[Link]
in/
CS207
ELECTRONIC DEVICES &
CIRCUITS
Module VI
D/A and A/D convertors – important specifications, Sample
and hold circuit - Binary weighted resistor and R-2R ladder type
D/A convertors
Arun Xavier
AP, EEE
VAST
[Link]
2 Module VI
Integrated circuits: Active filters – Low pass and high
pass (first and second order) active filters using op-amp
with gain (No analysis required).
D/A and A/D convertors – important specifications,
Sample and hold circuit.
Binary weighted resistor and R-2R ladder type D/A
convertors.
Flash, dual slope and successive approximation type
A/D convertors.
Circuit diagram and working of Timer IC 555, Astable
and monostable multivibrator using 555.
08-11-
ARUN XAVIER, VAST
2016
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3 A/D & D/A Convertors
In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D,
A–D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal,
such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light
entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.
An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such
as an electronic device that converts an input analog
voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the
magnitude of the voltage or current.
In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A,
D–A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a device that converts a digital
signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) performs the reverse function.
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4 A/D & D/A Convertors
Data Converters convert one form of Data to another form
Real world have analog signals which carry information –
difficult to manipulate, store, compare, etc. so we
needed the digital system for the fast actions
The most common technique of acquiring signal is by
Sampling
Sampling a signal is the process of acquiring its values only
at discrete points in time
An Analog Signal is a Signal that is defined over a continuous
period of time
A digital signal refers to an electrical signal that is converted
into a pattern of bits, a digital signal has a discrete value at
each sampling point.
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5 Sample and Hold
In electronics, a sample and hold (S/H, also "follow-and-hold")
circuit is an analog device that samples (captures, grabs) the
voltage of a continuously varying analog signal and holds
(locks, freezes) its value at a constant level for a specified
minimum period of time.
They are typically used in analog-to-digital converters to
eliminate variations in input signal that can corrupt the
conversion process.
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6
Sample and Hold
A typical sample and hold circuit stores electric charge in a
capacitor and contains at least one FET (field effect transistor)
switch and at least one operational amplifier.
To sample the input signal the switch connects the capacitor
to the output of a buffer amplifier.
The buffer amplifier charges or discharges the capacitor so
that the voltage across the capacitor is practically equal, or
proportional to, input voltage.
In hold mode the switch disconnects the capacitor from the
buffer. The capacitor is invariably discharged by its own
leakage currents and useful load currents, which makes the
circuit inherently volatile.
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7 Some Specifications
Accuracy – maximum deviation of the output from the ideal
value
Linearity – Linearity Error is the maximum deviation in step
size from the ideal step size
Full Scale Error - is the maximum deviation of the output
value from its expected or ideal value
Monotonicity – A D/A converter is monotonic if its output
value increases as the binary inputs are incremented from
one value to the next
Resolution/ Step Size – is defined as the smallest change that
can occur in the analog output as a result of change in the
digital input
Settling Time – The time required for the O/P of D/A converter
to settle down for a given digital input
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8 Digital to Analog Converter
Digital to analog converter is used to convert digital
quantity into analog quantity.
DAC converter produces an output current of voltage
proportional to digital quantity (binary word) applied to
its input.
There are several ways of making a digital to analog
converter. Some of them are given as under.
Binary weighted resistor DAC
R-2R Ladder network
Serial DAC converter
BCD DAC
Bipolar DAC
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9 Digital to Analog Converter
D/A, DAC
The symbolic representation of an n-bit D/A converter
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10 Binary weighted resistor DAC
It consists of the following four major components
n switches one for each bit applied to the input
a weighted resistor ladder network, where the resistance
are inversely proportional to the numerical significance of
the corresponding binary digital
a reference voltage V
a summing amplifier that adds the current flowing in the
resistive network to develop a signal that is proportional
to the digital input.
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11 Binary weighted resistor DAC
A 4-bit weighted resistor network
Here the four voltages are added together to form the
analog O/P voltage using an Op-amp Summer Circuit
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12 Binary weighted resistor DAC
The resistors R0,R1,R2 & R3 form a voltage divider network
connected with the Op-amp and RL is the load resistor, which
must be higher than the R resister (not to load the divider network)
LSB 20 connected with the highest input resistor R0
21 connected to the half value of the LSB i.e., R0/2
22 connected to the 1/4th value of the LSB i.e., R0/4
23 (MSB)connected to the 1/8th value of the LSB i.e., R0/8
The O/P is the sum of all the four voltages; calculated by Millman's
theorem
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13 Binary weighted resistor DAC
The behaviour of the circuit may be analysed
easily by using "Millman's theorem". It state
that "the voltage appearing at any node in a
resistive network is equal to the summation of
the current entering the node (assuming the
node voltage is zero) divided by the
summation of the conductance connected
to the mode“.
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14 Binary weighted resistor DAC
4-bit weighted resistor D/A Converter for the I/P - 0001
For a weighted resistor network assuming R1 = R, R2 = R/2,
R3 = R/4, R4 = R/8;by Millman’s Theorem
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15 Binary weighted resistor DAC
Circuit diagram for the n-bit weighted resistor D/A Converter
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16 Binary weighted resistor DAC
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17 Binary weighted resistor DAC
Advantages
As only one resistor is used per it in the resistor network,
thus it is an economical D/A converter.
Disadvantages / Limitations
Resistors used in the network have a wide range of values,
so it is very difficult to ensure the absolute accuracy and
stability of all the resistors.
It is very difficult to match the temperature coefficients of
all the resistors.
When n is so large, the resistance corresponding to LBS
can assume a large value, which may be comparable
with the input resistance of the amplifier.
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 08-Nov-16
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18 R-2R Ladder D/A Converter
A wide range of resistors value is needed for the design
of binary weighted resistors D/A Converter
Here only two values of resister needed i.e., R & 2R
Hence will suited for the integrated circuit fabrication
The values of R vary from 2.5 kΩ to 10 kΩ
An example of 4-bit D/A conversion is given, with 4-bit
binary input b1,b2,b3,b4, analog output Vo & one
terminating resistor 2R
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19 R-2R Ladder D/A Converter
In this 4-bit ladder circuit, the O/P voltage is a weighted
some of digital I/P
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20 R-2R Ladder D/A Converter
Eg: 4-bit binary I/P b1,b2,b3,b4 is 1000, so MSB is 1 & others
three inputs are 0; so the circuit modified as
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21 R-2R Ladder D/A Converter
Here the terminating resistor (2R) & the resistor
connected to b4 input 2R are combined at node N1
to form an equivalent resistor R as shown in the
equivalent circuit below
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22 R-2R Ladder D/A Converter
Then at node N2 the resistor connected with b3 input 2R
can be combined with the resistor (R+R = 2R) to form the
next stage of the equivalent circuit
Similarly at node N3, the equivalent resistor is R as shown in
the equivalent circuit
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23 R-2R Ladder D/A Converter
Then the analog output voltage Vo is given by
Thus for digital I/P b1b2b3b4 = 1000, i.e., MSB =1 O/P = VR/2
Similarly digital I/P b1b2b3b4 = 0100, i.e., 2nd MSB =1 O/P = VR/4
Similarly digital I/P b1b2b3b4 = 0010, i.e., 3rd MSB =1 O/P = VR/8
Similarly digital I/P b1b2b3b4 = 0001, i.e., LSB =1 O/P = VR/16
By the principle of superposition can be used to find analog
output for a particular digital I/P by adding the O/P voltages
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 08-Nov-16
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R-2R Ladder
24
D/A
Converter
Shows a practical circuit arrangement of 4-bit D/A converter
using an Op-amp
Generally for an n-bit Input Signal
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25
Regards
Arun Xavier
[Link]
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 08-Nov-16
