2.

1INHERI
TANCE
Inherit
ance ist he mechanism injava by which one cl ass i
sal l
ow to
inheri
tt hef eat
ures( f
iel
dsandmet hods)ofanothercl ass.I tisprocessof
derivi
ng a new cl ass fr
om an existi
ng cl
ass.A cl ass thatisi nheri
ted i
s
caled a super
l class and the cl
ass that does t
he i nherit
ing is call
ed a
subclass. Inheri
tance represent
st he IS-A rel
ationship, also known as
parent-chil
dr e-lati
[Link] dusedforinher i
tancei sextends.
Synt
ax:
cl
assSubcl
ass-
nameext
endsSuper
class-
name
{
/
/met
hodsandf
iel
ds
}
Her
e,theext
endskeywordi
ndicat
est
hatwear
ecr
eat
inganew cl
ass
t
hatderi
vesf
rom anexi
sti
ngcl
ass.
Note:Theconst
ruct
orsoft
hesuper
classar
eneveri
nher
itedbyt
he
subcl
ass
Advant
agesofI
nher
itance:
 Codereusabili
ty-publ
icmet
hodsofbasecl
asscanber
eusedi
n
deri
vedclasses
 Datahi
ding–pr
ivat
edat
aofbasecl
asscannotbeal
ter
edbyder
ived
cl
ass
 Overri
ding--Wit
hinher
itance,wewil
lbeabletoover
ridet
he
methodsoft hebaseclassintheder
ivedcl
ass
TypesofInheri
tance:
I
nher
itancecanbeofanyonef
oll
owi
ngt
ypes
 [Link]
ngl
einher
itance(
Onl
yonesuper
class)
 [Link]
ti
plei
nher
itance(
Sever
alsupercl
asses)
 [Link]
erar
chi
cali
nher
itance(
Onesuper
class,manysubcl
asses)
 [Link]
ti
leveli
nher
itance(
Der
ivedf
rom ader
ivedcl
ass)
 [Link]
dInher i
tance(
Combi
nati
onoftwoinherit
ances)
Mult
ipl
einheri
tancecannotbeuseddi
rect
lyi
nj [Link]
sconcepti
s
i
mplementedby
i
nterf
aceconceptsinjava
Singlei nher i
tance
Themet hodofi nheriti
ngt heproperti
esfr
om onesupercl
asstoonesubcl
assi
s
calledsi ngle
inheritance.
Itconsi stsofonebasecl assandoneder i
vedcl
ass.
Exampl epr ogram1:Si ngleinheri
tance
classRoom / /
basecl ass
{
intl
engt h,breadt h;
Room( intx,i
nty)
{
length=x;
breadt h=y;
}
intar ea()
{
return( l
engt h*br eadth);
}
}
classBedr oom ext endsRoom / /deri
vedcl
assusi
ngbaseclassnamedRoom
{
i
nthei ght ;
Bedr oom( i
ntx,inty,intz)
{
super (x,y);
height =z;
}
intvol ume( )
{
Ret urn(length*breadth*height);
}
}
classsinglei
nher i
tance
{
publ i
cst ati
cvoi dmai n(Stri
ngar s[])
{
Bedr oom r oom1=new Bedr oom( 14,
12, 10)
;
intar ea1=r oom1. ar
ea() ;
intvol ume1=r oom1. volume( );
Syst em. [Link]
intl
n(“Area1=“ +area1) ;
Syst em. [Link]
intl
n(“Volume1=“ +vol ume1) ;
}
}
Out put :
Ar ea1=168
Volume1=1680

Mul
ti
levelInheri
tance
Ageneralnecessi
tyinobj
ector
ient
edpr
ogr
ammi
ngi
stheuseofader
ivedcl
ass
asasuperclass.

A->B->Ci sknownasi nheri

tancepath.
Aderi
vedcl asswithmul t
il
evelbaseclassesi
sdecl
aredasf
oll
ows.
cl
assA
{
………………
………………
}
cl
assBext endsA/ /Fi
rstLevel
{
……………….
………………….
}
cl
assCext endsB/ /SecondLevel
{
…………………
…………………
}
ExamplePr ogr
am:Mul t
il
evelinher
itance
cl
assstudents//baseclass
{
pr i
vat ei ntsno;
pr i
vat eSt ringsname;
publ icvoi dset st ud(intno, Stri
ngname)
{
sno=no;
sname=name;
}
publ icvoi dput st ud()
{
Syst em. out .println(“StudentNo: ”+sno) ;
Syst em. out .println(“StudentName: ”+sname);
}
}
classmar ksext endsst udent s//derivedorinter
medi
atebasecl
ass
{
pr otect edi ntmar k1,mar k2;
publ icvoi dset mar ks(intm1, i
ntm2)
{
mar k1=m1;
mar k2=m2;
}
publ icvoi dput mar ks( )
{
Syst em. out .println(“Mar k1: ”+mar k1);
Syst em. out .println(“Mar k2: ”+mar k2);
}
}
classf i
naltotext endsmar ks/ /derivedclass
{
pr i
vat eintt ot al;
publ icvoi dcal c( )
{
tot al
=mar k1+mar k2;
}
publ icvoi dput t otal()
{
Syst em. out .println(“Tot al:”
+t ot
al);
}
publ icst aticvoi dmai n(St ri
ngar gs[])
{
fi
nal totf =new f i
nal t
ot ();
[Link] ud(100, ”ABC” );
[Link] ks( 78, 89) ;
[Link]( );
[Link] stud() ;
[Link] mar ks( );
[Link] total();
}
}

Hi
erar
chi
cali
nher
itance
ClassAisasupercl assofbot
hclassBandcl
[Link]
subclasses.
Somef eaturesofonelevelar
esharedbymanylowerl
evelcases
Exampl
e:
cl
assShape{
i
nta=10,
b=20;
}
cl
assRect
angl
eext
ends
Shape{publ
icvoi
d
r
ect
Area(
){
Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“Rect
angl
eAr
ea:
”+(
a*b)
);
}
}
cl
assTr
iangl
eext
ends
Shape{publ
icvoi
d
t
riAr
ea(
){
Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“Tr
iangl
eAr
ea:
”+(
0.5*a*b)
);
}
}
publ
iccl
assMai
n
{
publ
icst
ati
cvoi
dmai
n(St
ring[
]
ar
gs){Rect
angl
eobj
=new
Rect
angl
e()
;
obj
.rect
Area(
);
Tr
iangl
eobj
1=new Tr
iangl
e()
;
obj
1.t
riAr
ea(
);
}
}
Sampl
eOut
put
:
Rect
angl
e
Ar
ea:
200Tr
iangl
e
Ar
ea:
100.
0
Mul
ti
plei
nher
itance
J
avadoesnotal
low mul
ti
plei
nher
itance:
 Tor
educet
hecompl
exi
tyandsi
mpl
if
ythel
anguage
  Toavoi
dtheambi
gui
tycausedbymul
ti
plei
nher
itance
 Forexampl e,Consideracl
assCder i
vedfrom twobasecl
assesAand
[Link] inherit
sAandB f eatur
[Link] hodwit
h
same signature,there wi
llbe ambiguit
yt o cal
lmethod ofA orB
cl
[Link]
tincompiletimeerror.
cl
assA{
voi
dmsg(
){Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“Cl
assA”
);}
}
cl
assB{
voi
dmsg(
){Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“Cl
assB“
);}
}
cl
assC ext
endsA,
B{/
/suppose i
f
i
t wer
e Publ
ic St
ati
c voi
d
mai
n(St
ring ar
gs[
]){ C obj
=new
C(
);
obj
.msg(
);/
/Now whi
chmsg(
)met
hodwoul
dbei
nvoked?
}
}
Sampl
eOut
put
:
Compi
let
imeer
ror
AccessCont
roli
nInher
itance
Thef
oll
owi
ngr
ulesf
ori
nher
itedmet
hodsar
eenf
orced−
 Var
iabl
esdeclaredpubl
icorpr
otect
edi
nasuper
classar
einher
itabl
e
i
nsubclasses.
 Var
iabl
esorMethodsdecl
aredpr
ivat
einasuper
classar
enot
i
nheri
tedatal
l.
 Methodsdeclar
edpubl
ici
nasuper
classal
somustbepubl
ici
nal
l
subcl
asses.
 Methodsdecl
aredprotect
edinasupercl
assmustei
therbepr
otect
ed
orpubli
cinsubcl
asses;theycannotbepri
vat
e.
Foll
owingprogram il
lust
rat
eshow t
hef
unct
ionsofasubcl
asscandi
rect
ly
accessaprotected
memberoft hebasecl ass

Forexampl e,let'sconsi eraser iesofcl assestodescr i

bet wotypesofshapes:
rectanglesand
tri
[Link] woshapeshavedef i
nitegener alproperti
esheightanda
width( orbase) .
Thiscoul dbedepi ctedi nt hewor ldofcl asseswithacl assShapesfrom whi
ch
wecander ivethet woot herones:Rect angleandTr iangle
publicclassShape
{
protecteddoubl ehei ght;/ /Tohol dheight .
protecteddoubl ewi dth;/ /Tohol dwi dt
horbase
publicvoidset Values( doubl ehei ght,doubl ewidt
h)
{
thi
[Link]= hei ght ;
thi
[Link]= wi dth;
}
}
publicclassRect angl eext endsShape
{
publicdoubl eget Area( )
{
returnhei ght*wi dth;/ /accessingpr otectedmember s
}
}
publicclassTriangl eext endsShape
{
publicdoubl eget Area( )
{
returnhei ght*wi dth/2;/ /accessingprot ect
edmember s
}
}
publicclassTestPr ogr am
{
publ i
cst aticvoi dmai n(Stri
ng[ ]args)
{
//Creat eobj ectofRect angle.
Rect angler ect angle= new Rect angle(
);
//Creat eobj ectofTr iangle.
Trianglet r
iangl e= new Tr i
angl e();
//Setval uesi nr ectangleobj ect
rectangl [Link] Val ues(5,4);
//Setval uesi nt ri
anlgeobj ect
tri
angl [Link] ues(5,10) ;
//Di splayt hear eaofr ectangl e.
Syst em. [Link] int l
n("Areaofr ectangle:"+
rectangl [Link] Ar ea());
//Di splayt hear eaoft riangle.
Syst em. [Link] int l
n("Areaoft ri
angle:"+
tri
angl [Link] Ar ea( ));
}
}
Out put:
Areaofr ectangl e:20. 0
Areaoft ri
angl e:25. 0

USI
NG SUPER
Thesuperkeywor drefer
stoimmedi ateparentcl
[Link]
youcreatet
hein-stanceofsubcl
ass,ani nst
anceofpar
entclassi
screated
i
mpli
citl
ywhichisr
eferredbysuperreferencevari
abl
e.
 Itcanbeusedtoreferi
mmediat
eparentcl
assi
nst
ancevar
iabl
e
whenbothparentandchil
dcl
asshavememberwithsamename
 Itcanbeusedt oinvokeimmedi
atepar
entcl
assmet
hodwhenchi
ld
classhasover
riddenthatmet
hod.
 super
()canbeusedt
oinvokei
mmedi
atepar
entcl
assconst
ruct
or.
Useofsuperwithvari
ables:
Whenbot hpar
entandchi l
dclasshavememberwit
hsamename,wecanuse
superkey-wordtoaccessmemberofparentcl
ass.

ASubcl assconstructorisusedtobui l
dtheinstancevariablesofboththe
subclassandt he
super class.
Keywor dsuperi susedsubjecttot hesubsequentcondit
ions.
1.”Super ”mayonl ybeusedwi thinasubclassconstr
uctormet hod.
[Link] ltosuperclassconstructormustshow ast hefirstst
atementinsidet
he
subclass
constr uctor
.
[Link] ametersint hesuperclassmustequalt otheor derandtypeoft he
instance
variabledecl ar
edint hebaseclass
cl
assAni mal
{
Animal()
{
System. [Link]
ntl
n("animaliscr
eated");
}
}
cl
assDogext endsAni mal{
Dog( )
{
super();
System. [Link]
ntl
n("dogiscreated"
);
}
}
cl
assTest Super 3{
publi
cst ati
cvoi dmai n(St
ringar
gs[]){
Dogd=new Dog( );
}
}
Output :
animaliscr eated
dogiscr eated

Exampl
e:
cl
assSuper
Cls
{
i
ntx= 20;
}
/
*subcl
assSubCl
sext
endi
ng
Super
Cls*/cl
assSubCl
sext
ends
Super
Cls
{
i
ntx= 80;
voi
ddi
spl
ay(
)
{
Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“SuperCl
assx:“+ super
.x)
;//
pri
ntxofsuper
cl
assSyst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“SubCl
assx:“+ x)
;//
pri
ntxofsubcl
ass
}
}
/
*Dr
iverpr
ogr
am t
o
 t
est*/cl
assMai
n
{
publ
icst
ati
cvoi
dmai
n(St
ring[
]ar
gs)
{
SubCl
sobj= new
SubCl
s()
;obj
.di
spl
ay(
);
}
}
Sampl
eOut
put
:

SuperCl
assx:20
SubCl
assx:80
2.
2 ORDEROFCONSTRUCTORI
NVOCATI
ON
 Const
ruct
orsar
einvokedi
ntheor
deroft
hei
rder
ivat
ion
 Ifa subcl ass construct
or does notexpl ici
tl
yi nvoke a super
class
const
r uctor usi ng super (
)i n the first li
ne, the Java compi l
er
automat icallyinsert
sa cal lt
ot he no-ar gumentconst r
uctoroft he
superclass. I ft he super cl
ass does not have a no- ar
gument
const
r uctor ,i
twi l
lgenerateacompi le-
timeer ror
.
Exampl
e:
cl
assA
{
A(
){
Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“A’
sConst
ruct
or”
);
}
}
/
*subcl
assBext
endi
ngA
*/cl
assBext
endsA
{
B(
){
super
();
Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“B’
sConst
ruct
or”
);
}
}
/
*subcl
assCext
endi
ngB
*/cl
assCext
endsB{
C(
){
 super
();
Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“C’
sConst
ruct
or”
);
}
}
/
*Dr
iverpr
ogr
am t
o
t
est*/cl
assMai
n
{
publ
icst
ati
cvoi
dmai
n(St
ring[
]ar
gs)
{
Cobj= new C(
);
}
}
Sampl
eOut
put
:
A’
s
Const
ruct
or
B’
s
Const
ruct
or
C’
s
Const
ruct
or
I
nvoki
ngSuper
classPar
amet
eri
zedConst
ruct
or
Tocallpar
ameter
izedconst
ruct
orofsuper
class,wemustuset
hesuper
keywordasshown
bel
ow.
Synt
ax:
super
(val
ue)
;
Exampl
e:
cl
ass
Super
Cls{i
ntx;
Super
Cls(
int
x)
{
t
his.
x=x; /t
/ hi
sref
erst
ocur
renti
nvoki
ngobj
ect
}
}
cl
assSubCl
sext
ends
Super
Cls{i
nty;
SubCl
s(i
ntx,
inty)
{
 super
(x)
; /
/invoki
ngpar
amet
eri
zedconst
ruct
orof
super
classt
his.
y=y;
}
publ
icvoi
d
di
spl
ay(
){Syst
em.
out
.pr
int
ln(
“x:
“
+x+”y:“
+y)
;
}
}
publ
iccl
assMai
n
{
publ
icst
ati
cvoi
dmai
n(St
ring[
]
ar
gs){SubCl
sobj
=new
SubCl
s(10,
20)
;obj
.di
spl
ay(
);
}
}
Sampl
eOut
put
:
x:10y:20
The pr ogram contains a superclass and a subcl ass, wher
e t he
superclasscontai
nsapar am-eter
izedconstruct
orwhi chacceptsainteger
value, and we used t he super keywordt oi nvoke the parameter
ized
constructorofthesuperclass.