16.

Stokes Theorem
 Review: Stokes Theorem

Recall Green's theorem:

F  Mi  Nj  Fdr   Mdx  Ndy    N
C C R
x  M y  dA    curl F   kdA
R
Example: Evaluate the line integral
 F  dr    curl F   n d
 F  dr when F  z , y , xy , C is the
2 2
C S
C

triangle defined by 1,0,0  ,  0,1, 0  , and  0,0,2  , C

and C is traversed counter clockwise as viewed
from the origin. S
S : plane, we need to find the equation
using a point and the normal vector to the plane

We can get the normal vector by

taking the cross product of two vectors S : 2 x  2 y  z  d plug in any point to find d
in the plane. 1, 0, 0   2 1  2  0    0   d  2
Vector from 1, 0, 0  to  0,1, 0   2 x  2 y  z  2 so S : z  2  2 x  2 y
v1  0  1,1  0, 0  0  1,1, 0
dS  1   z x    z y  dA
2 2

Vector from 1, 0, 0  to  0, 0, 2 

dS  1   2    2  dA
2 2
v2  0  1, 0  0, 2  0  1, 0, 2
dS  3dA
i j k
v  v1  v2  1 1 0  2, 2,1 hence n  2, 2,1 wrong orientation! choose n  1 2, 2,1
1
3 3
1 0 2
Example (continued): Evaluate the line integral 1
n 2, 2,1
 F  dr
C
when F  z 2 , y 2 , xy and C is the 3

triangle defined by 1,0,0  ,  0,1, 0  , and  0,0,2  . dS  3dA

C
i j k plane S : z  2  2 x  2 y
S
curl F  
x

y

z  x, 2 z  y , 0
z2 y2 xy

  curl F   n d     2 x  4 z  2 y  dA y  1 x
S
R
1 1 x
 
0 0
 2 x  4  2  2 x  2 y   2 y  dydx
1 1 x 1
2 1 x
 
0 0
 8  6 x  10 y  dydx    8  6 x  y  5 y  dx 
0
0
1 1
    8  6 x 1  x   5 1  x   dx     x 2  4 x  3 dx
2
 
 
0 0

  43
1
  2 x  3x  1
 23
3 2
x
3 3
0
 Example: Evaluate the flux integral   curl F   n d
S
where F  2 z  y, x  z , y  x

and S is the portion of the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  9 with z  y (a hemisphere!)

and n points away from the origin.

The boundary C of S is the circle obtained by intersecting the

sphere with the plane z  y

This circle is not so easy to parametrize, so instead we write

C as the boundary of a disc D in the plane y  z.
Using Stokes theorem twice, we get   curl F   n d   F  dr    curl F   n
S C D
2 d
1 (check
But now n 2 is the normal to the disc D, i.e. to the plane y  z : n 2  0, 1, 1
2 orientation!)
i j k
1
curl F  
x

y

z  2i + 3j  2k curl F  n 2 
2
2z  y xz yx

1 1 1 2 9
  curl F   n 2 d    2 d = area( D)  3  
S D 2 2 2
 curl F

Application of Stokes   curl F   n dS   F  dr

S C

Fix a point P and let n be a vector at P

Let S be a disc of radius r in a plane

orthogonal to n and centered at P

For small r , the left hand side is approximately

 curl F  P  n   1 d   curl F  P  n  area (S)   curl F  P  n   r 2 
S

1
Thus  curl F  P  n   F  dr
 r2 C

1
as r goes to 0 we get:  curl F  P  n  lim  F  dr
r 0  r2 C
 16.8

Divergence Theorem
Divergence Theorem
D : a closed and bounded region in 3-space
S : the piecewise smooth boundary of D
n : the unit normal to S , pointing outward
F: F  P, Q, R is a vector field
with P, Q, R, and all first partial derivatives
continuous in the region in D

  F  n  d   div F dV
S D

total outward flux

through the surface S
 integral of local flux
over the interior

Compare with flux version of Green's theorem for F  Mi  Nj

 F  nds    Ndx  Mdy    M x  N y  dA or  F  nds   div(F)d

C C R C R
Example: Let S be the surface of the cube D: 0  x  1, 0  y  1, 0  z  1
and F   e x  z  i   y 2  x  j    xe y  k.
Compute the outward flux   F  n  d
S

  F  n  d   div F dV
S D

   e x  2 y  dV
D

1 1 1
     e x  2 y dxdydz
0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1
    e x dxdydz     2 ydxdydz
0 0 0 0 0 0

 ex 1
0  y2 1
0  e 11  e
Example: Use the divergence theorem to find the outward flux   F  n  d
S

of the vector field F  x3i  y 3 j  z 3k with D the region bounded by the

sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  a 2 .

  F  n  d   div F dV
S D

   3x 2  3 y 2  3z 2  dV
D

2  a
     3   sin  d  d d
2 2

0 0 0

2 

   5  0 sin  d d
a
  3
 5

0 0

2 
 53 a   sin  d d
5

0 0
2 2

  cos 0 d  12

 a 3
5
5

0
 65 a 5
 d
0
5 a5