Mobile Application Development

2023F-BCS-294
Assignment #1
MOIZ AHMED BAIG
Sec: 3C

Q1) Illustrate ten tags with usage examples for

manifest file.

<service>
<service android:name=".MyBackgroundService"
android:enabled="true" android:exported="false" />

<receiver>
<receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver">
<intent-filter>
<action
android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED"
/>
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
<provider>
<provider
android:name=".MyContentProvider"
android:authorities="com.example.myapp.provider"
android:exported="true" />

<intent-filter>
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>

<meta-data>
<meta-data
android:name="com.google.android.geo.API_KEY"
android:value="your_api_key_here" />

<uses-library>
<uses-library
android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"
android:required="false" />
<permission-group>
<permission-group

android:name="com.example.myapp.permission_group.L
OCATION"
android:label="@string/permission_group_label" />

<grant-uri-permission>
<grant-uri-permission
android:path="/files/mydata"
android:pathPrefix="/files/"
android:pathPattern=".*" />

<profileable>
<profileable android:shell="true" />

<queries>
<queries>
<package android:name="com.example.targetapp" />
<intent>
<action
android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<data android:scheme="https" />
</intent>
</queries>

Q2) Relate the User Interface of any mobile application

with Gestalt principles.

1. Proximity
Objects close to each other are perceived as a group, even if they differ in
shape, color, or size. This principle is crucial for organizing information and
creating logical groupings within layouts. Proximity can be used to create
implicit relationships between elements without the need for explicit borders
or connectors. It's particularly useful in designing information hierarchies,
menu structures, and page layouts.

2. Similarity
Elements sharing visual characteristics such as shape, color, size, or
orientation are perceived as related or part of a group. This principle is
fundamental in creating visual hierarchies and organizing information.
Similarity can be used to create patterns, suggest relationships between
disparate elements, or guide users through a design. It's particularly useful in
interface design for creating recognizable icons or categorizing information.

3. Enclosure
Design elements enclosed within a boundary are perceived as a group,
separate from elements outside the boundary. This principle is closely related
to both proximity and similarity but focuses specifically on the use of borders
or containing shapes. Enclosure is often used to create distinct sections in a
design, to highlight important information, or to separate different categories
of content. It's particularly useful in interface design for creating dropdown
menus, modal windows, or distinct content areas.

4. Closure
When presented with incomplete information, our brains fill in the missing
parts to perceive a complete image. This allows us to recognize patterns
and shapes even when parts are obscured or missing. This principle enables
designers to create more engaging and minimalist designs. By leaving some
elements incomplete, designers can encourage active participation from the
viewer in interpreting the design.
5. Continuity
The human eye naturally follows lines, curves, or a sequence of
shapes, even when they intersect with other elements. Our visual
perception tends to continue patterns and smooth paths rather than abrupt
changes in direction. In user interface design, continuity helps create a sense
of flow and guides users through the interface. It can direct attention,
improve navigation, and enhance the overall user experience by making
designs feel more intuitive and cohesive.

6. Connectedness
Elements that are visually linked by a connector such as a line or arrow
are perceived as being more related than elements with no connection. This
principle helps users understand relationships between different parts of an
interface or design. Designers use this principle to guide the viewer's eye
through a composition or to create a sense of movement. It's particularly
effective in creating flow in layouts and directing attention to key
information.

7. Common Fate
Elements moving or changing together are perceived as related. This
principle is particularly relevant in interactive and animated designs. In user
interface design, common fate can be used to group related actions or to
provide feedback on user interactions. It's also a powerful tool in data
visualization for highlighting trends or relationships.

8. Prägnanz (Good Figure)

The principle of Prägnanz, also known as the law of good figure or law of
simplicity, states that people tend to interpret ambiguous or complex
images as the simplest form possible. Our brains naturally organize
information into the most basic, recognizable patterns. This principle
encourages designers to simplify complex information and use familiar
shapes and patterns. It's particularly useful in icon design and in creating
memorable logos.
Example: The icons used in road signs use simple, easily recognizable shapes
and symbols for quick comprehension. You can interpret many of these icons
in other ways, but the simplest meaning rules when you quickly drive past
the sign.

9. Figure-Ground
The figure-ground principle describes how the human visual system
separates elements into foreground (figure) and background
(ground). This separation is crucial for object recognition and focus. The
principle states that any visual field can be divided into these two parts, with
the figure being the object of focus and the ground being everything else.
 In complex designs, figure-ground relationships can be ambiguous,
jeopardizing usability but leading to interesting visual effects.
Designers often manipulate this principle to create visual interest,
guide attention, or convey multiple meanings within a single image.
Focus: Sharp, clear elements are perceived as figure, while blurred,
faded, or tinted elements tend to be seen as ground.
 Contrast: Using contrasting colors, values, or textures to make the
figure stand out from the background. For example, using a dark figure
on a light background or vice versa.
 Color: Warm colors (yellows, oranges, reds) tend to advance and be
perceived as figure, while cool colors (blues, greens, purples) tend to
recede and be perceived as ground.
 Size: Larger elements are more likely to be perceived as figure, while
smaller elements tend to recede into the background.
 Detail: Adding more detail or complexity to an element makes it more
likely to be perceived as figure.
 Enclosure: Elements enclosed within a boundary tend to be perceived
as figure against the surrounding ground.
 Overlapping: When elements overlap, the element that appears to be
on top is more likely to be perceived as figure.
 Shape: Closed forms or recognizable shapes are more likely to be
perceived as figure.
 Texture: Elements with distinct textures tend to stand out as figure
against a smoother ground.
 Motion or implied motion: Moving elements or those that imply
movement are more likely to be perceived as figure.