FOUNDATION

QUANTITATIVE APPTITUDES

FULL SYLLABUS TEST-1

SOLUTION

MARKS 100

Ans-1.(c) Rs. 1000

Explanation:

Given:

A and B together have Rs. 2500.

4 2
of A's amount is equal to 5of B's amount.
15

Let A be the amount A has and B be the amount B has. We have:

A+B=2500

From the given condition:

4 2
𝐴 =5 𝐵
15

2 15
A= (5 × )B
4

30
A= 20 B

3
𝐴=2B

Substitute A in the equation A+B=2500:

3
B+B=2500
2

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5
B=2500
2

2500 ×2
𝐵= 5

B=1000

Thus, B has Rs. 1000.

5
Ans-2.(a)3

Explanation:

10/3: x = 5/2 : 5/4

5 10 5
Using cross product rule, 𝑥 × 2 = ( 3 ) × 4

10 5 2 5
Or, x= ( 3 ) × (4) × (5) = 3

Ans-3.(a) 3: 40

Explanation:

150
Ratio between 150 gm and 2000 gm2000

3
= 40 = 3:40

Ans-4.(a) (a + c + e + …….): (b + d +f + ……) is equal to each ratio

Explanation:

Due to addendo property.

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Ans-5.(a) 1600, 50

Explanation:

Let the starting salary be x and the annual increment be y. Then, x+4y = 1800

X + 10y = 2100

Subtracting (1) and (2)

X + 10y = 2100

X + 4y = 1800

6y = 300

Y = 50

Subtracting y = 50 in (1), we get x = 1,600

Therefore, starting salary = x = 1,600

Annual increment = y = 50.

Ans-6.(c) ( 125,50 )

Explanation:

Let the number of notes of, 5 be x and notes of 10 be y.

Then x + y = 175

5x +10 y = 1,125

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, we get

5x +5y = 875

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5x +10y =1,125

(−)(−)(−)

- 5y = -250

Y = 50

Put value of Y in equation x + y = 175

x + 50 = 175

x = 125

Ans-7.(a) Parallel to y axis

Explanation:

A straight line x = 15 is parallel to y axis.

The equation clearly depicts that the line passes through the point P ( 15 , 0).

3
Ans-8.(a)x<2

Explanation:

5 1
(1−x) > 4 –x
2

5
First, distribute 2 on the left side:

5 5 1
− 𝑥> −x
2 2 4

Next, eliminate the fractions by multiplying every term by 4, the least common multiple of the
denominators:

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 5 5 1
4 × (2 − 2
𝑥) > 4×( 4 − x)

This simplifies to:

10−10x >1−4x

Next, isolate x by moving all x terms to one side and constant terms to the other:

10−1 >10x−4x

9 > 6x

9
>x
6

3 3
> x = x <2
2

Ans-9.(a)3x2−8x+3

Explanation:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)

𝑦 = (𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 – 6x- 2x + 3
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 - 8x + 3
𝑑𝑥

Ans-10.(b)x> 12

Explanation:

We need to multiply both sides of the inequality by 2.

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𝑥
>6
2

x> 6 ×2

x> 12

Ans-11.(d) 40 years

Explanation:

250
Let R =100 . According to the question,

Amount = 2 (Principle)

A = 2P

S.I. = A – P

= 2P – P

=P

𝑃 ×𝑅 ×𝑇
S.I. = 100

𝑃 ×250 × 𝑇
P=
100×100

𝑝 ×100 ×100
T= 𝑝×250

T = 40 Years

Ans-12.(d) 5500

Explanation:

Required interest amount is given by

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I=P×i×t

5.5
= 50000 x 100 x 2

= 5500

Ans-13.(b) 3 years

Explanation:

We know A = P (1 + i × t)

7.5
I.e. 85750 = 70000(1+100 × t)

85,750 100+7.5𝑡
=
70,000 100

85,750×100
- 100 = 7.5t
70,000

22.5 =7.5t

t=3

Ans-14.(b) Rs. 18050

Explanation:

Here P = Rs. 20000

Rate of depreciation = 5%

T = 2 years

𝑅
Therefore, the value after 2 years will be = P (1 – 100 ) t

5
= 20,000 *1 −100 ]2

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= Rs. 18050

Ans-15.(a) Rs. 4320

Explanation:

Present worth of Rs. X due T years hence is given by

𝑋
Present worth (PW) = 𝑅 2 = 6600
(1+ )
100

𝑋 𝑋
6 + 6 = 6600
( ) ( )2
5 5

5𝑋 25𝑋
= =6600
6 36

55𝑋
= 6600
36

6600 ×36
X= = 4320
55

Ans-16.(c) 35,343

Explanation:

When rates are different for different years, say R1%, R2% and R3% FOR 1st, 2nd and 3rdyear
respectively.

1 𝑅 2 𝑅3 𝑅
A = P(1 + 100 ) (1 + 100 ) (1 + 100 )

2 5 10
Amount after 3 years = 30,000( 1 + 100 ) ( 1 + 100 ) ( 1 + 100 )

102 105 110

= 30,000 ( )( )( )
100 100 100

3×102×105×11
= = 35,343
10

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Ans-17.(b)perpetuity

Explanation:

Perpetuity is a type of annuity that receives an infinite amount of periodic payments. An

annuity is a financial instrument that pays consistent periodic payment. As with any annuity,
the perpetuity value formula sums the present value of future cash flows.

Ans-18.(a) Effective rate>Nominal rate

When the frequency of compounding is greater than once per year, the annual effective
rate of interest will be higher than the annual nominal rate. This is because the effective
rate accounts for the effects of compounding throughout the year, while the nominal rate
does not. The more frequent the compounding, the greater the difference between the
nominal rate and the effective rate.

Ans-19.(c) 40 years

Explanation:

Case – 1

Let Principal (P) = 100, Amount (A) = 200, R =? T = 20 Years

S.I = A – P

= 200 – 100

= 100

𝑆.𝐼 ×100
R= 𝑃×𝑇

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 100×100
= 100×20

R = 5%

Case – II

Let Principal (P) = 100

Amount (A) = 300

(T) = 20 Years

S.I. = A-P

= 300 – 100 = 200

𝑆.𝐼 ×100
T= 𝑃×𝑅

200 ×100
= 100×5

= 40 Years

Ans-20.(b) 300

Explanation:

Given Principal (P)

R=x

T = 4.5%

= 5 years 4 month

4
= 5 years + 12 years

1
= 5 years + 3years

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 1
= 53years

16
= 3 years

Amount after T years

A = P + S.I.

𝑃𝑅𝑇
A = P+
100

𝑥×45×16
A = X+ 1000 ×3

24𝑥
372 = X+100

124X = 37200

37200
X=
124

= 300

Ans-21.(c)120

Explanation:

This equals the number of permutations of choosing 4 persons out of 5, hence the answer is

5𝑝 4 = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 120.

Ans-22.(b) 2,880

Explanation:

No. of ways = 2! 2! 5! 3!

= 2 × 2 × 120 × 6

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= 24 × 120

= 2,880

Ans-23.(b)m × n, m + n

Explanation:

Fundamental principles of counting

a. Multiplications Rule: m × n

b. Addiction Rule: m + n

Ans-24.(c) 200

Explanation:

Case 1 :The number of ways that the candidate may select 2 questions from A and 4 from

B=5𝑐2 × 5𝑐3

5! 5!
Calculate5𝑐2 = 2!(5−2)! = 2!3!

5×4×3! 5×4 20
= 2×1 = = 10
2 !3! 2

5! 5!
Calculate5𝑐3 = 3!(5−3)! =3!2!

5×4×3! 5×4 20
= = 2×1 = = 10
3!2! 2

Now, 5𝑐2 × 5𝑐3 = 10 × 10 = 100

Case 2:Case 1: 2 questions from Part A and 4 questions from Part B 5𝑐2 × 5𝑐4

5! 5!
Calculate5𝑐4 = = 4!1!
4!(5−4)!

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5×4! 5
= =5
4!1! 1

5! 5!
Calculate5𝑐2 = 2!(5−2)! = 2!3!

5×4×3! 5×4 20
= 2×1 = = 10
2 !3! 2

Now, 5𝑐2 × 5𝑐4 = 10 × 5 = 50

Case 3:4 questions from A and 2 from B = 5𝑐4 × 5𝑐2 .

5! 5!
Calculate5𝑐4 = =
4!(5−4)! 4!1!

5×4! 5
= =5
4!1! 1

5! 5!
Calculate5𝑐2 = 2!(5−2)! = 2!3!

5×4×3! 5×4 20
= 2×1 = = 10
2 !3! 2

Now, 5𝑐4 × 5𝑐2 = 5 × 10 = 50

Hence total numbers of ways are 50 +100 +50 =200.

Ans-25.(b) 300

Explanation:

1. First, let's consider how many times 3 appears in different places:

Units place (ones)

Tens place

Hundreds place

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 2. In the units place: 3 appears once every 10 numbers (3, 13, 23, ..., 993) So, it appears
100 times in the units place.
3. In the tens place: 3 appears for all numbers from 30-39, 130-139, 230-239, ..., 930-
939 That's 10 numbers for each hundred, so 10 × 10 = 100 times
4. In the hundreds place: 3 appears for all numbers from 300-399 That's 100 times
5. Now, let's sum up: Units place: 100 Tens place: 100 Hundreds place: 100 Total: 100 +
100 + 100 = 300

Therefore, the digit 3 will be written 300 times when listing the integers from 1 to 1000.

Ans-26. (c) 14

Explanation:

𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟓
a= , d= - = , t n=
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖

15 2 1
We may write : = + (𝑛 − 1) ×
8 8 8

15 2 (𝑛−1)
= = +
8 8 8

15 2+𝑛−1
= =
8 8

= 15 = n+1

= 15-1= n

n= 14

Ans-27.(c) 2500

Explanation:

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The given sequence is an arithmetic progression with the first term a = 1 and the common
difference d = 2. The formula to find the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic
𝑛
progression is Sn=2 (2a+(n−1)d).

For this sequence:

a = 1 (first term) ,d = 2 (common difference), n = 50 (number of terms)

Substituting the values into the formula:

50
S50= 2 (2×1+(50−1)×2)

S50=25×(2+49×2)

S50=25×(2+98)

S50=25×100

S50=2500

Thus, the sum of the first fifty terms of this sequence is 2500, which corresponds to option
(c).

Ans-28. (d) Arjun = 14, Rahul = 6

Explanation: Let the numbers be Arjun (a) and Rahul (b). Given: A.M. = 10 and G.M. = 8

The formula for A.M. is: A.M. = (a + b) / 2 Substituting the given A.M.

value: 10 = (a + b) / 2 ……………..(1)

The formula for G.M. is: G.M. = √(a * b) Substituting the given G.M. value:

8 = a × b) ……….(2)

We have two equations:

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a + b = 20

squaring both side (a +b)2 = 400………………… (3)

= ab = 64………………… .(4)

Putting the value of a and b from (3), (4) in the identity (a – b)2= (a + b)2 – 4ab, we get

(a – b)2 = 400 – 256 = 144

or

a – b = ± 12 ... (5)

Solving (3) and (5), we obtain a = 4, b = 16 or a = 16, b = 4

Thus, the numbers a and b are 4, 16 or 16, 4 respectively.

Ans-29.(c) 1260

Explanation:

The first 20 multiples of 6 are: 6, 12, 18, 24 ………….. 120.

Here, a = 6, n = 20, d = 6

We know,
𝑛
S30 = 2 *2a + (n − 1) × d+
20
S30 = 2 *2 (6) + (20 − 1) × 6+

S30 = 10 [12 + 114]

S30 = 1260.

211
Ans-30. (b) 81

2
Explanation:Here a = 1 and r = 3
. Therefore:

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 𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
S n= (1−𝑟)

2 𝑛
1−
3
= 2
1−
3

2 𝑛
=3 1− 3

2 5
In particular, S5= 3 1 −
3

32
=3 1− 243

243−32 211
=3 = 3×243
243

211
= 81

Ans-31.(c) Set A is a proper subset of Set B.

Explanation: A subset is a set that contains only elements that are also contained in another
set. In this case, Set A {Rs.500, Rs.1000, Rs.1500} is indeed a subset of Set B {Rs.500,
Rs.1000, Rs.1500, Rs.2000} because all the elements in Set A are present in Set B.

However, for a proper subset, the subset must contain fewer elements than the set it's
compared to. Set A has the same elements as Set B, but it does not contain all the elements
of Set B (specifically, Rs.2000). Hence, Set A is a subset of Set B, but it is not equal to Set B,
making it a proper subset of Set B.

Ans-32 (b) 2

Explanation:

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The intersection of sets P and Q (P ∩ Q) represents the elements that are common to both
sets. Set P = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} and Set Q = {1, 3, 6, 10, 15}. Considering the elements that exist in
both sets gives us the common elements.

The common elements between sets P and Q are {1, 3}. Counting these elements gives us a
cardinal number of 2, hence the correct answer is (b) 2.

Ans-33 (a) {4, 3}

Explanation:

The given set of ordered pairs: {(4 cars, 2 dolls), (3 cars, 5 dolls)} represents toy
combinations where the first element in each pair denotes the number of cars, and the
second element represents the number of dolls in the set.

The domain of a set of ordered pairs comprises the unique elements found as the first
elements of these pairs.

So, looking at the given pairs:

The first elements are 4 and 3, representing the number of cars in each combination.

Therefore, the domain of these pairs includes the distinct values representing the number of
cars, which are 4 and 3.

Hence, the correct answer is: (a) {4, 3}

Ans-34(b) 33

Explanation:

Total students in the class = 80

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Number of students who like Mathematics = 40 Number of students who like Science = 25
Number of students who like both Mathematics and Science = 32

To find the number of students who like either Mathematics or Science, let's use the
principle of inclusion-exclusion:

Number of students who like either Math or Science = Number who like Math + Number
who like Science - Number who like both

Number who like either Math or Science = 40 + 25 - 32 Number who like either Math or
Science = 65 - 32 Number who like either Math or Science = 33

Therefore, the number of students who like either Mathematics or Science is 33. Hence,
option (b) is the correct answer.

Ans-35 (b) A ∪ (B∩C) = ,1,6,9,10-

Explanation:

Firstly, let's perform the intersection operation B∩C to find the elements common to sets B
and C:

B∩C=,3,4,6,11,12-∩,2,5,6-=,6-

Now, apply the union operation between set A and the result of B∩C:

A∪(B∩C)=,1,9,10-∪{6}={1,6,9,10}

Therefore, based on the given sets and operations performed, the set A∪(B∩C) contains the
elements {1,6,9,10}. Hence, option (2) is the correct choice.

Ans-36 (a)The correct derivative of f(x)=4x2+4x−2 is f′(x)=8x+4.

Explanation:

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To differentiate the function f(x)=4x2+4x−2, apply the power rule of differentiation. The
derivative of 4x2 with respect to x is 2×4x2−1=8x, and the derivative of 4x is simply 4 (as the
derivative of a constant times x is the constant itself). The derivative of the constant term −2
is zero.

Consequently, the derivative f′(x) is the sum of these individual derivatives, resulting in
f′(x)=8x+4.

(Option a) correctly identifies the derivative as f′(x)=8x+4, aligning with the application of
differentiation rules for each term in the given function. Options 2, 3, and 4 present
incorrect derivatives, either missing terms or incorrect coefficients, failing to apply the
differentiation rules accurately to the provided function.

Ans-37.(d) Loss: Rs.10,50,000, Break-even: 12,000 clocks

Explanation:

(a) The total cost function for manufacturing x Clocks is given by C(x) = Fixed cost + Variable

cost to produce x Clocks = 12,00,000 +500x.

The revenue function from the sale of x clocks in given by R(x) = 600 × x = 600x.

(i) Profit function,

P(x) = R(x) – C(x)

= 600x – (12,00,000 + 500x) = 100x – 12,00,000

∴Profit, when all 1500 clocks are sold = P(1500) = 100 × 1500 – 12,00,000 = – 10,50,000

Thus, there is a loss of Rs. 10,50,000when only 1500 clocks are sold.

(b) At the break-even point, R(x) = C(x)

or,12,00,000 + 500x = 600x

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or, 100x = 12,00,000 ∴ x = 12,000

Hence 12,000 clocks have to be sold to achieve the break-even point.

Ans-38.(c) 2
𝟏
Explanation:Given f(x)=x−𝒙, to find f′(1), let's first differentiate f(x) with respect to x:

𝟏
f(x)=x−𝒙

𝟏
f′(x)=1+−𝒙𝟐

Now, to find f′(1), put x=1

1
f′(1)=1+12

f′(1)=1+1

f′(1)=2

Therefore, f′(1) is (c) 2 based on the information provided.

Ans-39.(c) -8

Explanation:Given:

f(x)=x2−6x+8

Let's find f′(x), the derivative of f(x):

𝑑
f′(x)=𝑑𝑥 (x2−6x+8)=2x−6

Now, we need to find f′(6) and f′(10):

f′(6)=2(6)−6=12−6=6

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f′(10)=2(10)−6=20−6=14

So, f′(6)−f′(10)=6−14=−8

Therefore, the correct answer is(c) -8.

𝑏
Ans-40.(a) 𝑎
𝑦 dx

Explanation:The area is present above the x-axis. Area above the x-axis is positive. The area
is bounded by x-axis, curve y = f(x), straight lines x=a and x=b. Hence, area is found by
integrating the curve with the lines as limits.

Ans-41. (b) OFSEMJID

Explanation: Reverse the word and +1 to each letter. The reverse of CHILDREN is NERDLIHC.
add 1 to each letter. Therefore, the code of CHILDREN becomes OFSEMJID.

Ans-42. (a) 284

Explanation: The series follows an intricate pattern. Let's analyze the differences between
consecutive numbers: 131 - 114 = 17, 165 - 131 = 34, 216 - 165 = 51 (unknown number) -
216 = ?

The differences seem to be increasing by 17, then 34, then 51. It implies an incremental
pattern based on prime numbers (17, 34, 51 = 17 * 1, 17 * 2, 17 * 3).

So, if we continue this pattern: 216 + (17 * 4) = 216 + 68 = 284

However, since Amit's tea spill made the fifth number unreadable, we should reconsider the
pattern based on the sequence's structure. Considering the growing increments and the
next expected difference:

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216 + (17 * 4) = 284 (as per the pattern) 216 + (17 * 5) = 216 + 85 = 301

But, considering the increasing differences of 17, 34, 51, the next difference could
potentially be 17 * 4 = 68.

216 + 68 = 284

Therefore, the next number in the sequence, following the pattern established, is likely 284
(Option a).

Ans-43. (d) 215,152,605

Explanation: The series follows a pattern where each subsequent amount is derived by
multiplying the previous amount by 9. This is based on the compounded interest rate of
900% annually.

Starting with Rs. 45: 45 * 9 = 405, 405 * 9 = 3645, 3645 * 9 = 32805

Continuing the pattern: 32805 * 9 = 295,245, 295,245 * 9 = 2,657,205 2,657,205 * 9 =

23,914,845, 23,914,845 * 9 = 215,152,605

Therefore, after the fourth year, following the same scheme, Kavita's investment of Rs.
32,805 would result in an expected amount of Rs. 215,152,605 (Option d).

Ans-44. (a) NGLAI

Explanation:

The provided code assigns a unique digit to each letter of the words LOSE and GAIN.

L -> 1
O -> 3
S -> 5
E -> 7

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G -> 2
A -> 4
I -> 6
N -> 8

To decode the figure 82146:

82146 represents N G L A [Link], the decoded figure 82146 represents NGLAI.

Ans-45. (d) 356

Explanation: A x 2 + 1, B x 3 + 1, C x 2 + 1, D x 3 + 1 and so on.

1 x 2+1= 3

3 x 3+1 = 10

10 x 2+1= 21

21 x 3 +1 = 64

64 x 2+1 = 129

129 x 3+1 = 388( error 388 not 356)

388 x 2+1 = 777

So, 356 is [Link] correct option is (d) 356.

Ans-46. (c) 5 km

Explanation:

Man's Movement :

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The last position of the man is P and OEP is a Right angled triangle in which
EP = 3 km and OE = 4 km
Thus,
OP = √(32 +42)
OP = √25
OP = 5 km

Ans-47. (c) South-East

Explanation: If South-east becomes North and North East becomes West, therefore, the
whole figure moves through 1350. Hence, West will be South-East.
See, Actual figure is rotating 1350 anticlockwise.
So, When West will be rotated by same degree anticlockwise. It will hold the place of south-
East.

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Ans-48.(b) 5m

Explanation: When Rahul walked 20m East and turned right-hand side and walked 35m, he
is 15m to the South of his initial position. Then he turned right-hand side and walked 25 m,
bringing him 10m to the West of his starting point. Finally, he turned right-hand side and
walked 45 m, placing him 35m to the North of his initial position. Combining these
movements, Rahul is 15m South - 10m West + 35m North = 5m North of his initial position.
Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 5m.

Ans-49. (a) 15 ft to the West

Explanation:

To find Ms. AnanyaVerma's final position, we need to analyze the net effect of her
movements. Starting with a 20 ft walk to the North, the right turn and 10 ft walk result in
moving 10 ft East (20 ft - 10 ft). The subsequent right turn and 20 ft walk bring her 20
ftSouth (10 ft - 20 ft). Therefore, the correct answer is option 1) 15 ft to the West, as the net
effect of her movements is a 10 ft Eastward movement.

Hence, the correct answer is option a) 15 ft to the West.

Ans-50.(a) North

Explanation:

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Therefore university is in North.

Ans-51. (c) C

Explanation:

| F | E | D | C | B | A |

C is sitting in the middle.

Ans-52. (a) F

Explanation:

From the given information, F is either a Director or CA and is going to Mumbai.

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Ans-53. (a) Rinky

Explanation:

From the given information, Rinky sits third to the left of John.

Ans-54.(a) Parineeti Chopra

Explanation:

From the given information, Parineeti Chopra likes Pole Dance.

Ans-55. (c) C6

Explanation:

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From the given information, C6 likes red. C6 likes red, facing outside.

Ans-56. (c) P - M + N x Q

Explanation:

P - M → P is the brother of M

M + N → M is the mother of N

N x Q → N is the sister of Q

Therefore, P is the maternal uncle of Q.

Ans-57. (a) Brother

Explanation:

The father of the boy's uncle → the grandfather of the boy and daughter of the grandfather
→ sister of father.

Ans-58. (b) Brother

Explanation:

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Father's wife → mother. Hence, the daughter of the mother means sister and sister's
younger brother means brother. Therefore, the boy is the brother of Deepak.

Ans-59. (d) Mother

Explanation:

A $ B → A is the brother of B

B * C → B is the son of C

Hence, → A is the son of C

C @ D → C is the wife of D

Hence, → C is the mother of A.

Ans-60.(b) P is the maternal uncle of A

Explanation:

C and Q are sisters and A is the son of C. Hence, C is the mother of A or Z is the mother Q.

Hence, Z is the maternal grandmother of A. P is the son of Z. Hence, P is the maternal uncle
of A.

Ans-61. (c) Multiple Line Chart

Explanation:

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The given data includes the production of wheat and rice for consecutive years. A multiple
line chart is suitable for representing data that involves multiple variables changing over a
continuous interval or time period.

The multiple line chart shows the production of wheat and rice over the years, with a dotted
line representing the production of rice and a continuous line representing the production
of wheat.

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Multiple Line Chart.

Ans-62. (c) Both

Explanation:

𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
The expression 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡 𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 represents the frequency density, which is a measure of

how much frequency is concentrated in a particular class relative to its width.

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Both.

Ans-63. (d) All these.

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Explanation: Statistics is a versatile branch of mathematics that is applied in various fields. It
is used in economics, business management, commerce, and industry, among other areas.
The application of statistics is widespread, helping in making informed decisions, analyzing
trends, and drawing meaningful conclusions in different domains.

Therefore, the correct answer is (d) All these.

Ans-64.(c) Sampling error

Explanation: The difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter is

referred to as the sampling error. It represents the discrepancy or variation between the
sample estimate (statistic) and the true value in the population (parameter). Sampling error
is a natural part of the sampling process and arises due to the variability in different samples
drawn from the same population.

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Sampling error.

Ans-65. (d) 25 : 292

Explanation: Let's calculate the ratio of female members of the trade union in 2000 and
2004:

In 2000:

Total employees = 1,750

Female employees = 200

Female employees not belonging to a trade union = 175

Female employees belonging to a trade union = 200 - 175 = 25

In 2004:

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Total employees = 1,800

Female employees = 300

Female employees not belonging to a trade union = 300 - 8 = 292

Female employees belonging to a trade union = 8

𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 2000 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 25

The required ratio is = 292
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 2004

Therefore, the correct answer is (d) 25 : 292.

Ans-66. (b) I-shaped curve

Explanation: The Less than Ogive is an I-shaped curve. It represents the cumulative
frequency distribution and shows how many observations are less than or equal to a
particular value.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) I-shaped curve.

Ans-67.(c) Constant

Reason:

A constant is a value that does not change from one individual to another individual. It
remains fixed and is the same for all instances. In contrast:(1) Variable: A variable is a
quantity that can change or take different values in different situations.(2) Statistic: A
statistic is a numerical characteristic of a sample, and it can vary from one sample to
another.(4) Array: An array is a collection of elements, and the values in an array can
[Link], the correct answer is (c) Constant.

Ans-68.(b) 12.9

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Explanation: To find the arithmetic mean (average), you sum up all the values and then
divide by the total number of values.

The sum of the first 10 prime numbers:

2+3+5+7+11+13+17+19+23+29=129.2+3+5+7+11+13+17+19+23+29=129.

Number of observations: 10.10.

Arithmetic Mean:
Sum of observationsNumber of observations=12910=[Link] of observationsSum of o
bservations=10129=12.9.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 12.9.

Ans-69. (a) It means that the sample size is n, and the sample median represents a set of
data points taken from this sample with replacement.

Explanation: Stating that the central tendency is the median of samples suggests that the
median is calculated from data points within the sample, and these data points may be
selected with replacement. Option 2 suggests averaging, which is not necessarily implied by
stating the median of samples. Therefore, the correct answer is option a.

Ans-70. (a) Range: Rs. 46, Coefficient of Range: 31.51

Explanation: The range is calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest
wages. In this case, the largest wage (L) is 96, and the smallest wage (S) is 50. Therefore, the
range is 96 - 50 = Rs. 46.

(𝐿 − 𝑆)
The coefficient of range is calculated as × [Link] the values:
(𝐿 + 𝑆)

(96 − 50) 46
Coefficient of Range = (96 + 50) × 100 = × 100 ≈ 31.51
146

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Therefore, the correct answer is option a, which accurately represents the calculated range
and coefficient of range.

Ans.71. (a) Mean: 49

Explanation:

To calculate the combined mean (x):

𝑛1 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 𝑛2 ⋅ 𝑥2
𝑥=
𝑛1 + 𝑛2

60⋅45+40⋅55
𝑥= 60+40

2700 + 2200 4900

𝑥= = = 49
100 100

Therefore, the correct answer is option a, Mean: 49.

Ans-72. (a) 5

Explanation: The arithmetic mean is calculated by summing up all the values in the dataset
and dividing by the number of values. For the given dataset (4, 5, 0, 10, 8, and 3):

Mean = (4 + 5 + 0 + 10 + 8 + 3) / 6 = 30 / 6 = 5

Therefore, the correct answer is option a, which is 5, representing the arithmetic mean of
the provided dataset.

Ans-73. (a) 1/3

Explanation: Total number of balls or sample space = 8 + 7 + 6 = 21

So, n(S) = 21

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Let E is the event that the ball drawn is neither orange nor blue or event that the drawn ball
is white. There are 7 white balls.

So, n(E) = 7

P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 7/21 = 1/3

Ans-74.(d) 6/23

Explanation: Total number of students = 23

No. of students in houses A, B, and C = 4 + 8 + 5 = 17

Let E be the remaining students

So, no. of remaining students n(E) = 23 - 17 = 6

Probability that selected student is not from house A, B, and C = 6/23

Ans-75.(c) Event

Explanation: The performance of an experiment is called a trial, and the set of its outcomes
is termed an event.

Ans-76. (d) Impossible event

Explanation: In probability, an impossible event is one that cannot occur under any
circumstances. In this case, rolling a die and getting a number greater than 10 is impossible
because the die only has six sides numbered from 1 to 6. The maximum possible outcome is
6, making any number greater than 10 an impossibility. Therefore, Emily's claim falls under
the category of an impossible event.

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Ans-77.(a) 1/2

Explanation:

The sample space when rolling a fair six-sided die is 𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, and the event E of
getting an odd number is 𝐸 = {1,3,5}.

The probability of an event 𝑃(𝐸) is given by the formula:

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

In this case, n(E)=3 (favorable outcomes for odd numbers), and n(S)=6 (total outcomes).

3 1
Therefore, 𝑃(𝐸) = =
6 2

Hence, the correct answer is option (a) 1/2.

Ans-78.(c) ⅜

Explanation: Number of red balls = 3

Number of green balls = 5

Total balls in bag = 3+5 = 8

3
Probability of getting red balls = number of red balls/total number of balls= 8 .

Ans-79.(b) 1/13

Explanation: Total number of cards = 52

Number of queen cards= 4

The probability of getting queen card = 4/52 = 1/13

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 13×12×11×10×9×8×7
Ans-80. (c) 7!×6×5×4×3×2×1

Explanation:

The total number of ways to form a committee of 7 members from a group of 13 individuals
13 13!
is given by , which is equivalent to .
7 7!×6!

Expanding the expression further:

13! 13×12×11×10×9×8×7
=
7!×6! 7!×6×5×4×3×2×1

Therefore, the correct answer is option (c).

1
Ans-81. (b) 3

Explanation:To findP(x>15) for a discrete uniform distribution, you can follow these steps:

Count the Possible Values Greater Than 15:

In the given set {8, 9, 11, 15, 18, 20}, the values greater than 15 are 18 and 20.

Count the Total Number of Values:

There are a total of 6 values in the set.

Calculate the Probability:

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑛 15

𝑃(𝑥 > 15) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

2 1
𝑃(𝑥 > 15) = =
6 3

1
Therefore, the correct probability is (b) 3.

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Ans-82. (b) Mode = 50, Mean Deviation about Median = 3.20

Explanation:The solution provides the following key information:

Quartiles and Mode in a Normal Distribution:

The 1st quartile is given by(𝜇 − 0.675𝜎)

The 3rd quartile is given by (𝜇 + 0.675𝜎)

Given Equations:

(𝜇 − 0.675𝜎) = 47.30 (Equation 1)

(𝜇 + 0.675𝜎) = 52.70 (Equation 2)

Mode, Median, and Mean in a Normal Distribution:

Mode = Median = Mean

Calculation:

Adding Equation 1 and Equation 2: 2μ=100, which gives μ=50.

Therefore, Mode = Median = Mean = 50.

Standard Deviation σ=4

Mean Deviation about Median (or Mode or Mean):

Mean Deviation about Median = Mean Deviation about Mode = Mean Deviation about
Mean

≈ 0.80𝜎 (as given in the solution)

= 0.80 × 4 = 3.20

Therefore, the correct result is:

Mode = 50

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Mean Deviation about Median = 3.20

So, the correct answer is option b.

Ans-83 (c) Uniform Distribution

Explanation:In Sarah's study, where completion times are equally likely within a specific
range, the most appropriate continuous distribution is the Uniform Distribution. The
continuous uniform distribution is characterized by a constant probability distribution
where values within a specified interval have an equal chance of occurring.

Reasons for the choice:

Equally Likely Values within a Specific Range: The uniform distribution is designed for
scenarios where values between a specific range, such as completion times, have an equal
chance of occurring.

Constant Probability Distribution: The probability of any particular completion time is

constant across the entire range.

The other distributions mentioned, such as the Normal Distribution and Exponential
Distribution, are not suitable for this scenario. The Normal Distribution is characterized by a
bell-shaped curve and is not constant across a specified range. The Exponential Distribution
is often used for modeling the time between events in a Poisson process and does not fit
the requirement of equally likely values within a specific range.

Therefore, in this scenario, the most suitable continuous distribution for modeling
completion times is the Uniform Distribution.

Ans-84. (d) Poisson Distribution

Explanation:The Poisson Distribution is well-suited for predicting the future occurrence of a

constant and continuous event in a given period. In this case, Emily is studying the number

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of power outages, which is a countable event in the whole number. The Poisson random
variable provides a range of probabilities for the number of occurrences (power outages)
from zero to infinity.

The properties of the Poisson Distribution align with Emily's study:

Outcome is Countable in Whole Numbers: The number of power outages is a countable and
discrete variable.

Average Frequency in a Known Time Interval: Emily is studying power outages over a
month, and the average frequency of power outages in that time interval is known.

Probability of Result is Independent of Previous Occasions: The probability of a power

outage is not influenced by whether there was an outage in the previous days.

Probability of More Than One Outcome in a Given Time Interval is Low: Poisson
Distribution is suitable for situations where the probability of multiple occurrences in a short
time period is low.

Therefore, in this scenario, the most appropriate theoretical distribution for modeling the
future occurrence of power outages is the Poisson Distribution.

Ans-85. (d) 0.675

Explanation: Given, n = 40 tools and p = probability of defective tools = 0.05, mean = m (let)
∴ m = np = 40 × 0.05 = 2
So, P(at most 2 defective tools)
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑝(𝑋 = 2)
𝑒−2 ⋅ (2)0 𝑒−2 ⋅ (2)1 𝑒−2 ⋅ (2)2
= + + = 𝑒−2 [1 + 2 + 2] = 0.135 × 5
0! 1! 2!
= 0.675

Ans-86. (c) Both n and p

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Explanation: The binomial distribution is characterized by two parameters:

n: The number of trials or observations.

p: The probability of success in a single trial.

Therefore, the correct answer is option (c) Both n and p, as these are the parameters that
define the binomial distribution.

Ans-87. (c) 2

Explanation:There are two methods for fitting the normal curve:

(i) Ordinate Method: This method involves plotting the ordinates of the normal curve on a
graph.

(ii) Area Method: This method involves calculating and interpreting the areas under the
normal curve.

Therefore, the correct answer is option (c) 2, as there are two methods for fitting the
normal curve: Ordinate method and Area method.

Ans-88. (d) The correlation is said to be positive.

Explanation:

Option a (Incorrect): Whether the correlation is linear or non-linear is a different aspect.

The linear/non-linear distinction refers to the form of the relationship, not the direction.

Option b (Incorrect): This option mentions linear, which is a characteristic of the form of the
relationship. However, it doesn't specify the direction.

Option c (Incorrect): Negative correlation implies that as one variable increases, the other
decreases. This is not the case when the values of two variables move in the same direction.

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Option d (Correct): When the values of two variables move in the same direction, it
indicates a positive correlation. This means that as one variable increases, the other also
increases, and vice versa.

Therefore, the correct answer is (d) The correlation is said to be positive.

Ans-89. (b) It is a rule for acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis of the research problem.

Explanation:

Option a (Incorrect): Testing a hypothesis is not primarily about estimating the magnitude
of a problem. It focuses on evaluating the validity of a proposed explanation.

Option b (Correct): The testing of a hypothesis involves applying a predefined rule to decide
whether to accept or reject the hypothesis related to a research problem. This rule is based
on statistical analysis and the comparison of observed data with the expected outcomes
under the null hypothesis.

Option c (Incorrect): While testing a hypothesis may involve making statements about the
significance of findings, it is more about determining whether the evidence supports or
contradicts the hypothesis.

Option d (Incorrect): This option is correct in stating that none of the provided statements
accurately captures the meaning of testing a hypothesis. However, since option B is
accurate, this option is not the correct answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) It is a rule for acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis
of the research problem.

Ans-90.(a) Type II error means to accept an incorrect hypothesis.

Explanation:

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Option a (Correct): Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false, but the test fails to
reject it. In other words, it means accepting an incorrect hypothesis.

Option b (Incorrect): This statement is incorrect. Type II error occurs when the null
hypothesis is false, but the test fails to detect this, leading to a failure to reject the null
hypothesis.

Option c (Incorrect): Type II error is not about accepting a correct hypothesis. It is

specifically about failing to reject a false null hypothesis.

Option d (Incorrect): Type II error does not involve rejecting a correct hypothesis. It occurs
when a false null hypothesis is not rejected.

Therefore, the correct answer is (a) Type II error means to accept an incorrect hypothesis.

Ans-91. (b) The null hypothesis

Explanation:

Dr. Taylor, in his meticulous examination of statistical hypothesis testing, identifies that the
original or default assumption is termed the null hypothesis (Option b). This hypothesis
typically posits no significant difference or effect, providing a baseline for comparison.

While the alternate hypothesis may propose a specific effect or difference, Dr. Taylor
clarifies that the correct term for the original assumption is the null hypothesis. Therefore,
the accurate choice is (b) The null hypothesis. The options (c) and (d) are incorrect as they
misinterpret the roles of the null and alternate hypotheses in statistical hypothesis testing.

Ans-92. (a) ρ (X, Y) = cov (X, Y)/σX. σY

Explanation: The correct formula for Pearson’s correlation coefficient (ρ) between two
variables X and Y is given by:

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 𝑐𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌)
𝜌(𝑋, 𝑌) =
𝜎𝑋 ⋅ 𝜎𝑌

where:

 cov(X,Y) is the covariance between X and Y,

 σX is the standard deviation of X,
 σY is the standard deviation of Y.

Option a correctly represents this formula. The covariance is in the numerator, and the
product of the standard deviations is in the denominator. Options b, c, and d present
variations of the formula that are not correct, as they do not accurately reflect the
calculation of the correlation coefficient.

Ans-93.(c) Karl Pearson

Explanation:The correct answer is (c) Karl Pearson. Pearson is credited with developing the
mathematical approach for quantifying the strength and direction of a linear relationship
between two variables. He introduced the concept of the correlation coefficient, which is
commonly denoted as r.

Options a, b, and d mention other individuals or pairs but do not accurately attribute the
development of the mathematical approach for determining the magnitude of a linear
relationship to Karl Pearson. YaLun Chou, Croxton and Cowden, and Spearman have made
significant contributions in other areas of statistics but are not specifically associated with
the introduction of the correlation coefficient.

Ans-94. (a) Regression

Explanation:Emily and Michael are specifically interested in estimating values of a random

variable (denoted as Y) based on the values of a fixed variable (denoted as X). The method
that best addresses this objective is regression.

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Option 1, Regression, is correct because regression models are designed to estimate the
values of a dependent variable (random variable) based on the values of one or more
independent variables (fixed variables). It allows for the creation of a predictive model that
quantifies the relationship between variables.

Option b, Correlation, is not the best fit for this scenario. While correlation measures the
strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables, it doesn't provide a
predictive model for estimating values.

Option c, Random Variable, is a broad concept representing a variable whose values are
subject to variations due to chance. It doesn't specifically address the estimation of values
based on fixed variables.

Option d, Z-Value, is a statistical measure related to standard deviations and is not directly
related to estimating values based on the values of a fixed variable.

Therefore, option a, Regression, is the correct answer as it aligns with Emily and Michael's
goal of estimating values of a random variable based on the values of a fixed variable.

Ans-95. (d) All of the above.

Explanation:Index numbers are commonly expressed in percentages, providing a relative

measure of changes in variables. They are designed to measure net or relative changes,
capturing the overall movement in a set of variables. Additionally, index numbers are used
to assess changes over a specific period of time. Therefore, all the given options accurately
represent the major characteristics of index numbers.

Ans-96. (d) 1764

Explanation:The concept of index numbers was first constructed in the year 1764. Index
numbers are statistical measures used to represent the changes in a variable or a group of
related variables over time.

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Ans-97. (c) Weighted index

Explanation:The cost of living is represented by a weighted index. This index considers the
relative importance or weight of different goods and services in the overall cost, providing a
more accurate reflection of changes in living expenses.

Ans-98. (b) Composite index

Explanation:A composite index is a statistical measure that combines multiple individual

indices to represent the variation within two or more variables. It provides a comprehensive
assessment by taking into account different components or factors, offering a broader
perspective on overall variation.

Ans-99. (a) General purpose index

Explanation:A general purpose index is designed to serve multiple uses and is not limited to
a specific application or industry. It is a versatile index that can be applied across various
sectors or for different purposes, providing a broad measure of changes in a set of variables.
In contrast, a special purpose index is tailored for specific applications or industries and may
not be suitable for broader use.

Ans-100. (a) Geometric mean

Explanation:Fisher's method of calculating the index number is based on the geometric

mean. In the Fisher Price Index formula, the geometric mean is applied to the ratio of the
current prices to the base period prices for various items in the basket. This method aims to
reduce the impact of individual price changes and is considered to provide a more accurate
representation of the average price movement.

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