 − 𝑋𝑃 =
𝑃2
𝑌 = 𝑋𝑃 +
𝑃2
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is
𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 + 𝑐2 ⇒ = + 𝑐2
1 𝑐

𝑦 𝑥

9. Solve (𝒑𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒑𝒚 + 𝒙) = 𝟐𝒑 by reducing into

Clairaut’s form, taking substitutions 𝑿 = 𝒙𝟐
and 𝒀 = 𝒚𝟐.

=2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑌 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑋

𝑃= √𝑌
𝑝
√𝑋

(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑝𝑦 + 𝑥) = 2𝑝
Put 𝑥 = √𝑋, 𝑦 = √ , 𝑝 = 𝑃
√𝑋

√𝑌

( 𝑃 √𝑋 − √𝑌) ( 𝑃√𝑌 + √𝑋) = 2 𝑃

√𝑋 √𝑋 √𝑋

√𝑌 √𝑌 √𝑌

( 𝑃 𝑋 − 𝑌)(√𝑋 𝑃 + √𝑋) =
2√𝑋 𝑃 ( 𝑋 − 𝑌)( 𝑃 + 1) =
2𝑃
𝑃𝑋−𝑌=
2𝑃

82
 𝑃+1
𝑌 = 𝑃𝑋 −
2𝑃

𝑃+1

This is in Clairaut’s form.

General solution is
𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 − ⇒ = 𝑐𝑥2 −
2 2𝑐
2𝑐 𝑐+1
𝑐+1

83
10. Solve 𝒙(𝒚 − 𝒑𝒙) = 𝒑𝟐𝒚 by reducing into Clairaut’s
form, using the substitutions 𝑿 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒀
= 𝒚𝟐.

=2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑌 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑋

𝑃= √𝑌
𝑝
√𝑋

𝑥2(𝑦 − 𝑝𝑥) = 𝑝2𝑦

Put 𝑥 = √𝑋, 𝑦 = √ , 𝑝 = 𝑃
√𝑋

√𝑌

2
𝑋 (√𝑌 √
𝑝√𝑋) =𝑋
√ 𝑃) √𝑌
𝑋
− √ ( √
𝑌 𝑌

𝑌 − 𝑝𝑋 = 𝑝2

𝑌 = 𝑝𝑋 + 𝑝2

This is in Clairaut’s form.

General solution is

𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 + 𝑐2 ⇒ 2
= 𝑐𝑥2 + 𝑐2

11. Solve 𝒆𝟒(𝒑 − 𝟏) + 𝒆𝟐𝒚𝒑𝟐 = 𝟎 by using substitutions 𝑿 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙, 𝒀 = 𝒆𝟐𝒚.

=2 𝑒2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑌 2 𝑒2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑋

𝑃= 𝑝
𝑌

𝑒4(𝑝 − 1) + 𝑒2𝑦𝑝2 = 0
Put 𝑒2𝑥 = 𝑋, 𝑒2𝑦 = 𝑌, 𝑝 = 𝑃
𝑋

𝑋2 𝑃 − 1)
2
) =0
(
� + 𝑌 (
𝑋 𝑋

𝑋2(𝑋𝑃 − 𝑌) + 𝑋2𝑃2 = 0
�

𝑋𝑃 − 𝑌 + 𝑃2 = 0

84
𝑌 = 𝑋𝑃 + 𝑃2
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is
𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 + 𝑐2

85
 𝑒2𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒2𝑥 + 𝑐2
12. Solve (𝒑𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝒑𝒚𝟐 by using the substitutions 𝑿 = 𝒚 and 𝒀 = 𝒙𝒚.

= = =𝑝𝑥 +𝑋 = +
𝑑𝑌 𝑥𝑑𝑦+𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑝+𝑦 𝑦 𝑌 𝑋
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑦 𝑝
𝑝

𝑃− =
𝑌 𝑋

𝑋 𝑝

(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑝𝑦2

Put 𝑥 = = , 𝑦 = 𝑋, 𝑝
𝑌

=
=
2
𝑋
𝑌
𝑦 𝑋 (𝑃− 𝑃𝑋−𝑌
) 𝑋
2
{( =(
2 2

+
𝑃𝑋−𝑌 ) 𝑃𝑋− ) 𝑋2
𝑋}
𝑌
� 𝑌
�

{
𝑌
2
𝑃𝑋−𝑌 + 1} = 𝑋2

{ 𝑃𝑋 𝑃𝑋−
2 𝑌
𝑋
} =
2

𝑃𝑋− 𝑃𝑋−𝑌
𝑌

𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑋 − 𝑌
𝑌 = 𝑃𝑋 − 𝑃2
This is in Clairaut’s form.
General solution is
𝑌 = 𝑐𝑋 − 𝑐2
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑦 − 𝑐2

86