4

Shear Forces and Bending Moments

Definitions. A beam is a structural member subjected to a
system of external forces at right angles to its axis.
If such a member

e
\s
is fixed or builrin at
one end while its
other end is free, the
member is called a
4; cantilever. (Fig. l3la).
If the ends of a
ta) CANTILEVER beam are made to
freely rest on supports
the beam is called a
freely or simply sup-
ported beam. Fig. l3lb
\ \
,_\.\g ---~rm»m":e shows such a beam.
-"/I/J’;
/f’/e W... cw spm-—----
/. 1/
’
/
In this case the beam
is resting freely on
brick masonry walls.
Ytbl rnerrv SUPPORTED BEAM The clear horizontal
distance between the
walls is called the
clear span of the beam.
The horizontal dis~
tance between the
\\=\-~\
an mx£‘0 BEAM
\;\\ centres of the end
bearings is called the
eflective span of the
beam. If the intensity
of the bearing reaction
§\\.
is not uniform the
efl'ective span is the
horizontal distance
(1) cavnwous arm between the lines of
action of the end
Fig. 131 reactions.
If a beam is fixed at both its ends, 'it is called a built-in, or
encastred or fixed beam (Fig. 1310).
A beam which is provided with more than two supports is
called a continuous beam (Fig. l3ld).
' . 158
 159
SHEAR roacss mo aannnao MOMENTS
§33. Conceflion of Shear Force and Bending Moment.
Fig. I32 shows a cantilever AB whose end A is fixed. Let the
cantilever carry a vertical load of 4000 kg at C.
For the equilibrium
of the cantilever the 4000K: '

support at A will provide

a vertical reaction vertical- |-------- am»-~---~:‘
ly upwards, of magnitude arflvltgm A ___,g_____ C
>F_
__
1J1:
Va kg.
Taking moments
about A, we have a clock- l5= 4000kg avookg.
wise moment of 4000X2
==8000 kg. m. B009 kg.m. -1.-_¢¢_

Hence for the equili- -~ -l'_‘_'““i_.'lf;":3B

_.D
brium of the cantilever
the fixed support at A
must also provide a react- ‘{;=4000k9
ing moment or fixing mo-
ment of 8000 kg. m. of an
anti-clockwise order.
I 1Il0 I
.':" 14-I-+-
'2 ~:ll It m
:>u____tnlflifl
l L.-'

Now consider a sec-

tion D. At this section
there is a possibility of Fig. 132
failure by shear as shown in Fig. 132. If such a failure will occur at
section D, the cantilever is liable to be sheared off into two parts. It
is clear that the force acting normal to the centre line of the member
on each part equals S=-=4000 kg. The force acting on the right part
of the section D is downward, while the force acting on the left part
is upwards. The resultant force acting on any one of the parts normal
to the axis of the meber is called the shear force at the section D.
For the case illustrated above the resultant force normal to the axis
of the member on the right part of the section is downwards while
the resultant force normal to the axis ofrthe member on the left part
of the section is upwards Such a shear force will be regarded as a
positive shear force.
Let us now study another effect of the load applied on the
cantilever. The cantilever is liable to bend due to the load on it.
For instance, the cantilever has a tendency to rotate in a clock-
wise direction about A (Fig. 133). Hence, the fixed support at A
has to offer a resistance against this rotation.
Taking moments about A we find that the applied load of
4000 kg. has a clockwise moment of 4000 ><2=8000 kg. m. about A.
Hence, for the equilibrium of the cantilever} the fixed support at
A will provide a reacting or resisting anticlockwise moment of
8000 kg. m. If the support A is not able to provide such a resisting
moment, the cantilever will not be in equilibrium and will, there-
fore, rotate about A in the clockwise order.
The magnitude of the reacting moment at A depends on (i)
the magnitude of the load and (ii) the position of the lead. We say
 mi) STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
that the support A provides the necessary fixing or reacting moment
at Land that at the section A of the beam, there is a bending
moment cf 4000 X 2 -= 8000 kg. m.
Nowhconsider, fgr er
instance, t e section [*—‘"-'———-
_______ ____2m.- ~-
Suppose the part DB was
free to rotate about D,
obviously the load on the
emote _ Mm‘ "’!;)"05”'"
__________‘_-______,_____]13
‘
Ls ;
part DB would cause the t
part DB to rotate in a ;ti"4°"°"9 i i
cockwise order about D. SWIM |
Considering the part DB, 0 40o'0kg
taking moments about D, ‘D
we find that there is a ; C
clockwise moment of ii;-4099/Q, t
4000XU'3=-"3200 kg. m. i 1 1;
about D. Hence for the . 400$/,9
equilibrium of the part ~ I
DB it is necessary that l ma *9” D cam. 0
the part DA of the canti- n ‘ 5
lever should provide a eoootgm! '
reacting or restoring anti'- 1- in 2200 Itg.m_
clockwisfimongnt of 3200 A ,9
k .m. a out .
g Let us now discuss no *9” I 3°49”
the equilibrium of the ‘3""°""9 E-
partAD(Fig. 133). Taking '
moments about D, we Fig, 133
have following moments about D.
ti) V.>< AD==4000x 1-z=4s00 kg. m. (clockwise)
(ii) couple ==8000 kg. m. (anticlockwise)
Net moment about D=8000—-4800=3200 kg. m.
(anticlockwise). ,,
_ Hence, for the equilibrium of the part AD, the part DB should
provide a clockwise moment of 3200 kg. m.
_ Hence, we find that at the _
section D, ------— -—---;-—
The part DB provides a
clockwise moment of 3200 kg. m.
and the pm DA provides an anfi_ srrecr or Hotiauvo BENOm6 ncnm
clockwise moment of 3200 kg. m.
We say that at the section D there
is a bending moment of 3200 kg. m.
The bending moment at the
section D is the al ebraic sum of
the_ moments of gorces and re-
actions acting on one side ct‘ the .._........._- * .- ._....
section.
ln the case illustrated aim-¢ rrrecr or SAGGING aeucma noneur
SHEAR FORCES AND BBNDING NOHBN'l's I6]
moment at D is to bend it so as to produce convexity above the
centre line. Such a bending moment is called a hogging bending
moment. It is quite possible that the bending moment at a section
may bend the member at the section_so as to produce concavity
above the centre line. Such a bending moment is called 'a sagging
bending moment.
In our discussion we will consider sagging moments as positive
and hogging moments as negative.
Now let us consider the cantilever AB carrying three point
loads as shown (Fig. 135).
Total load on the cantilever being 3000 kg. the vertical reaction
at A =-3000 kg. upwards.
isookg. eoakg. mkg.
I»---2li- ~11-sm. P ion.
9!ookg.m . C 6 D F

l'- Q 4 l0'8..i

0-5m. l -rocky. é
“5'3”‘°”"9 1»'i::::§‘._:in
. I 1500/Kg 800kg'
9300kg.m -2m---~-C ---I-5!!) om
D
,4 P
a0_okg. 700kg.

=5 ooolrg.
\lJ (E im I-5M. Q B
isoakg;
9300 kg. m. * t
t m P 0-smc

ta = aoookn.

Fig. 135
Taking moments about A we have the following moments 1
(1') 1500 X 2==3000 kg. m. (clockwise)
(ii) 800 x 3'5===2800 kg. rn. (clockwise)
(iii) 700 X 5 =-3500 kg. m. (clockwise)
Total moment about A
=9300 kg. m. (clockwise)
Hence the fixed support at A must provide a reacting or, fixing
moment of 9300 kg. m. (anticlockwise).
Now consider the section F.
_ To find the shear force at this section, consider the force
acting on any one side of the section.
162 STIRNGIH OF MATERIAL3

S.F. at F-=-Total force normal to the member on the

right hand side of F--=—l-700 kg.
Alternatively S.F. at F=-Total force normal to the member
on the left hand side of F
-=+soco--isoo;-soo== +100 kg.
Bending moment at F= Algebraic sum of moments and
reactions acting on one side of the
section F, about F
B.M. at F-—= Algebraic sum of moments of forces on the
right hand side of F about F
=-- --700 X 0'8 = -'— 560 kg. m. (hogging b.m.)
Alternatively Bending moment at F==Algebraic sum of moments
and reactions on the
left side of F about F
=3000 X 4'2-1500 X 2'2-— 800 X 0‘7—9300 kg. m.
= -- $60 kg. m. (hogging)
Similarly
S.F. at G-==Total force normal to the member on the right
hand side of G
=-==+1oo+ 800=+l500 kg.
Alternatively, S.F. at G-==Total force normal to the member on
the left side of G
=—l-3000-— 1 500==-l-1500 kg. (hogging)
B.M. at G==Algebraic sum of the moments of forces acting on
the right hand side of G about G
==-— 700 X 7'5--800 >,< l = --2550 kg. m. (hogging)
Alternatively, B.M. at G=Algebraic sum of the moments of
forces and reactions acting on the
left hand side of G about G
=-'+3000X2'5——]500x 0'5
-- 9300 kg. m.
==--2550 kg. m. (hogging)
Some important hints to be noted :
SHEAR FORCE
In Scneral if we have to calculate the shear force at a section
the following procedure may be adopted :
(i) Consider the left or the right part of the section,
‘mu (ii) Add the forces normal to the member on one of the

put £;ttih°1'i:ht Part of the section is chosen, force on the right

_ "8 °§"l\Wfl1'dS is positive while f th ' ht t
‘?'"ge:P’*'a_'d3 I8 "f=8flIiVc- For instance, ifa ting‘: l?.n at iilsifctiotiiail’
° ' m 15 1'¢q"11'°d find if 15¢ right port XB considered the
r°T°°' P and Q flrc positive while the force R is negative.
QBEAR FORCES mo aeunmo uounurs 163
s.F'. at X=P+Q—-R '
If the left part of the P
sCCtiOI1 be chosen, a force on - Q
the left part acting upwards is l '
positive and a force on the left EU
part downwards is negative.
For instance if the S.F. at X of _l____=<
a beam is required and if XA $E¢'"°" E
is the left part, the force Q is
positive while the forces W1 “i ‘*5
and W2 are negative. 1 l
s.1==. at X== Q— W1— W2 A I
BENDING MOMENT '
To find the bending mo- }\
mcnt at a section of a beam the 9 SE0"
following procedure may be Fig 136_
adopted:
(i) Consider the left or right part of the section.
(ii) Remove all restraints on the part selected.
(iii) Now introduce each force or reacting element one a. a
time and find its effect at the sect-ion (i.e., find whether the moment
produces a hogging or sagging effect at the section). Treat sagging
moments as positive and hogging moments as negative. Note that the
moment due to every downward force is negative and the moment due
:0 every upward force is positive. For instance, let the bending
moment at the S¢¢t10n G of the cantilever AB (Fig. 13$) be
required.
If the right part of the section be selected
,%:___ B GB Remove the restraints on the part

' mm Introduce the load of 700 kg. at E

a Le. ._.... ._., The independent efi'ect of the load
~ "' " "" I’ is to produce a hogging moment of
‘ms uueor 100/re 41 5 wit: PI?0lIIEj _. 700 X 2.5 = -1750 kg'm'
5' "°“'"6 "@"f~T 0‘ ""0 9-"W 6 Now consider the independent
é 80949 effect of the 800 kg. load, at D.
,6 W _______...3 _Obviously this vi-ill also produce A
"' """" " "' hogging moment of -— 800 >< 1
=--800 kg.m.
1* Resultant bending moment at
T;£1(t;:dloadaolf;gsooigig gtotgcvvillf G= --1750- 800 = =2550 kg m.(hogging)
‘ “°° 80,, fig "fa, G_ “ §s4. Shear Force and Bending Moment
Fig. :37. Diagrams
A shear force diagram for a structural member is a diagram
which shows the values of shear forces at various sections of the
member.
 154 srnesroru or MATERIALQ
A bending moment diagram for a member is a diagram which
shows the values of bending moment at various sections of the
member. .We shall now cons- W
truct these diagrams for mem- . .
hers carrying different load x"—"" B
l

systemi. C nazwb u 7’ Hz - ‘Wt R “Q” W‘-W‘!

(i) Cantilm-r of length I t;=w

carrying a concentrated load W .11 I, _ _ _Jr
at thefree end. _I:I.|- ff: + .,
Fig. 138 shows acantilever A ' -' ........__'-
' _.__.._._'...-._I,'j ,lH
AB fixed at A and free at B s r omaem
and carrying the load Wat the
free end B.
Consider a section X at a
gistance of x from the free end A B

S.F. at X~=S.=- wt W ". BMDMGRAM

B.M. at X—'=Mt.-= ~- WX '* ‘- Fig 138_
Hence we find that the S.F. is constant at all sections of the
member between A and B.
But the B.M. at any sec- m ,0, am 5
tion is proportional to the dis- kg kg m
gance of the section from the "£2700 L_0_5m Mm Mm o_5m_
nee end. k9_,,,_ B 1; B
At x=-=0, ie., at B, B.M. =0
B.M.==WI
At x== I, i.e., at A,

Fig. 138 shows the S F.

.= k

ad B.M diagrams.
(ii) Cantilever rarrying
teveral concentrated loads. 2000k9- I V

= l l l l l l l l l we
all _
Suppose a cantilever AE 9 I “*9-
ted to the forces shown in ll ||||||||||
Fig. 139. A 3 (1 1; B
At any section between D SI DIAGRAM
and E, di.\It'H’II xfi-om E,
"' Sat 1""; A B C |II"" E

§'M':”'*' "-500x
Y '—"= 0, ll/[1-=0 |ilmm||l||||"
At §=~»=()'5 m. mag“
Me" -- 500 >< 0'5 kg. m. 1100/01"-
=“'250 kg m,
and A! any section between C ii 3 5,3, pmnm
D, distant x fiom E, Fm In
suns: roncas AND utnnruc uomaurs 165
S.F.=S=== +500-l~800=~l-1300 kg.
B.M.‘-'=M=== --500x-800 (x--0'5)= -- l 300x+400
At x==0'5, M=== -—- 1300 >< 0‘5+400 kg. m.== -"250 kg. m.
At x=l m, Ma==-—- l300+400 kg. m.=-= --900 kg. m.
At any section between B and C distant x from E,
s.t=.-==s..= +s00+s0o+3qo kg.==l600 kg.
B.M.,===1lI="=-—S00x--800(Jt--0'5)--3O0(x--l) kg. m.
== —— l600x -l-.700 kg. m.
At x=-‘=1 m, M..=-1600+700=-=-900 kg. m.
At x= 1'5 m, M===-= -—-1600 X l'5+700= --1700 kg. m.
At any section between A and B distant x from E, »
S.F.==S== + 500-l-800-+300 +400----2000 kg.
B.M. ==M.t =-= -—— 500x—-800(x-0'5)-— 300(x—- l)—-400 (x—— 1'5)
=---2000 x+l300 kg. m. .
At x==l'5 m, Mt:-= -2000 ><1-s+1s00 kg. m.= --1100 kg. m.
At ak=-=2 m. Mn: -2000>< 2+ l300=——2700 kg. m.
In the above example the S.F. and B.M. were computed consi-
dering the forces on the right hand side of any section. ln_fact the
computation could be made by considering the left hand side Of 8
section also.
Suppose we consider a section between B and C distant x
from E.
Distance between A and the section=(2—-x) metres.
S.F. at the section, considering the left side of the section
=—' S2: -"-= V,-— 400.
.. S.-»=2000—-“400 =—" +1600 kg. (as obtained
before)
B M. at the section, considering the force and reactions on the
left side of the section '
-=Mm:" + Va(2""X) "" Ma*40( (2*""X"“O'5)
= +2000(2-—-x)—-2700-~400(l '5-x)
M.====—--l600x+ 700 kg. m. (as obtained
before).
(iii) Cantilever of length lcarrying a uniformly distributed load
of w per unit run over the whole length.
Fig. 140 _shows a cantilever AB fixed at/l and free at B
Carrying a uniformly distributed load of wper unit run over the
whole span.
Consider any section X distant x from the end B.
S.F. at X‘-=S.r“-'='-‘ +WX

B.M. at X===Ma=---wx .
166 STRENGTH OF IATQIAL3
J o ere unit‘ Run M'=___ w xz
I7 ' B
'5
5 J.
A ~~=~l ~l Hence we find that the varia-
I5»-ail tion of the shear force is according
to a linear law, while the variation of
the bending moment is according to a
8Q_ parabolic law.
—'ex:- 1-in
Iji " R tax At .76“-‘=0, Sc=0§
3 At x=-0, Ms==0 ;
,4 "“X
s r umarinn At x= l, Se: +Wl
I2
A ‘X ,.-- B
At x==l, M.=-=-- "2
' 95' (iv) Cantilever of length I carry-
2 ing a uniformly distributed load of w
wt’ per unit run over the wh o Ie Iengt,1 and
. 5 ""D"°°""“"' a concentrated load W at the free
Pig. 140. end-
Fig. l4l shows a cantilever
AB fixed
. at A and free at B and my at PER UNIT RUN
Caffylng th€ 103d system mCH- fig‘.---aw‘ A ma-rimm on ITO tr-imtmtmtmmtmin. .
tioned above Consider any 2 'r,,\_'__x 1'
section X distant x from the end
B. The S.F. and the B.M. at
the section X. are respectively
given by
|_ _
\£=(ut+w)
twl+W)
_______L
‘

“ll
and MI‘ ~- - WA-2
2 + Wx) A IX
|
B
S.F. DIAGRAM

At, X"-0, ft’. at B, A ‘Y B

s.- ~l W mmll||l'
All-IJO U EM DIAGRAM
At .x - l, 1.1-. at A,
Sn" i(W,'l W) (a_%[f.'wt)
2
M21? '""( WI ~i- lVl
1 I Pig. 141.
S F._ varies following a linear law while B.M. varies following
a parabolic law.
(P) Ct_1rili'lei'er of length I carrying a imiformly distributed load
of w per unit run for a distance a from the flee end.
Fig. 142 shows a cantilever AB fixed at A and f gg t B nd
Glrrymg the load system mentioned above. I a a
and BConsider any section between D and B dist at x from the free
SHEAR roiices AND nénnino iiouanrs 161
S.F. and B.M. at this section
3"’ given by or ‘ - uiwrkw
S,-== + 1:-x Map
flfld Mz=—w';3* - .- lit
' .~i~
The above relations hold good ‘km
§
_anq—n

for all values of x between x=0 and §

x a (i.e., between B and D). flH
Hence for this range the S.F.
varies following a linear law while the A '
B.M. varies following a parabolic law.
in 5"‘
U U
U'
At X“-‘O Si:-“=0
and Mx=0 ma‘ NRA UC

At x=-=0,’ S» = + wa T
Wwg, STRAIGH7
an d M:e~'-
-- -W"‘U -
Fig. 142.

_ lglogv consider any section between D and A, distant xfrom

int‘ CH .
The S F. and B.M. at this section are given by,
S1== +wa
and M..=_..wa(_\-___g_)
_ Hence between and D_ 5 F_ is ¢0n5¢am at +wa but the B.M.
\.£lI'lCS according to a linear law
At x --0,
PFRUMTHN ' a i wal

. 3H‘Ruuir RUN Mr‘--""Wa ( 2) 4”‘ 1”‘?

“**"':1B A’ Z" ..
‘if PARfl8bl.K cum (vi) Cantilever of length l carry-
" bx’ mg a load whose intensity .l’a""@-*' ‘ml’
‘T formly from zero at the free end to w
per unit at the fixed end.
A ‘X B
. § F oiaaiun Fig. 143 shows a cantilever AB
of length lfixrd at A and free MB
‘x carrying the had system mentioned
above. -
eta’
6l Let the intensity of loadilll it
tueic cuevr X. at a distance x from the free "Id
B be W: per unit run.
ail’
8.M.DtA6l?AM Wm; _-’f_w sing: thg intensity
Fig. 143. 1
_ of load increases uniformllf 71'9" aw
at the free end to w at the fixed end.
‘$3 STRENGTH or MATERIALS
Load acting for an elemental distance dx from X= w==.dx.
Hence the total load acting for any distance
‘F
between x==a and
x==-"b
x=b
= Ewadx
x ==a
==area of the load diagram. between x-=0
and x--==b.
Hence we come to a very important point, namely that the
total distributed load acting on any segment equals the area of the
load diagram on that segment.
S.F. and B.M. at X are given by,
S==area of the load diagram%etween X and B.

2+ - x.m= -‘r x.-L},-x

.‘. S4‘:-" +wéxI2

and, Ms-=-Moment of the load acting on XB about X

=--"area of the load diagram between X and BX
Distance of the centroid of this diagram
fromX
__wfi_£
"' 21 '3
_ ___ ____wx3
'' M“ 61
At X’-‘=0, Agl "7-0

and M¢=--0

At X-"'-"-I, Sm:

and Ma = """ “£2

The S.F._ changes following parabolic law while the B.M.

changes following a cubic law.
(vii) Cantilever carrying a loud whose intensity varies uniformly
fmm 1"" 0! ‘hf fixed end to w per um‘! run at the free end
W l7P!A'uM7Rmv Fig. I44 shows a'canti-
T“ “' lever AB of length I and fixed
W?’ y .......miiiii|lllllllllllllm in A and free at B and wry-
‘ B mg the load system mentioned
‘ “"1 above.
It is convenient to hnd
-2‘-ta. the S.F. and B M. at any
F_ M‘ section by considering the left
Let Ma [Link] reacting mom”: onaétifif the section.
'
g moment at A.
sans: roncns AND BBNDING MOMBNIS I69
Ms-=moment of the total load about A.
I mfl.2=W*
“"" 2 ' 3 3 ‘
V¢=Vertical reaction at A
=Total load on the cantilever
wl
, . Vii---i

Consider any section X distant x from the fixed end A

S.F. at X== Algebraic sum of forces on AX
. wl ______25_ _w_g_c
” &“3 2'1
, _wl ___wx§
" 5”" 2 21
B.M. at X ==Algebraic sum of moments of forces and
reactions on AX above X
- 1vl1y»— _M.HW“,L_
:2 Jr fill ~ 2! IP11

__wI wx3 wig

"' 2“"""' 61‘”"3'
At x==0, i.e., at A
&=+¥~
and M,==-- *5’?
At x==!, ie., at B,
Q‘; WPERUNIT Rig

M
1
"0"? IX
R

~E
i!_l__wz'

=-=gq
"'§<
—
ll lllllll l
S. F DIAGRAM
FT
|l'l"l||.Iln_

I
ll lll""'
UU cast1 (um/E
._-
QtI __ar1'__g§'
' wt 2 ET 9
'3" B.M. DIAGRAM
Fig. H5
110 STRENGTH or uxrnamu
wl W12
5"” 21 "=0
wl wla wI2
and 3-" =0

Problem 105. Draw Shear force and -Bending moment diagrams

for the cantilever '~hml’i'l in Fig 146. '
3: 7.5; Solution. Let Va be the
vertical reaction at A. Since
r__W_ there is only one support
A B '11“ " "' 1, 1; V,,=--Total load on the span
rm ~.~ .1. _m - - s-‘g5.12'~ V¢i=‘ l 1><Z+2'5
L. ’ TI 7'5 tonnes (upwards)
am “ There will also be a react-
! is Ian ing moment or fixing moment
at A in an t.-urn-i<i<*A wise order which will be equal and opposite to
the moment of the forces on the cantilever about A.
Reactiiig inoinent --3 »i l l-l :<2~><”&'5+2'5>< 5==22'5 rm,
S.F. Calt'[Link]'tItiim.\.
S.F. between .~l and H 31
i 7'5 I 2.5‘
S F. between 12 and C I1 c '””"
-..-= ’ -7-5___ 3___ _; 4 5 I. ‘Fizz-sin. I
s l. ill 1» M ‘IR; m;;;'*-~~i--""1 ~—--m- --IML
From C to 1) jhg “
S.F. will change uni- 2-st 7.5;
fvrniiy fi-em 1 4'5; to f :>.~5i.
S.F iieiween 1') and (' ‘.5’ sat an
=3 zit _ §f A > lg?‘
rs:-I-g lllllllllllllllllllllllll
BM: (i1’t‘ll,0110!l.$ $.FIOM6'RAM D B
B M at 13> I.‘ A B D E
B:M: at 0-.» v 2-5 --.05 |||'"m||l||llllIlI"""
» 1-25 rm 5,351,;
M C=-=- --I5 \\2'5 mt!"
--I-2‘l=.» ‘gf "
t \ b 3 rm
or [Link], n-sun AM Duakim
-23'5;75\l‘5-3~l'5 rig. 147
=:- s25 tm
B.M. at B=-- 2'5;\4--12 ~ 2~s~- - l5 rm.
or alternatively,
"'2?-'5 l 7'5 ~~ l-" —-l5 ma
B.M. at A =-----22'5 tm
From C to Dthe B.M. will vary according to a parabolic law.
SHEAR FORCES mo aaivoiiio moments 17!‘
§ 35. Beams freely supported at the two ends
(i) Simply supported beam of span I carrying a concentrated load
at mid span.
Fig. 148 showtia beam W
AB simply supported at the
ends A and B. Let the span .
of the beam be I and let the A ‘/1 "5 3
beam carry a concentrated
load W at mid span.
Since the load is sym- - "'
metrically placed on the span, s-;:»-,5
'<__

“‘ "“""°" l l l l l l lil l fig-—-<>

Q
0
.. ;,-a 4 ,,, l l l l l l l l l l l l l
-

a
"""'

2
‘

l
I I 6 :1 L

l ‘
'_;

For any section between ,p -W;/‘

l
A and C \ -
+ -W “
2 l ullllhlllmlllllllllii
_i¥§fi
'-"'**‘Q-<'Ti
Q.‘
.

For any section between ~~I llllln.

C and B C FTP

- _ W an amour
S.F. :::iS‘.l3 ==_"" "'*" ' ..
2 F ig. 148
ll
At the section C the S.F. changes from +-9,: to --~]f;-
At any section between A and C distant x from the end A, the
bending moment is given by,
Mm: + —~g—/-x (sagging moment)
At x==-0, M.‘ =0
and at .._- _.~..
x-~ 2 ... K1
Mm~ 4
. . I I
Hence the B.M. increases uniformly from zero at /I to if-at C.
1'
Similarly the B M. decreases uniformly from Ijlat (" to zero at B.
Maximum bending moment occurs at mid span, ia, at (7
where the shear force changes its sign. '
(ii) Simply svpported beam carrying a concentrated load placed
eccentrically on the span.
Fig. 149 shows a simply supported beam AB of span I carrying
a concentrated load W at D eccentrically on the span.
Let AD=a
and DB=b
172 srnaucrn or MATFRIALS
Let Vt! and Vi. be the vertical ‘reactions at A and B.
For the ei uilibrium of the beam.
y Taking moments of
the forces on the beam
...--a-..~-_~
A-we :1--- b-——-1 about A, we have
A)‘ B Vol = lVa
Wa
._...._ ..____.._... .'__...._
. --——- _
Vb= I
____ ..___, r
F5. . V01 W"' ‘ii’?

W(I a)
".'-‘=...._.- l.__.

lllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiii lllll Va- in

5 *7 °”‘°'“" lllllll
->-—n—¢->-- §-

his
°<_L_
“-_.._. ..------I

l
2Q
Q-§
wfi
For any section bet-
ween A and D the shear
force t
i Wb
n 1 ~&»n;+7
ill ; l For any section bet-
A ,....ii i i|l l| l 1 l l i i ..., 3,133” an B’ are
lM.0tnl6R Wu
AM -‘T-—S:ii: """ Vb -*4 """'-'~
l IQ. 149 1
At any section between A and D distant x from A. the bending
moment is given by
Wb .
1l1.~ ="—- ~l~ 7-~ x (sagging)
At )C*—0, Mz‘— 0

A‘ X ~ 0, Mar"

Hence the B M. increases uniformly from zero at the left end A

W b _ _ , _
to -Ia at D. Similarly the B.M. will decrease unilormly from
Wub _
I at 1) to zeio at the right end B. '
_ lt may be observed from the S F. and B.M. diagrams that the
maximum B.M. occurs at D where the S.F. changes its sign.
I (iii) Simply supported beam carrying a number of concentrated
touts.
_Fig. 150 shows a simply supported beam AB of span 8 metres
carrying concentrated loads of 4 tonnes, It) tonnes, and 7 tonnes at
distances of 1'5 metres, 4 metres and 6 metres from the left support.
Let us construct the S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
 173'
SHFAR Foncm AND BBNDING MOMENTS
Let V.. and V» be the vertical § 9? G FO-
reactions at the supports A and B
respectively. it-5mi-25m-~£-~ F3 5 - -
SAin-*-
For the equilibrium of the C [I i _ :==;<-i-:4 l
beam, taking moments of the forces —-l~ 8m- _
on the beam [Link] left support, ll; Hot t t@=nt
we have, ‘ l
V»,><8==4><l 5+l0><4+7><6 . to: ta: ; I I
-"=88 tonne metres Q‘ at p I
V»:-;%;8~ - ll tonnes
_

V.==Total load on the beam-— l_/1,

=~=-21 -- l l=- 10 tonnes %%
US

S.F. between A and C

==-+10 tonnes i‘ l
S.F. between C and D t ; m
'-'-=+l0—4=-=+6 tonnes J 302.10 I
S.F. between D and E
= + 0-—4-~l0==--—-4 tonnes t22tm.
or alternatively I
'-
= —ll+7= —-4 tonnes Sim ‘ “W1 A‘
ll
S.F. between E and B ‘ill’
:'
lg‘
M031 ll
:l ll‘ ~
== ~+~ 10-4—— l0-—7=—1l ‘ll‘|“ l\‘\“l‘
‘lf1lll|‘;“:;p
“l

tonnes
‘Qu— i1-g—$l " -"'=_
&§—¢—uZ-iIn—-_ - Q
l"1 '
E.. .:_:.':U _ ‘E
‘
iiilyfl

Gd
%"o
anhi=.. -=-"21'.: _. " '. - . "- " .=£""'

or alternatively 4 D L
=" ~- V»~=~-—-ll tonnes. Fig 150
' arldmr nun _ B.M. at A = 0
‘A UI*1‘l"'h"Il‘."ll'I|0I\|Ill'lIl]|]lh‘0‘l‘tl\Y|||Iq‘¢I|‘|hh|‘|_"h'.hh'.. 3 B.M. at C l0>< l'S
-- H5
_ut " ‘ "Q *""""""“"""'"' arl tonne metres (sagging)
‘&‘~=2" . ‘S’? B M. at D =--l~ l()><4--

2:6. I . I
4 ,~: 2'5 "" -it 30
tonne metres (sagging)
2, : l
ll B.M. at l- ll ><2="- l-22
AX‘;
,\ S.F. DIAGRAM ' "Lt
tonne metres (sagging)
It may be observed
l 2 from the S.F. and B.M dia-
--~l-»;,-——--l-~.---t,----1
-”%‘ ’
, grams that the maximum
B.M. occurs at D where
‘ PARABOLIC Q
the S.F. changes its sign.
(iv) Simply supporter?
I beam carrying a umformly
distributed load of w per
. Q CUM B‘ unit run over the whole span.
>2--_.f
l ll. 0|t$R/0’ Fig. 151 shows a simply
Fig. 151 supported beam AB of span
 174 sraanorn or uaraluats
1 ggrrying a uniformly distributed l_oad w per unit run over the
whole span. Let Va and V» the vertical reactions at the supports
A and B respectively.
Since the loading is symmetrical on the span, each vertical
reaction equals half the total load on the span
3. I/0:-. Vb——‘-V21 ,

Consider any section X distant x from the left end A.

S.F. and B.M. at the section X are given by,
S=,==-=+ V¢~wx===+ -—wx
and 2
Mm= V¢x—— My

=___ll_ x___ wx2

2 2
.‘. Mo=+

At x--=0, Sm-*—-*~l—--M-5L-and M==G

At x=-1!, S;-*—= -—-"5-I---wl= -— 3-Land Mo‘:-0

___ __I__ ___ wl Wflwl _

At X-— 2 , S-I‘ 2 e-(land

1/[Link] s w
"l" 2 *2I ~_L ._ - 21:
2 8

The S.F. diagram is a straight line. The S.F. uniformly

changes from-l at A to-~ wg-— at B and obviously the S.F. at
mid span is zero.
The B.M. diagram is a parabola. The B.M. increases according
2
to a parabolic law from zero at A to ~l- -‘%—- at the mid span C and
from this value the B.M. decreases to zero at B following the para-
bolic law.
(v) Simply supported beam carrying a ' uniformly distributed load
over part of its span.
(a) When the beam carries a uniformly distributed load for a
certain distance from one end.
_Fig. 152 shows a simply supported beam AB of spaM9 metres
carrying a uniformly distributed load of 1800 kg. per metre for a
distance of 4 metres from the left support A. _
 I-

gt-malt soncas AND aannmo Iouams 175

raoo kg/m. Let V. and Va be

A B
the vertical reactions at A
and B. For the equili-
E 4m.-———-l-—-— s brium otithe beam, taking
90!.
moments about the left
%=l560okg. ‘$"i°°"9 support A, we have,

l V»><9=l800><4><
wacky‘ '. Vo==l60() kg.
In ifl
Va-"='-1800 >< 4--1600 kg.
= 5600 kg. _
i I lull] n In . -_ 0 -
A ll
I "'|lllllllllllllIl-rlllllllllll l At any section bet-
ii.--3."mZ.,‘ If!” ‘F - l500‘@.
ween C and B, S.F. --=
-1600 kg.
1 | I 5.!-7 ousun
Consider any sec-
I l tion between A and C
0-nt-nkg m Taoookam
distant x from A.
Q—u—
S. F. at the section

A
i

l..r||| ilMm||iiii|r.......
D C
an ouctun
U-1
is given by,
S.-.~=—+5600-1800 x
At .t"-=0,
Fig. 152. S2: -=- +5600 kg.
At x=--4m, Sn:-"= +5600--l80'0X4==—-1600 kg.
Let the S.F. be zero at x metres from'A. Equating the S.F. to
zero, we get,
5600-1800 x=0
x==-%‘— m-=3'll m. from A.
At any section in AC distant x from A the B.M. is given by,
M.= +5600 x-—l800 -"3‘2‘- =ss00 x~— 900 x2
At x I"-0, Mr'=0
At x == 4m. life"-= + 5600 >< 4-——900 x 42 = ~i- 8000 kg. m.

At x= 393 m, M. 2- s6o0*>< -3;- -900 >< (3;

78400
k.g.m ==+87ll'll kg. m.

B.M. decerases from +8000 kg. m. at C to zero at B according

to a linear law.
Mait&B.M. occurs at D where S.F.=-0 : i.e..
where the S.F. changes sign.
 176 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

(b) Simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load

on an intermediate port of the span-
Fig. 153 shows_a simply supported beam AB of span 9 m carry-
ing a uniformly distributed load 1800 kg. per metre run on the part
CD of the span so that AC=== MM”
2 m, CD1 4 m and DB=3m. A B
Let us construct the S . ___4______ _,,,,,,_______\,___ ,,,,_
and B.M. diagrams for this .,.__e-._ _._,._.9n ._. -_....
beam. ‘ 5-tiaaalq. ‘§'”“‘I-
Let V, and Vt be the - _
vertical reactions at A and
B respectively. For the , a
equilibrium of the beam, I ;..__‘, ;_‘,
taking IDOITICHIS 8bOlll Il’lC ‘,____4.ggm__....._.....4%
Clld A; we haver M
9. azocfl
it .~. 9 --= 1800 .>< 4 >< l" "”“""
(2+2) i 13444 1.‘.'gt.'l P4k‘.'.’.’0.'.K ftlll
y,, -..-.3200 Ag. fowkg m_ y vsootq-t,,:,
Va l800X4"-3200 gm 15141 HM. --STRAIGH-7
=-4i><><>/<g~
At any section between A
...ri|ll|C
_.¢_.-q

E
I D
A and C B.M 01.462414
S.F. ~= i 4000 kg. r-ig_ 153
At any section between D and B, S.F.==-3200 kg. Consider
any section between C and D distant x metres from A.
S.F. at this section is given by
S,--"r ~i-4000—-- I800 (x 2)
At .\ -=2 tn, S15: l~4(l0U kg.
At x --=6 m,
Si '1 +4000 - 1800 X 4
=~- -3200 kg.
Let the S.F. be zero x metres from A. Equating the S.F.-to
zero, we get
4000- 1800 (.\~—~2) -= 0
,...-2 - ‘.‘P_Q_Q -.=.-.29.
l800 9
.i =-= -38* m ~-4‘22 m.
9
0 .
0
975:‘? 333 saws.==- ~*~- 4000 >12 == + 3000 kg. m.
B.M. at D- 4'-3200 Y. 3== +9600 kg. m.
At any section in CD distant x from A, the B.M. is given by
M.=.4ooo x-—-1800 --(‘F H
I-’ 4‘
5HBAR Foacss AND BENDING MOMENTS 177
= 4000 x-— 900 (x —— 2)2
At ' 33--m.
2
B.M. =+4000>< 9} »9o0( --2) kg. m.
=-‘—‘ + *1--L290-09kg. m.
==- l2444'4 kg. m.
B.M. will uniformly vary from 0 at A to 8000 kg. m at_C.
Between C and D the B.M. varies following a parabolic law reaching
the maximum value at E. From D to B the B.M. will uniformly de-
crease from 9600 kg. m. to zero.
Problem 106. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams
fl>r the beam shown in Fig. I54. Alsofind the position and magnitude
qfrhe maximum bending moment.
Solution. Let the salient
-¢00l:g/m.
points of the beam he named
.t< shown in the figure.
Let V“ and Vb he the I
vertical reactions at the left ram.-+-~:-:>n1-~»~j-~-_--2-cw .
and right supports respec- * I
lively. 5,--- “Mk?/"" §
Cmnininvmnrtmfl B
Taking moments about '
the left support, we have Um | Mm" ’r““_z'a”i
F?-5=-=400>1 1-s &1=m*§- I ‘S=.*=w
(l‘5 % 0'75) wkq. I

' we zvolg. [UT]! E GI-Q31’-~

U"-
v..==:400» rs--210 . ,
..-.330 /,g_ l |' =, z‘ N
S.F. Between A and C : ?375m' ‘ '
_~- 5 330 kg ea: :261_q.m.
s.r-'. Between 1:» and B Maia - fmffififgkw
M170/<e 41 W WI'%*;i.:{;17m,.hN '._~c|u\-nafi
Let the S.F. be zero "i“‘}h “'
31 1;’. Hg. 154,
l et AE-==x
Equating the S.F. at E to zero we have
330 ---~400 lx - l'5)-=0
x==2'325 m.
B.M. calculations
B.M. at A==M¢=-=0
.,. B.M. at C=M¢=33OX 1'5-'='-495 kg. m.
B.M. at D==Ma=27OX2=540 kg. m.
178 srneworn or uA'rmtALs
B.M. at 2'32: m from A 0
===M.-=-330><2 32s_~400 (2 325"‘ 5)“ kg. m.
=63l'l25 kg m.
Problem 107. A beam AB 10 metres [mg has supports at its
ends A and B It ('arrr'e.s' a paint load of 5 t. at 3 metres from A
and a point load of5 t. at 7 metre.» from A and a uniformly distributed
load of 1 tonne per metre between the point loads. Draw SF and BM
diagram for the beam.
Solution.
Reactions:
Since the loading is symmetrical reaction at each support equals
half the total load
V.-£15; 'e"‘L1..
5'.F. Analysis
S.F. at any section in AD ~ +7 t.
S.F. just on RHS of D-"-=+7-~5f~= +2 t.
St 51
1',
A _..-__....._lrn‘t“aIi1'IiIi71rrItltni.....___ 5
Di ll‘)
' 3m ' '*‘ ' 4777 - 3m--

:37!‘ viz; M7’

fig
4
"irr."*- rm?’
ii:-g';T¥_ir:|:"‘ I
3‘. ill
M li
' 2r
i‘,
F
,,.[Link]+ll-llh1)ll Ei11111,..5 ~15 an

.\ ~ rt .7:
“Ant We Z3 f/7|’) i
t 211!/m ‘2It/m .

‘mm ullll
5 llllul G E "“||l|.‘B
BHD
Fig. 155
S.F. just on LHS of E==-:-—7+5==--2 1
S.F. at any section in EB= —-7 t.
S.F. at centre G=0
ll. Analysis
B.M. at A=BM at B=0.
B.M. at D=BM at E==+7x3.-.=+g1 ;,,,_
snauz roaces AND BENDING MOMENTS 179
2
B.M. at o=-7 >< 5——5x2-1 >< 35- =.-has-to-2==+23 tm. (maxi-
mum bending moment).
The B.M. diagram is linear for the parts AD and BE and is
parabolic for the part DE
(vi) Simply supported beam carrying a load whose intensity
varies uniformlyfrom zero at each end to w per unit run at the mid
sptm.
Fig. 156 shows a simply at
supported beam AB of span 1 20!
TI
carrying the loading men-
tioned above.
Total load on the beam .1
==area of the loa -—x———-IX C
diagram “ i "“‘—"*"- l
V=-ql
I‘-112". W=='-‘El a 4 I ‘lg’

Each vertical reaction

=half the total load
Va: VF: :1 '.. I lmlllllni. "I. ,-

Consider any section X $.E0tA6n.m ,

in AC distant x from the end 4,‘,
'3'

===area of the load dia-

iv.
. | | l|l li i ”i Il l l lmi. _in
l.=-_
QM D,,,6,,m
gram between A and X Fm 156
X. Zwx aw.
""2 1 *1“
acting at -3‘-— from X.
S.F. at X is sivsn by.
s.- + -“§5- 1-I’-x2
x-0,
S===-+ ‘fl;
At X==—.§- I
180 snuzuort-1 or MA'll-RIAIS
wl w 12
S..-I-----~
4 1 . -—-
4 =0
wl
At .t»-=--1. st - -7;
B.M. at X is given by,
wl ax: \
M.r-~_ 4 X""‘ I X 3

wl w
' 1‘/[r":":""""" ‘C "' Y?’
DJ >-

Al X‘-='
M» =

A! -X=='
wl w I3
M”? ' “sf
wig“
"" :2
The loading being symmetrical, the S.F. and B.M. apran s
can be easily drawn.
Max. B.M. occurs at mid span and is equal to
wlii
i “1'2
Total load on the span
HI
...W- -2-
, wl I
.. M1x.B.M. - 2 _ 6
..-Ill
6
Iota! load >< span
=3 '6 “ ""'_’

(viil Simply supported beam carrying a load whose intensity

varies uniformly from zero at one end to w p. r unit run at the other
end.
Fig. I57 shows a simply supported beam AB of span I carrying
a load whose intensity varies uniformly from zero at the left end A
to w per unit run at the right end B.
Let Va and Vb be the vertical reactions at A and B.
For the equilibrium of the beam, taking moments about A.
we have,
w '2
Vb . I= 2-IX

Vb- wl
Q|{BARf‘l:)RcBs AHD max»: no MOMENTS 131
qr
""5
A ‘I13. '
Ex i , , 7 1? -

\a*-ms; s~%‘
°~l§_
||||ii||llllllI||||||-...- -___"
4 "uni
i

"“E
-.-T-)>

S. EDIAGRAM

0‘!
57!

v
pmomaknn
P
Fig. I57
. ’1 wl w'
- . Va: “~~~- 7-_=-e 7's
2 3 6
Consider any section X distant x from the end A. S.F. and
B.M. at this section are given by _
wl x wx wl wxg
*”T"?"T=€~u1
M_L"l. ._._'l'.'i .§___.._"LI..
‘"6’ 21'3"'6" 61
Hence the S.F. diagram is a parabolic curve and the B.M.
diagram is a cubic curve
At x-0.
wl
S.F.-== 6-,
At x=-=-I,
wl M272 ___ W’
S-F-=:: ‘6‘-—‘"27- “"' "5""

At x-0,
Mmmfi
132 srtu=.~<:'rn or MATERIAL3
At x=l,
wl wl3
Mr$”6“. 1"” --O

Let the S.F. be zero at a distance x from A.

Equating the S.F. (0 zero, we have,
wl wxz ___
"'6 ""' "2f""0
x=-1
' x/3
Max. B.M. occurs at x=-=-:13 from A
.121. --._L ";( _.!.__ )8
' M"‘“”‘* 6 - vs 61 vs
wl2
"*'*§*;7'.=
,, Problem 108. The intensity of loading on a simply supported
beam of 5 metres span increases tmt:/brmI_v front 800 kg./m. at one end
£0 I600 kg./m. at the other end. Find the position and magnitude of
the maximum bending moment. Also draw shear force and Bending
Moment diagrams. ' ' ‘ "" " ’“"°)
Solution. The trapezoidal loading on the beam consists of a
uniformly distributed loading and a triangular loading as shown in
Fig. 158.
Reactions:
Taking moments about the end A, we have,
F 1 l0
Vi»><5—-~ 80O><5><-2» + -5-><8O0><5X

V. = may
3
kg.
. V. =-Total load -- Vb
800 x 5 -+~ >< 800 >< 5 ]_ _1_0.(:00
=__ 6,000 ___ 1_95n0_0

._§-229
'* .3 kg.
Consider any section XX at a distance x from A.
Load intensity at the section XX
=s00+§ w sot‘:-800+ 160x.
SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

ix 10001:;/m

nmiuiilillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
aoo t,, ' .................»timmittllllllllllBOW/’"_
IIllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll mks/m
Va: x 1 § J--F T 7- I6 7-"
__'_.__ __'_' "'1
-3-959-’?-kg ' —-- sms/‘=5 metres 5-0%-09
kg
X

U .

.8_Q.QQ , 0
L2:

.4 § ----fa
. S.F 0/norm». : "'
----2-tam -—-{ [0300 “£7
5761- 5; kg/In
'
ah 009*}
I/I '
f (1‘\'I?'.>£'/ + l
. / i ,

-4* ' W T 3
5. M. DIAGRAM
Fig. 158
S.F. Analysis
S.F. at the section XX»-
S- -R"_fm~ -- SPO \ —— ;— (160

S9000
\-

—~ 8(‘O .\'—" 8" x2

The S.F. diagram follows a p3l‘abOllC law

At ,x'~'"O i.e., at A,

s=+~2000
3 kg’
At pr:-‘S 111., t'('., at B.
3000 IO
5 *' 3 -90 >- 5- 8O>’52"--"-—' kl

Section of zero shear

Equating the general expression for shear force to zero,
39,90--8001: -—a0x==o
134 srnauorn or uxrnamts
3.x'3+3(lr——l0O:-=0.
Solving, we get x-~ 2'637 m.
B.M. Analysis
B.M. at the section XX ‘Z
1 M -8?) >.----200 “Pi-__ x (160 og-
M- x--400 xii x°

The B.M. oliuetarn follows a cubic law.

of zero shear.
Maximum bcrvting moment occurs at the section
i.e., at a dmance <1 T‘ 61' nrutres from A.
Ma.\im:.m1 in nding moment
- Q‘-’»° ><-2637---400 ><2-63v2- §2 ><2'63v*
kgm.
:~3761'5l kgm.
Problem 109. A beam of length (l+ 2a) has supports l apart with
an overham: a on er uh
' .side . The beam carries. a concentrated load W
at each end. ('0n<!'ut‘t shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Solution. lei D.»lBC‘bethe beam of length (H-2a). Let the
supports be at .4 and B so that
DA -- BC=a
.. /4 B373’

Each vertical reaction === W

.‘. ",4 1: Vb ‘~'-—'= W’
S F. at any section between D and A =-0—— W
W

B 3 1
._.. - .,,._- _-_____. A04
l-55-IV lg=w

5 tr omnnm
mm
wgt’ U ea

» i
=""-%;-,
3°
lllllllllllllllllllllllllll||""""
B.n DIAGRAM . '
HI. I59
SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS I85

S.F. at any section between B and C=+ W

S_F. at any section between A and B==O
B.M. at D==0 B.M. at A===-— Wa
At any section in AB distant x from D the B.M. is given by
Mt= ——- Wx + W(x——a) =-— Wa
B.M. at B=-=-- Wa B.M. at CT-:0
The B.M. throughout the length is of the hogging type.
(viii) Beam with overhang at one end and carrying a uniformly
distributed load over the whole length.
Fig. 160 shows a simply supported beam ABC with supports
1_5”m_ at A and B, 6 metres apart
tm I 'uumIonmtmmmn1-Imi-ttldol»Iom-I-I-tmu |hY\ um .' With an OVCFhang BC 2 metres
B J long. Let us construct the
it “""" B Gm‘ A i '“2m'w S.F. and B.M. diagrams for
V4‘ yaggf this beam.
°‘ Let V0 and Vt be the
Alt at vartical reactions at A and B.
uu: ||| ,,__g_ 0 "Flint... For the equilibrium of
A " "| ' ‘ 4. C the beam, taking moments
i~—-rum. ‘ about A, we have,
l " 1/t>/.6-==-1"5><s><4
'_ ‘Mm Vlt==‘-8 tonnes.
‘ fig V..== l'5><8--8=4 tonnes
_,‘|||||m | i |||||h__, t s.t=. at the left end
,, 1» *~||;;||I"" v =+4 t.
X " at -
S.F. Just on the left
Fig. 160 hand side”of B
=+4-1'5><6=-=-5:
S F. just on the right hand side of B
= + l‘5 >< 2~=3 t
S.F. at C=()
Fig. I60 shows the S.F. diagram.
Let the S.F. be zero at .r metres from A. Equalmg the S-F' t°
zero. we get,
sgfin

t= ~§—- metres ="-' 2'67 m-

B.M. at A ==0 _ _
At any section in AB distant x from A, the B.M. IS given by
1vt.=4x-1"s-“—;1-
Hence the B.M. diagram is parabolic
s .
B.M. at x= -3'-m1S Mmax=4X '3--— 2
s 1_;_§_ ( 3R )2
 185 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

=- + 1:? rm

-= + 5 33 tm
B_\4_ at \‘==6 m i.¢'., at B
l >
=--4><6—~~;"5 X6‘-
== —-3 rm
or alternatively B.M. at B.
taking moments 0 f the forces on the right hand side of B.
Mi,-= —~i'5><2><(§)==--3 rm
Point at wliic/z the B M. is zero.
. 8 .
Since at x -3- m the B M. IS +5'33 tm and at
~

x~= m the B.M is -—-3 tm there must be a section where the B.M.
is zero. This section can be determined by equating the generel
cxpressiim for B.M. To Yero.
i tn, by the equation,
-‘Z
4.»<-- 1'5 =- 0
x(4 --0 75 \"l= ll
' ‘c:~0
and xx m==5'33 m
Let the B.M. he zero at 0 (Fig. 160)
- -_ _l§.
A0-» 3 m.
The point 0 where the B M. Mum
is zero is called the point of c0ntra- 4_q£1 ¢;
flexure or point of . inflexion L6”,
1 __ ___-_ l
For all sections from A to O i;,=4z V1,,
th¢_ Of the sagging typfl
while for all sections between O
and Cthe BM. is of the hog8 ing III
type.
Some interesting observations Ell
For the heam discussed above 4-I
the B_.M. at A is zero and the B M. 5-satm
at 0 IS also zero and the distance
A0= Q6 m.
. 4 0
Suppose a simply supported
beam A0 has a span of I; m. and FiI- 161
st-IEAR F()RCkS AND BENDING MOMENTS 137
is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of ['5 t/m over the
813311, each vertical reaction would bet l l‘5 >< ‘$6-~ l--=4 tonnes-
I-5!/In
A in ~ : v -1» eh1-1-til-lmtvlm-Mblvh Ihtvlvtllir oI\lol~hI¢1'T»ltIH~I'M f
[5 0 B
Q» -—----—- gm - --~-- -I
it
tg — at
__ a am 0 _- *54.“-
= at
Q
j

I-5! III
llhlolollhlollll vhlllnhlllalololllolthll ill Milt
A { 9
(N ~~—~-5;m—-———-- ~- ->4!
42 “
_
i‘.l/."/ "gm *5’ am '

A,
~ ""'*"_u:h:Ia'
__:, L W, 0
v,,=0l
(C)
at 4t
4t i ,
Id’

A i "~--=-ml
:||Y"l"l:|

5 r omamm '
l
l Q

at
5 film

:93 | I I i I I I

,4 1| O
a n omamv 4‘
rs:/m
(ft 0 B I‘
l
rim - ?m.'--‘l
vb at

<9» lllll“ ill ‘3

at _ s r omamn
5!

th) O

aim
II DURAN

Fig. 162

Max. sagging B.M. will occur at the cenre and its magnitude
1'5 I6 3
-"=-‘l--8'-X( 3 )1/IL
] 88 STRENG I"H OF MATERIALS

==+ -if tm.———l-5'33 tm.

It may be noted that the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for this beam
A0 are exactly the same as the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the por-
tion A0 of the beam ABC.
v

Hence for analysis purposes we may consider A 0 as a separate

simply supported beam supported at A and at the end 0 of a double
cantilever OBC. The S.F and B M. diagrams For the portion OBC
of the given beam can be drawn easily by drawing the corresponding
diagrams for the double cantilever OBC.
Problem 110. A simply supported beam ABC with supports
at A and B. 6 metres apart and with an overhang BC 2 metres long
carries a uniformly dt'strlbuted_ load <1] I 5 mnm» per metre over the
whole length at shown in Fig ion’ Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
I-5 i/r/1
Aftmzznzmmzmimz
6777 gm’

tam lg--at
alt 5 i

_ 3/gm 5//J i5;

‘-I" MsU:
‘ ll w
A Illni‘ _. _ S

. E U
._....:% m ._.__,_,, 3 ‘
__f___
HMO

Hg. 163
Solution. '
Rear-tionr. Taking moments about the end .4,
V».><6: l'5><8><;
Vt»-'=8t
V..=Total load—~ Vt,
===(l'5>< 8)-8
=-12-—-8:-—~ 4:
S.F. analysis. At any section in AR distant x from A, sheaf
orce
"-"S--'-*4-—-l'5x
At x=="'0. S== +4t
At x*=~6 m, S=-=4--l'S><6==—-~5t I
_q-{EAR FORCES AND aenomo MOMENTS 189
Section of zero shear. Equating the general expression for
shear force to zero,
4--l'5.x "=0
4 8
x==-'1 5~=_~=-—3—- m=.?'67 metre

At any section in CB, distant x from C

Shear force==-S== + 1'5 x
At x===0, S=-‘=0
At x=--2, S=~l'5><2== +3:
B.M. Analysis. At any section in AB distant x from A,
Bending Moment
re
1: M *=-4x-~—l'5 t~JP5-
M ="-4x--O'75.r2 This is a parabolic law.
At x-'-'0, M O,
At .r=6m. M=4‘~ 6 -0'75>< 6'3--== -—3 tm.
Maximum bending moment, which occurs at the section of
zero shear
2
~=-= M.-—4>< -(|‘75( 40%—)

16 ,
" -l~ 3 ~*~ l-511.?/nt.

At any section in CB distant x from C

Bending moment
F.)

- M==--1'5. -0""/s.\==
At x=O, M‘-*0
and at .\'*- 2 m. M='- —-O 75 t 22 --3 HH-
(ixl Simply supported beam with equal overhangs and carrying
a zmifor nly distributt d load of w per unit run over the whole length.
Fig. I64 shows a beam EA BD of length (I E-2a) with supports
at A and B so that AB=-land .~1E-==BD a.
Let the beam carry a uniformly distributed load of w per unit
run over the whole length.
 E I L3
190 STRENGTH OF MAT R_ A

w/mv/T k‘Uni~
. - " I\lillil|\
Smfie thfi loading q ipliim its-lilulililoldililiitl Q10oliltllivlilililllilililoli it \ i 0 I O ‘
jg symmetrical On ihfl _ _ g""§*
‘.._ u g . L_ . _. .-_.- »- “ -—--l
beam, each vertical reac- “ i_ w(L+2_a__) V _,"1(_§_:_?_El
tion equals half the total . <1" 2 l’ Y
load on the beam. ‘I!
2 070

Let Va and Vi be mm Ii
the reactions at A and B. E ml“ A
iii lll|ii..__
‘"4ll '..i\\l\
‘ “"|||"-In

‘vi’;-U~2:l-)~ W s F DIAGRAM ml
2 '5'
S.F. at any section l»"-L--’";““’~-l
in EA distant x from E
is given by _—-w.x .
At xi 0, i'.e.,atE, S.c'~"-0 A B P D
_ E ~ 0 ll '
At x~=-ea, z'.e.,]ust on the "' ll’ i C 2
left hand side of A, ‘lg, uwmmn a_%q
SJ: -"—"-' '"“ W0 2
Fig. 164.
Al 3")’ Sfflition in AB distant x from E the S.F. is given by
5:1 Va""W.X'

%~(l+2a)--wx

At .t»-=a, i.e., just on the right hand side of A,

Si-=-~ (l+2a)-—-wa== +
Al -¥=-la-+1), i.e., just on the left hand side of B

SI -(I-ma)-w(a+1)
::- -- .....w’.
2

H="°¢ f1'°m A I0 B the S.F. changes uniformly from -—-xi to

+ __wl

Hence the S.F. at C the middle point of the beam is zero.

. For the portion BD, the S.F. will change uniformly from
+wa at B to zero at D.
SHEAR runcss AND aeunmo MOMENIS 191
Ai any section in EA, distant x from E, the B M. is given by,
-2
Mm: —-'1); (hogging)

At x=-"-0, i.e., at E,
" B.M.=-=0
At x== a, i.c., at A,
B.M.:-Mt? ._. W6; (lmggingl

Hence from E toA the B.M. increases from zero at]? to

W‘ (hogging) at A followir g a parabolic law. Similarly the B.M.

for the portion DB will vary from zero at D to wt; (hogging) at B

following a parabolic law.
At any section in AB, distant x from E the B.M. is given by,
; 2
M.c“: Vl»ix'_U)'“}4§

Mm =- it (H -2a)(x-—a) -- "jg-‘f
w ,
Mr» 2 { (I-4 2a)(,\—-a)—-x }

At x" (1 and at .\"-—-a+I i.e., at A and B

ML g ___wa 2
2
I . .
At x~»a+ -5- i.e., at the middle point of the beam
(Q/here the S.F. is zero) the B.M. is-
given by

gs i<,+2,><,+ ,;_,>_ (a+ ,1. >2;

Ale":-"Pg-(I2-402)

Some important observations :

_We find from the above discussion that the B.M. for the over-
lflngmg parts EA and BD are of the hogging type.
The B.M. at the middle point c= M¢= -‘§- (1=--44*)
192 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Case (a). When 12> 4:12 i'.e., !>2a

For this case (I2--4:12) is positive. Hence MC is positive and
the B.M. diagram will be as shown in Fig. 164.
For this case there will be two points of contraflexure 01 and
02 between A and B.
The positions of these points can be determined by equating
the general expression for B.M. for any section in AB to zero.
We know at any section in AB distantxfrom E the B.M is
given by,
I

M,=~= {(1~i2a)(x-~-a)--it-2 }
For the points of contraflexure,
we have,
'

2‘ i"
W -l.
3 a)(x —-~ a) -- X2 ‘f "-= 0

(I i~2 a)(x-al-~ xi L O
\2 ~~(2a i~1).ic~l-a(2a-irl)-=~=0

ll
on l l):l: v;(2a~+ii?Y-Zatzaiiigg;
2

»<( D l- maul

l
->---_.__-._..-_._

ii x/(20 Hlh-a -i- I—~4a)

2
_-._ _. ________i__

i
.\ Q
l
< ('Za—l- l)(i'—»2a)
Ono

But
Q

EC
<
‘X’

<1 i
ii

ls-
2...

H"
H-
t\)&_‘Q"-'\,.,_. V“;
.,._

L3’-egg
Q
_---_..__i-_---Q‘--.-»

_4a2

2
Hence the points of contrafiexure 01 and 02 are at the distance
1 A.41"'., from the middle
. .
‘ft /"*5
I point C of the beam.
Hence distance between the two points of contraflexure
‘— 0102-1-'= 1/ I2._._4a2

_ Hence the part 0102 alone can be regarded as a separate

simply supported beam, the maximum B M. at the centre be-int!
(01092
WX ~~§-- ~ Z (I2 — 402) as obtained before
Case (b). When I2===4a3 i.e., I-=20

B.M. at C=-- A~I¢= W (IL-4a”)

0
sass: FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS 193
The B.M. diagram between A and B will just touch the span at
the middle point. The beam is Sl.lb_]BCl6d to only hogging bending
moments. The points of contraflexure 01 and 02 will coincide
with C.
Fig. 165 (a) shows the S.F. and B.M. diagram for this case.
6.'IUNIT RUN
gigmmlttvIililvl~Ivl~!\Imt\IoI-Mala i §'lI\|\lllll\I0|°l\\0li‘lull
E A C '
ll»-‘Mio- *“"""“"'““"""'l;""“"“"""""'"' . Qu "
ea
a
Le E H‘ )-4-r
(J/UNI! HUN
‘I ‘~71 ‘(T-w ~ -‘u-—r"<w--\r*fl

V“-'
Q
m If; atb L A C ' D
. - 4» _. Mi W. ~-a--l
wt
7- ‘L1 V v
2 “ b
__‘ ‘ mill».C llllllin... ‘ii w
5| """'='-Ill
all M 1' , <lll| ‘-7-Iii ‘I11! D
° 5.; DIAGRAM 7 i
(110 *2

*,-,, mi‘ s 1; '

‘&\\,i-1-_, E A We
. ' .§'._i§=t= '1‘ l§':i])" it

as
\11.1’.
‘ I
0712
.5
u I" _
1*?“
(4.25-6") '
‘=2
6 M. 0/noun pg’ QH -’
2 2
(=1) ‘ Fig. 16$. (b)
C036 (¢‘)- When I2<4a2 i.e., l<2a
B.M. at c= M.= 3% (12-4a2)
M. is negative since l2<4a3
M.» =---§’- (ea-i=).
Hence for this case, the B.M. will be zero only at the ends A
and D and at all other sections the B.M. will be of the hogging type.
Problem Ill. Calculate the reactions at the supports A and B
Of the beam shown in Fig. 166. Draw bending moment and s/tearing
force diagrams. Determine also the points nf (()l'llt'(l_flt"Xllri’ n~i'rIii'n
the span AB and show their positions on the benciirig moment diagram.

Solution. Let reactions at A and B be Va and Hi respectively.

Taking moments about A, we have, Vi, .\’ 7 -;- I000 >/ 2
===”240OX4-i l500>< 10

kg.

-13228 '6 kg.

 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

_‘_ V¢$TOt8l. lO8d""' Vb

-'==4900-—3228'6 kg.
=+l67l'4 kg.
S.F. Calculations
S.F. between D and A =-= -1000 kg.
S.F. between A and C"-=—-1000+ l67l'4 kg.
-"-1 +671 '4 kg.
S.F. between C and B=~'= + 1 S0O—3228'6 kg.
=-1128-6 kg.
S.F. between B and E=-= +1500 kg.
goaakg. 2,400/rg. 4509/<9

D.
l_-_ 4m.--‘C
l I
B _l...
;~2m- 7l77:-r-- -3

goohkg. 2,4obkg. Lfiabkg.

Di __1_
“ B
_l-.
| t;,=t6 r- kc4
lg,-32?a-6kg
as

l I
5500:/<9 _ _ _ ye bokg.
6 71-41:9. 67/-pkg.
Di IF !1;
E
Wk? ‘iuaev/is u llfl
l7?8-6kg, {?25.5,('g'

2-9am. 685:, la-6mI

l

” t"'"I||I""' ‘ ~~|llli|lllw"' '”

zoookgm.
4.500/gm
Fig. I66
B.M. Calculations
B-M. at D"-=Me="-0
B.M. at A==l\l.=-—l000><2=---2000 kg. m.
n M. at c=-=.u.=+is1i-4><4- iooo ><s kg. m.
===+sss-6 kg. m.
pm,-out FORCES AND BBNDING moments 195
B.M. at a=M.=---isoo><'3-=-4500 kg. m.
B.M. at E===M..-=0
Points of conirallexure. There will be two points of contra-
flexure 01 and 02. One of them lies between A and C and the other
lies between C and B.
Point of contraflexure 01 between A and C. Let this point be
x metres from A. Equating the bending moment to zero
16'! I '4x—— l000(x+ J) =0
x==2'v8 metres from A.
Point of contrallexture O2 between C and B. Let thia point be
x metres from B. Equating the bending moment to zero,
3228'6x—— l50fl(x+3)=O ‘
x=-2'6 metres from B.
Problem H2. A beam of length L is sinply supported on two
intermediate supports, movable along the length, with equal overhangs
on either side. The supports are so adjusted that the maximum B-M.
is the mlI2l'P‘lt4'I71 possible. Determine the position of the supports and
draw the B.M and S F’ diagrams for this position. The beam carries 0
uniformly distributed load of w per unit length over the entire length.
(A.M.I.E., November 1965)
,1“, M Solution When the overhang-
lilolillhliiildololulohhl-bio?Pnlvhfrl-Tali‘ltlv'o.'ol

kg D , a sagging BM. at midspan anda

A as-1, ~
Ti hogging B M. over the supports. If
,é,a7r_t. ,é;_r;_i the maximum B.M. should be the
minimum possible the length of the
i-,7/,;.-Mr ?UN overhanging portions must be so
A B adjusted that the sagging B.M. at
0'2"” °'°5'°L D 0-2"" midspan equals in magnitude the
hogging B.M. over the supports.
-'.=as =~:.< -as Let the overhanging length of
each side be a.
°'?93W1 -0 Fig. .I67. shows the beam carry-1
"Isl" 0 Mm’ ing the distributed load over the
i-.,,::" " "~ -".‘., H"""' B whole length.
MW“ "II Each vertical reaction
£5 0-2930!. --=half the total load
47 =“-,9
wW 2 A
9' Hg. 167
ti’ 2
,'_
Z‘
V3: Vd as---..

Hogging B. M. over the support;

___ wa
2
Sagging B.M. at the centre of the span
..‘.‘.’!: (1-...__ ).'_..'.'£.-I
2 ' 2 " 8
196 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

._..-.wé.(I-._.,,)
2 4
Equating the sagging B.M. at midspan to the hogging B.M.
over the supports, we have,
fl-(l1__._a\=='l'.‘1f
.1 4 - 2
L2
-4 _,_ La ,_, a2 2

a2--l La=~=%—-
Completing the square, we get, -
L 2__ L2 L2 __ L2
(“"*"'2') '_ 4 +1?" i
.
_.l.:.:l—
al 2 V2
=._l;._._l~_
a v2 2
._l~
—-2(\/2 ___ 1)

a== (3/if l)L

1'4l4 "I
( 2 )1“
a===0'2l»7L
Sagging B.M. at midspan
=1-logging B.M. over the supports
._., ME
2
(0'2 1"/1.)2-.=0 0: wljl
wL2
== 47 near!y

S.F Calculations. S.F. at A and B==0

S F. just on the left side of C' - ~-w><()‘207L=- ——O'I.()7 wL
S.F. just on the right side of C" --0 2U7wL-%~0'5wL-—- -l—()'293wL
Q l’. at midspan O
S.F. just on tl e left side of --0‘293 wl.
S F. just on the right side of D==- —i-U207 wL
Problem 113. Draw the B.M and S.F diagrams for the ow’!-
hanging beam can-ring loads as shown in Fig 168. Make the values Of
the principal 'ordinates and locate the point of cotfuraflexure,
1 11 1 E tfa".. qI
‘I111!
 sum: FORCES sun neunmo MOMENTS 197

5, Solution. Let the ‘reactions at

A and B be Va and V» respectively.
ft ‘ a
A .l|leItlOHhYOTOYY| ohhlnloh I010 Ifluhy, mh about’ A

A, , 1 . have,
' W """"'" ' ‘ '°‘ "’l5‘ V»><20=l><30>< '5-—1~-5><30
so
A IT,” ‘ .‘. I

f ' ”’ If ‘" .a vm=ix3o+5~a0=5z

t;=s r0~~es \{,= to romves S F. Calculations
'5‘ S.F. just on the right hand side
of A== + 5 tons.
5’ it S.F. just on the left hand side of
A 1|"I l B‘: "l" 5"‘ :~ """ tons"
<5
“*5 | ‘ ‘TI S.F. just on the right hand Side
' of B===—l-5+1 X1O=*-'—+15l0"-l‘-
, 4 g _ S.F. just on the left hand sidfi Of
‘ '2 5"” . 1' _ _ _ C=== +5 tons.
A \=,_- Let the S.F. be zero at x ft.
l~--ta'- l_ ft'Ol'Il A _
-:
_w
5' Equating the S.F. to zero, we get
it 5~lXxfi0
mot rt x-—-=5 ft.
Fig. I68
B.M. Calculations B.M. at A =--0
B.M. at B A--—~5>_ 10 -=»---100
ton. ft. (max. negative
i b.m.)
B.M. at C-~0 B.M. at x===5ft.
.M(l""’5><
__ 5-- ——i---
l><52 == +12 50 ton. ft. (max. posttne
. ._ b.m.)

Point of contraflexure. Let the B.M. at a distance x from A

(between A and B) be zero. Equating the bending moment to zero,
We have
5.\'- -l E--=--0.

.rc'-i-- lOx=0 x(x--— l0l=-= =0 or x=lO.

_ Problem I14. A beam AB, 20 metres long supported on two
Intermediate props I2 metres apart carries a uniformly distributed I004
0 6 tonne per metre together with concentrated loads of 3 1019188 0?
ll’? lift end A and 5 tonnes at the right end B. The props are so lat-‘died
Mat the reaction is the some at each support Determine the pa-91710?!
‘ll ‘hf’ Pmpv and draw B.M. and S.F. diagrams. Mark the values vf "W
maximum B.M. and S.F. ' ‘ “ '“ " ' ‘i A
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Solution. I-Ct the_left SUP‘ srorwves 5T0.*lNr.‘:

port be at C and the right sup- "
P911 be at D. 0-5 toque /metre
Let AC=a metres _4""zT [IF WT D 8"" B
.'. BD=='~20--" 12--d VH0
I TON“-5 t§=t0 tonnes
=-(8--a) metres
Let V1 and V2 be the react- g
ions at the kft and supports 3; ._~;m1mrmr~tinmnmmmmmm-\ J
respectively. s C I?'"- D 3'"-
Total load on the beam t{=t0t \€_=;gt
-.=. ~ 3+ 5+0'6 >< 20 tonnes
=-=20 tonnes —- \ p n-m
2 ‘

Since the reactions at the i M’ i 6'8‘ 5;

supports are given to be equal, A1 1* B
we have 3, € "P N 1-0-
V1=-= V2 =-- I0 tonnes.
Taking moments about A, -
h
5><20+
W‘ “:0 '6>< 20 X 10 == IO a
" +l0(l2+a) ‘ ”
100+l20=10a+120
+|0a nstm 1 <=-em 11-1tm
20a= 100 Fig. 169.
. a == 5 metres
The left support is at 5 metres from A and the right
support is at 8-5-=3 metres from B.
Shear force calculations
S.F. just on the right hand side of A= -3 tonnes
S.F. just on the left hand side of C=== —-3-—-0'6 >< 5= -6 tonnes
S.F. just on the right hand side of C= —~6+ l0=-= —+ 4 tonnes
S.F. just on the right hand side of D=-+5+0'6 >< 3--= +6'8 tonnes
S.F. just on the left hand side of D==~l-6'8 -~ l0'0=--:——3 2 tonnes.
Let the S.F. be zero at a distance of x metres from A (between
the two supports)
Equating the S.F. to zero, we have,
10--3-—0'6x=0
.’ 0 6x==7
7
x-- 0,6 metres

.-.-.ll-—§—- metres.

Bending moment calculations.

B.M. at A==0
 suns: roaces mo sanomo uonnms 199

B.M. at C=M¢==—-3 X 5-—0‘6>< -§;- tonne metres

==—-22'5 tonne metre
2
B.M. at D=Ma= =—-5X3--0'6X 55'" tonne metres
=--17'7 tonne metres
B.M. at a distance of ll-3- metres from A
2
2 2 0'6( 11
=Mc=10X6"3‘ ""'3Xll 34"" A -- lmmg m;-[yes

1
= --9-5“ tonne metres-
=-A -- 9‘ I 7 tonne metres.
Problem 115. Draw the shearforce and bendin moment dig r
for the beam shown in Fig. I 70. Indicate on the diaggrams the valfiew
shear force and bending moment (with proper units) at sigmficantpoints-.
Also show the location and magnitude of the maximum bending moment.
(A.M.I.E., May 1964)
Solution. Let the MB
reactions at the left and 2 tonnes/metre 8 7|
'i/§“§=§,§‘.§l‘It‘I,"§iy.b° V" “““ 1lMill.
Taking moments I
about the left support, :""”"':&“ “' 9”’ *f"'-3'"-
we have,
VaX12==2>< l2><3+8><9 Q ,__
Va: 12 tonnes
I/t.=2>< 12+s- 12 ~- l-It
- - 4"” u-—-
-=20 tonnes. 5 5 fé’
Shear force calculations $20 TOM“
Shear force at A =-=0 ,4; '-* —-1‘:
If-Ilsa!-_
S.F. just on the left
hand side of B he
=-=--2X3=-6 tonnes
2 8.
_ S.F. just on the
right hand side of B '_"~_“'_""
Mm
-.'L._. ___m _
\“"‘_'-'--————--@
U0-_‘ 9;
er (5
-29‘

= -—6+20 =- + 14 I ' actm . .

__-___}_______>
10111188 , l
S_F_ just on the F4
right hand side of c m.
='-‘I2 1070188. p§g_ 110
S-F. just on the left hand side of C
=""12+3=--4 tonnes.
200 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Let the S F. be zero at x metres form A (between B and C)

Equating the S.F. to zero, we have
20--2x==0
x=-10 metres.
Bemfing moment calculations.
B.M. at A --=M'..--=0
32
B M. at 11' M. =_= —-2 X -2— =—-9 tonnes metres
B M. at C‘- M. " -H2 X 3=1=+36 tonnes metres
B.M. at D: 'lt' 0
B M. at I0 melt rs from A
2
==- M. =20 >< 7-2 x == +40 tonnes metres
Point of eontraf/exure.
, Let the B.M. be rero at x metres from A (between the two
supportsl.
Equating the bending moment to zero, we get,
2
znr,t-- n-2 if =0
.- x“~=- 201-+ §<)=-.0
The practical value of x should be between 3 and 12.
Solving the equation we get x=3'67 metres.
Problem 116. Determine the support reactionsfor the beam shown
in Fig. I 71 and com.-ruet the bending moment diagram and shear force
diagram marking the values of the various ordinates. (Bombay, 1966)
Solution. Let Vt and V» be the vertical reactions A and B.
Taking I'l10m€t\i> about the end A, we have
'3 _ ____ 3L
V1, L+W. L =-2W _
4:-_l*~
+ ~e .._..i___.

Vital;/‘

..
___3w W__
V¢-- 2~-— 2--—-W

S.F. computations
S.F. between A and B=+W
S.F. between C and D=+W--2W== - W
S.F. between D and B-==+W——2W+ H/=0
S.F. between B and E===+-Ig—
 smma FORCES AND aenomo Momznrs 201
B .14. Computations. B.M. at A=0
B.M. at C=-- Wx g .-==+ H-L;-11 (sagging)

2w W w/2
Ar_%” C D L/4‘ "15
E

2w w 1%

*1

L11
_
$ +1.-—A-A-~
- it .e‘I
e ~ - ~>-<~_1_
-—i+-E--> 4s\ $1
- -
._: _.<_ _.
——i—>§:e
p<Q-1'->3 ‘l;“72

IV/2 ‘ W/2
€-

A
§-1"--"'i"E
" " "'<-3 D lllllllllltlllllllllllE
B
| s.r. omen/u-1
W W

wt/4

A -
_‘
ll uflmmlmwll
D
2»
B
"'
r 1.

WLA WI‘,
B. M. DIAGRAM

Fig. 171

[Link] D-=-WX §3L-2W>< 5‘ ..._.§-V2? (hogging)

l$.'v‘l. at B-= -- L; X == —- I-ZL (hogging)

B.M. at E=0.
_ Problem 117. Calculate the reactionsfor the beam shown in Fig.
~' 72. Construct the bending moment and shear force diagrams. Deter-
mine the location of the maximum bending moment and mark it clearly
on each of the diagrams. 1 l ‘ ' "W"
202 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Solution Let Vt. and Va be the *5:

reactions at the supports A and C’
respectively. TOW Bi B
Taking moments about / "YD
A we have r» Jm -u-~l-e 3m.- -2m.-

V.><6==8>< Z-+1-5><8 "5"

L
V.--=_—=4 tonnes A 8/3 t/M. B Q D
a‘”" 1'5-"4:-5'5
V 8+ I sm.-+- am. 2m.~l
S.F. Calculations V” Vn
S.F. at A ~=-+=~s t 5'“ wt M
S F. at B-1-5'5-"8 t-_;--—2'5t )
S.F. httwttfln B and C A :

=='*"2 5 I 1
S.F. between C and D '
5 66:»!/n, 4_5tm
== - 1'5 t
l”. be zero at x metres
Let the S.F. [Link]||||....
E B e ' _.1>
"'llI:I
from A. 3tm
Fig 172
Eq uating the to zero we have
8
‘F’ 5 — --
3 x -== 0

.. xr.-:-—§X5'5

=2'0625 m from A
B M Calculations
B.M. at ,4 =-.-M,,=~_Q
B.M. at B ‘=M¢=--5'5x 3--8 x -gtonne meters

="l-4'5 tonne metre

B-M. at E i.e., 2'O625 metres from A
. . 3
-=5'5 >< 2'0625---2 x ( tonne meter
=== + 5'662 tonne metre
B.M. at C==M¢=—-1'5 ><2==—-3'00 tonnes metre
B M. at D =M.r =0
Point of contraflexure
There will be a point of contraflexture between B and C.
Let this point of contraflexure be at x metres from C.
5HEt\R roncts AND uENDlNG MOMENTS 20$
Equating the B.M. to zero, we get,
4x—l'5 (2+x)=9
x=l 2 m
§36. B.M. at a section due to 1 couple
Fig. 173 shows a cantilever AB
1" of length l. Let an anti-clockwise
couple M =Pp be applied at a section
- ->4 C. distant a from A. The couple here
consists of the equal and parallel
forces P with a lever arm pbetween
them.
-in--I-_--Q-1
_""'_" "H It is obvious that the moment of
the individual forces constituting the
couple about any point in the plane
:——
of the couple is Pp.
1:-cun-n Hence at any section X, in AC
. =--anticlockwise moment Pp
B.M.-==Moment of the individual
forces P of the couple.
B.M. Diagram
Fig. 173 ==5agging moment Pp--—-M
Hence at every section between A and C there will be a sagging
moment M
Due to the couple alone aim, mg ,,,_
there will be no shear force. Q
F i s . 173 shows the B.M. dia- Q B
gram for the cantilever. zmfi:-as - -e;._~2m.-an ~-.-*
Problem. 118. Draw the B.M. 6m-— *1
diagram for the cantilever shown
in Fig. I74. ._.-

Solution. -_
_. _- . -_ _ . _. -. -
¢--~._——

B.M. between D and B=().

B.M. between C and D
=— 10 tm (hogging) -_-_-.

B.M between A and C 10$ “I0

--= -- I0-l-8 - —-2 tm
(hogging) fig. :14
Problem 1_l8. _Find the reaction at the fixed end of the cantilever
loaded as shown in Fig. I 75. Draw also the shear force and the bending
moment diagrams
Solution. Total vertical load on the cantilever=3+2 =5 tonnes
Vertical reaction at A-=5 tonnes (upwards)
Taking moments about A
We have the following moments :
(I) Couple at B=2’0I) rm. (anticlockwise)
(ii) Moment due to 3t==3 ><4=-=12 tm (clockwise)
(iii) Couple at D-=3‘00 tm (clockwise)
204 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

.(iv) Moment due to 2t as 2;

=-.= 2 >< 8 == 16 tm (clack wise) 29-"L 88. "1. I
Net moment=29 tm LII“ ._‘!.Q____.;f..::.
'\
J’ IE
u (clockwise) 3*-—~2IY»‘-- --2m.- --2m.- -[gr
Hence at A the fixed sup- | gt _ M
port will provide a balancing or zptm. ztm. 3t.:=:.
reacting moment of 29 tm. A I1 G1»; JF
(arzticlockwiuil
Hence the reaction at A 1:.
will comist of an upward re- st
acting Force 0fs5 tutznev and an -7'" Q" -5'41" %
anticIm~kwi,vc reacting moment 'H~“*-~-
Uf HWIUU lH(’tl'(’.§'. l $_f-I D/AGRAM I

RF. between ,
A and C’ "- "l-5 totzmw. 1
'_I'-o~n~Q-0

S.F. between A ' I5"... ,- 0

C and E=+.Z tonnes. Q vtm

_ . _- ' ' tttm.
B.M. Calculatmm mm
B _ M _ at E =.-. 0 2, m ‘- O5.__ _
6.t~t.0tgeRAM
B.M. just on the right hand _.
side of Dr-= -2 X 2== — —4 rm. mm.
[Link] on the left hand Fig. 175
side Of I)--=--4--3== --71m.
B.M. at C~==--2><4——3 -=——ll tm.
B.M. just on the right
hand side of B " mm 2‘
"“--"'?.‘*((‘l 3""'3‘»<2 B ('1 '8

29-21 M" 2m ~L 2m -L».5 2m-J

B.M. just on the left F“ '_ * ' I
hand side of B ;:._ 2.‘ '31
---2:+»2-1-19 rm 2im I 4 B é '1".--l" l .5

Fl
BM at
A==-~~2><8-3 -3><4+2
*7‘ "" tr".

===reacting moment at /I. ; I

Problem 120. Find the

reaction at the fixed end and ||||| ||||||l'II _ g* W fi n m i fi *h n t

draw the .s/zcar force and

bending nmment diagramv jbr fi
'

the cantiluver shown in Fig. 176. n:-x- - -

an-__-—-.
$16311 _.
Solution. Total verti- "_i§iQ______€_: at
-
cal load on the cantilever t
R.-
flv dn tbqn
" in at t
=~.1+z-1:‘ ' .m|||ttt|t|t|i::nt||||lllll i
(downwards) "::|"w
Vertical reaction at A ‘ "'
=== Va -l tonne (upwards) _Fi‘, 175
 SHEAR IORCEQ AND BENDING MOMENIS 205

Taking moments about A, we have the following moments :

(1') 2 X 8 -= I6 tm. (clock wise; ,
(ii) l2 tm. (unticlock wise)
(iii) 2 >< 4 = 8 tm. (anticloch wise)
(iv) 1 X2-"=2 tm. (clockwise)
Net m0ment=--2 tm. (untielocltwisel
Hence the fixed support at A will provide the necess'ary
reacting moment of 2 tm (clock wisel
S.F. between E and C== +2 tonnes
S.F. between C and B=()
S.F. between B and A-=- -l- l tonne.
‘B.M. at E=0
B.M. just on the right hand side of D=--2><2=--4 tm.
B.M. just on the left hand side of D=- —4+ 12-= +8‘tm.
B.M. at C=-—-2><4+l2==+4 tm.
B.M. at B=--2X6+l2-{-2 X 2=-=+4 tm.
B.M. at A ==--2><8+l2+2 x4—-1 X2=~|-2 tm.
Problem 121. Calculate the reactions at A and Bfor the /7t’(ll’.‘
shown in Fig. 177 and draw the bending moment and shear fitrte .lm-
grdm-R (A .M.I.E., November I0!) 7
_ Solution. Let the reactions at A and B be Va and V~ rt‘s‘pct:-
tively. Taking moments about A
we have,

1
\

2
Vb’-= {WT

. __ -__2_
V.-2W 311
4

S.F. C£llL'tll(t!l0H.s
S.F. between A and C
-—+ -3-ll
4 I

S F. between C and B
=-+ it W W_+
S.F. between B and E==+ W
B-M. Calculations
B.M. at A=M¢_0
206 STRENGTH OF MATBRIAIS

IV W
.4 I I7-‘=1
B
0

0-Q

K L/5+ L/3 -->3-— L/3 l I./3 --'-0:

§ .§_..__
. ._

Q-.
-<3
\/4:4/3 W tg=2/aw
i _—_
-_ -
4/3 it.’ ‘~0-
‘fi'*-"I*Ih'-Ti

Q
ulmllmlml|||||||||||u .n||nn||| i I
31%
J3 iv__ ‘EH
_n_-
5/o he s. F 0/noun
4/9 W4: ;
-._ _=;~
A ..¢|ll|| '1 :_- __ gr
...,....,...u

U D H ' "Ill

3
4/9W1 wt’
8. M. DIAGRAM
Fig. 177

B.M. at C==M<-=+ *g~W.§ ==-+ -3- WL

B.M. just on the left side oi'D
_.- 4 21- '1’l~= _§
B.M. just on the right side of D
=M....=+ -3» WL— wt.=- -3- WL
B.M. at B-== -—
§37. Beam with I couple at an intermediate point
Fig. 178 shows a beam AB of span I hinged at the ends A
and B and subjected to a clockwise couple M tonne mehts at C
distant a and b from A and B respectively.
Taking moments about A, we have ~
Vbl=M
,° Va ==- %t0nnes (upwards)
smatm FORCES AND ntmnmo MOMENTS 207
Since there is no external vertical load,
Va =- -1-:4 tonne (downwards)
Va‘: M/I

S.F. bCtWCCl'l A and M ygggqfrgg

41
_ M
S l~. between Cand B=-- -1- ‘_,_...,__..r__°
B.M. at A ==-0 I "“‘
B.M. just on the left hand side of C

1' UW
B.M. just on the right hand side of C . ifmiil" -
._.... at 1. ins;-_
Eli?

BM‘ at 3:0
Fig. l78 shows the S.F. andBM.
Q;-{ii ‘MII

4 .,,""",, 1
udliilllttt... Q-fit
o<¢&
qua
O
diagrams for the beam. " it
Problem 22. Draw shear force and -1'
bending moment diagrams for the beam 1"!"/‘@141?
shown in Fig. /79. Fig. 178
Solution. Let the vertical reactions at A and B be Va and Vt».
Taking moments about A we have the following moments.
. . . . I51
(7) 1 X 5 X '%' A l\!olm.m.m.g B
A,
l2'5 tm. (clockwise) - *5," |
(ii) couple ~ l5'O() tm. -
S
(anticlockwise)
net moment-=\2'5 tm. lfm
t rontvelg
Q2 “—-_

(OH ll'ClOC/C WISE) 5.25 1gN”f5

HlDC¢ Vb X104"-2 5 tm. 52:5‘ 0,25 1-0””;
(clockwise)
' Vs=0‘2S tonnes
(downwards) - -no-n—_;

_q,3_5;
V.,==l >< 5+0-25 ,
=5'25 tonne '

S.F. between dfraahds) '”"|m' lwflltn.

FromA to C, the S.F.

F4" change from +5'25 to
"film | l l| | | "|i| |Lwl| N5‘-I
I. I79
203 srnnuortt on MATERIALS
B.M. at A -=0
2.
B.M. at c==s"2s>< 5 -~1>< tm.
r-=-l3'75 tm.
B.M. at B =0
B.M. just on the right hand side of D
= ~-O'25 >< 2'5 im
-=-—-0'625 tm.
B.M. just on the left hand side of D
=--—0'625+l5 tm.
= + l4'375 tm.
Problem 12 3. Construct the bending moment diagram and shear
force diagram for the beam shown in Fig. 180 and mark the values of
the important ordinates. (A.M.I E., November 1906)
Solution. Taking moments about the end A, we have
Vz>><6+l2===6><4+6x7
.‘. 6 Vh=-‘ 54
.. V» -:9 tonnes
Vo'"'"l2""'9 -- 3 tonnes
Shear force calculations.
Shear force just on the right hand side of A==+3 tonnes.
Shear force just on the left hand side of D==+3 tonnes.
6]’ 61
' /2 rm.

--2% - T --gm-+--_ M 3 - £’j§ m_-4

75¢ 3 m/(W55 §= 9 TONNE5

6 T0/VNE5
ti t l‘\t'i't- * 5 rm“;-pg 3 TON/Vfs
“no.7, ‘ ‘ ‘HM ‘l-| I‘|||l|b-fin

A ___
L‘ _ _, in E '~ I
I l | arontves
-7lfl~:F~. __’. H

6 [U7

ntlllliiim ‘W W‘ 2' V

l l ltw "flll i l t-=*

61‘ m. ' 5t.m,
Fig. I80 Fig. I81
SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS 209
Shear force just on the right hand side of D=+3—-6
= -3 tonnes.
Shear force just on the left hand side of B=-—-3 tonnes.
Shear force just on the right hand side of B= +6 tonnes.
Fig. 181 shows the S.F. diagram
Bending Moment Calculations :
Bending moment at A=0
Bending moment just on the left hand side of C
+6 tonne metres
Bending moment just on the right hand side of C
== +3 X 2— l2=-=1-6 tonne metres
B.M. at D=-=+3x4--12---=0
or alternatively,
B.M. at D=+9><2- 6x3=0
B.M at B?"--6><l== ——6 tonne metres
D

B.M. at E=0.
Fig. 181 shows the B.M. diagram.
Problem 1 24. Explain the inter-relation between ‘bending mo-
ment’ and ‘shear force’ in a beam. ([Link]-. Nov 1966)
Solution. Fig. 182 _shows a I 2 Iflelurrrfl
beam subjected to an external loading.
Consider the equilibrium of the
portion of the beam between sections
1-l and 2 -— 2, (Ix apart, at a distance ‘ I 2
x from the left support.
1-—-16:]--
Let the shear force at the
sections l-l and 2—~2 be S and W wrraurltkw
S i SS respectively. M+8M
Ler the bending moments at
the sections I-—l and 2-2 be M and
M -i-SM respectively.

-i-T
The forces and moments keep- S+5S
ing the portion of the beam between
the sections 1-'l and 2-2 in equili-
brium consist of the following : Fig. 182
(i) upward force S at section 1 --1
(ii) downward force S+3S at section 2-2
(iii) downward load w3x
(t'v)) moments M and (M+8M).
Resolving the forces on this part vertically, we have,
.S'+8S+ w5x=S
' 8.9+ w8x=0 ...(i)
 2") SIRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Taking moments of the forces and couples about the section

2--2 we havfi,
’ M+3M==M+S . 8x-— 2
w(5x)f

(If instead of a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run

there had been a load varying according to some law the last
. - ' ix
- 8 , -_-
expression ll'l the above relation would be of the form w x n
where the quantity n depends on the law of variation of the load).
Ignoring higher powers of small quantities, and simplifying the
above relation, we get, 8M:S'. 8x
8M
"'5; =5
ie., the rate of change of bending momentisequaltothe
shear force.
Similarly, from equation (1')
8S-+ wrix"-=0
.. . §__~?__.,_...,,.
Ox
i¢,, the 1-ate of change of shear force equals the rate of loading.
For instance for the beam it; yr;
shown in Fig. 183. If/W" R11" |
Shear force at the section a X
distant x from the left support lS
given by 1
S:-' l./1-" W36“ W1 W
B.M. at the section X is given
by Fig. 183
2
, M-=: Vlx - -1'2-’i-- W1(X"d)
we have ~
dM 2
3-1: V1--W . "W1: V1-"'WX""*VV1'-"-“S

and g§--==- w==rate of loading at the section X.

§sa. Members with Oblique Loading
_ Fig. 184 ta) shows a beam AB of span 8 metres carrying three
point loads applied in an oblique manner. Let the end A be hinged
while the end B is placed on rollers. I
The various forces can be resolved into their vertical and hori-
zontal components [Fig. 184 (b)].
Total external horizontal load on the beam
=-=(4+5'2--1'73) tonnes
=7'47 t-<-
mesa ronces AND n- some MOMENTS 211
The roller support at B cannot provide any horizontal reaction.
Hence the hinged support will provide a horizontal reaction of
H,,:=—7'47 t-->.
Let Va and Vs be the vertical reactions at A and B.
Taking moments about A, we get.
Vs><8-=3 >< .‘+3 ><4+4><6
Vb:-= fig =5'25t
V.r=Total vertical load— V:>= I0--5'2$=-4'75 t
zfit
at aft
A Q’ so‘ 45‘ n_

(g; 20!. C 1 n -!fl~ J1 cilia 1

In-*—= - * —== *

ll at ' 4!

73! 5-2! 4'

A B
[Sal]? C D
we I5 4-758 Kn-5‘;

titlllhll M
4-75$ 4-75‘!

B 5m||"m
A
I C
llllllllllll uI ll mmmI B-

s.r. DIAGRAM
5-25$ -est
' tafm.
Mt to-stm.

(dl

A C D E D
B.M HAGRAM

t 0-2! 9-at
I47
t 4!-
(ll

A c ' 3
1'HRl_lIT Infill
Fig. I84
 212 st Rem. TH or MATERIALS

The beam being horizontai_ the shear forces and bending

moments are only due to the vertical components of the external
loading.
S.F. between A and C-1- +1 75 t.
F. between C and 1) 1'~4'75 --3*"-i— l‘75 t.
wt/> l-'. between I) and E ~—5 25~i 4 -1'25 I.
S.l~ between E and B —5'25 1.
B.M. at/1 0
B.M. at C M.1=-+4 75><2==~-i 9 50 rm.
B M at 1)-1 M3» -i--4 75><4——3X2'-* +13 tm.
g_M_ at E=M. +-5'25><2-=+lO'50 tm.
B.M. at B= 0.
The Thrust Diagram
The horizontal components of the loads on the beam will intro-
duce axial loads or thrust in the member.
Axial load or thrust between A and C== 7 47 t (compressive)
Thrust between (‘ and D 7 47+ l 73» 9 20 t. (compressive)
Thrust between 1) and If =4 t. (compressive)
Thrust between E and B— -0.
A diagram which shows the variation of the axial load for all
sections of the span is called the thrust diagram. The thrust diagram
for the above beam is shown in Fig M4 (e).
Problem I25. A simply supp:-rted beam carries inclined loads
I00 kg. P00 kg. and .1‘ 00 A g inclined or 30', 45°. and 60" to the vertical
as sliown in Fig. I85. Tlime loads" act / metre. 2 metres and 3 metres
from the left simpnr! respecliwly. If the span is 4 metres, draw shear
force. Bending Moment and Thrust diagrams. (A M 1 E . Summer 1 979)
Solution. The inclined forces are replaced by their vertical
and horizontal comp-anems
Now taking moments about the hinged end A,
I/1->~:=t e (86'6>< I) i (l4l 4><z)+(l50><3)
' I", 20485 kg 1
. . V.i=-»~(8(i‘6+ I4’ '4~l-I50)---(I()4'85)
--. l '/3'15 igi
Resolving horizortal|v_
"' ll-1-:5\+ l4l'4-+259 8
.‘. “
SF, Calrulaltuns _
S F at ziny section in AC
1‘ +173 l5 /cg.
S.F. at any section in CD
—% l73'l5 -86'6O ~- +86 55 kg.
S.F. at any section in DE
-i I50-—204'i45~== -—-54'8S kg.
S.F at any section in EB
-'= -204'8S kg
B.M. Calculations
B.M. at A=0
B.M. at C-+l‘I3‘l5x l=+l73'l5 kg. m.
Sm,-tn FORCES AND neunmo moments 315

ao*\l00kg l,“. Zfltghgu./Bwkg

Q
as 3C

€§rm;1m“Twm"1?me'
66-6kg
|i 7 H _? ‘Lsakg f ‘Lye:-4&3
I4!-4kg tsakg -e
259-0'4 In
z1,,;z5i-;%'>
kt,’
i" cc”
|
11
v;,=lt73-ts kg : \q,=zo4-my
I
/73-t5kg 17345
1;‘;-ea-55 jiIi U1U!
E-F 2"
__,, ‘I _-“-~m
' .5 f 1')/r't(;R’/‘M
‘ 548.5 5485
1

204-a5 204-an,
259-7kgm ‘ 1

jj l l ltl l ml 1.
I
.46t-2k 451-2
%
“E"-: B M. DIAGRAM
.__l='l

lint!", ' mam 1- llllllll llll

H
:=_—
4 I 1- t 40!-2 1

_. . _. _. @
A C D E
THRUST DIAGRAM

I-ig. I85
B.M. at D = +(l'll IS ><2)—--(866 >< 1): +2597 kit.-m.
B.M. at E +204 8* Xi --1+2-I)4'8S kg -m.
Thrust Calculations
Thrust at any s:c-i.m in 4C= %~ H1 Zl /eq.
Thrust at any SBCZIOD in CD = %~ 451 Z0 ~50 =*= +40l'Z kg-
Thrust at any section in I)E~== +259'8 kg.
Problem I26 The beam 4BC shown in Fi-'5. I86 is hinged to ill?
wall at A. A vertical bracket BD is firmly fixed to the beam at B and
a tie DE is hinged to the bracket at D and to the wall at E. Draw S.F.
and B M diagrams for the bea-n ABC when it carries a uniformly
distributed load of 4 lu!I!l€S per metre rut: over the whole length and 0
point load of 2 tonnes at C. _
Solution. Let Vt and Ht be the vertical and hortzontal reac-
tions at E. Let V.. and H.» he the vertical and horizontal reactnons
at A.
For the equilibrium of the who]: structure, taking moments
about E, we get
4 >< 32
Hex 2:: X3

.. H¢='-12 tonnes.
214 srnenoru or llA'l'ERlA1_3
Resolving the forces on the structure horizontally, we get,
Ho=H¢-=12 tonnes.
Let the tension ll] the tie ED be T
Resolving the forces at E horizontally and vertically, we get 9
Tcos'*--H.
TSlll 0: Ve

.. _-Kt.__L_§---§
tanfl--H’--2---4
1

3 3
.', Va; *4" H¢=T-2-‘">< |2==9l0IlI2€S.

Resolving the forces on the whole structure vertically, we get,

I Va’-=4 X
Now consider the equilibrium
of the beam ABC. This part is
\ in equilibrium under the action
of the following forces :
' '"J"m§vF/~11} out (i) External loading on the
_]__ tr-umm t -It manna-1. t.-ru-:. - - -up beam.
B .
up------ ~.
I
rm---ah (ii) Vertical reaction at
A == V.. ~=—‘ 5 t
‘ ‘#9!
(iii) Horizontal reaction at
AZHQL: f

w~ ‘ (iv) Vertical component of

T the tension T at Dr-' Va
"— T sin 9*-=9 I

ll
T I
\

. ~ -~ - ~ ~-°
‘
4!/m~
B
n
*5"
In ohh 010 el‘fl\YehI0t\h1o‘l\'\ qt-ft‘-'\Y0l HI
M
(v) Horizontal
of the tension T at D=H¢
=Tcos 9-"-"@121
component

-» ~ eta --»-----l~—-- tm --i

v at The effect, of the forces
.
IQ 58 rt,-tzt ‘ it Ha--1 IZ t and V4:-—9t, is the same
I
, A 4!/tn
_ l\lIh\‘~l~Io||lm ch ah!-'
I »nt
'¢ to?» chit‘: olu
as that of an upward force ot 9!
- C at B and an anticlockwise couple
of :2><U'5=-=6 tm at B.
*5: . Ii
S .F. Calculations
JIM! . I
' lolnh ohIcIelo'\1'uh'o’|'n |'v~||n1-'~ 1, ,» ,
At any section in AB distant
u~ _
t
at In
¢ x from A the S.F. is given by,
5‘
4'5‘
if
sus-at
At x"-"-U,
iiilllllu-...__ S=== +5 tonnes.
1-»--.-- "=:: <-* At .x=-2 m, i.e.. just on the
left side of B
:§ In S==5—-4>< 2=~"-—-3 tonnes.
% S.F. is zero at a distance
from A given by the condition
484 5'-' ‘\x=_“0
Pi|.I186.
gaunt! ronces AND aennmo mouams 215
i.e , at x= 71- m
S.F. just on the right side of B=-= -—3+9== +6 tonnes.
From B to C the S.F. will change uniformly from +6 tonnes to
+2 tonnes.
B.M. calculations
At any section in AB distant xfrom A the B.M. is given by,
' M == Sx—— == 5x--2x2
At A i.e., at x=0 M=0
at x==2m i.e., just on the left side of B.
M===5><2—-2>< 22=+ 10-8==-+2 tm.

B.M. at x=-=—i- m where the S.F. is zero

5><5 25 __
=—-—4-- -—2>< 16 --3 8 tm.
1

B.M. just on the right side of B---=+2-—-6-== —-4 tm or alterna-

2
tively===2+1><4><—%-=4 tm.
B.M. at C=-0,
Problem I27. The structure shown in Fig. 1871's supported on
horizontal rollers at D and F and a vertical roller at E. Four loads
We applied as shown.
W zw
A ~13 45 (‘
T" _ H _ ‘t ‘
Q ' --I:-""'l >/2”‘? t
U5A

1 25
iiFA:

1
w<-40--1 E —*—W -J

' ti
'1ZTiT"
216 STRENGTH OF MATERIAIS

Calculate-—
(i) the reactions at D, E and F.
(ii) the bending moments at A. C and J
(iii) the direct farce in portions CD, BI and IC
(iv) the shear force in portion AH. (Bombay)
Wt/F

.A__.__, - 11-,
Wi/5

.-~--s/2-['. *=—-s
we r W
5/,--1»
_ C

A t s
l

LD Ul
" E
all
s,, I Q B5; ,4

i
l Y

N~i-|_ _ 1-an

1 ~ " l
;m.
g J-—_m1
In

- -._-..,.___.;.___, _
R53-y(3-1/?) Rd=;.Y(H51/5)

Fig. 188.
‘solution. (ii Reactions. The inclined force 2WatI may be
split into a vertically downward force Wt/2 and a horizontal
force Wt/1 Let the reactions at D. E and F be Ra. Rt» and Rr.
Resolving the forces on the structure horizontally, we get
R» W\/2
Taking moments of the forces on the structure about F, we
have.
W >< —+- W tr 2 >< 35-+ W\/2>< 2.9+ W>< s
=~ W>< s+ Wt/2><S~l Rd >< 2s
R.l=<»:’(1+s~/2)
Rr=W+lV\/2*-1::-(|+5\/2)
a.- Rf?“

(ii) Bending moments at A. Cand J

B.M at A = Mo"-= + W>< S-== + WS (producing concavity on
the outside)
SHEAR FORCE s mo BENDING MOMENTS 217
B.M. at C== M0: + W x S"-== -1- WS (producing concavity on
the outside)
BJU. at .l==0
(iii) Direct force in portions CD, BI and 1C
r I ' . )))

Direct force in CD= -—”-- (_ I ~+ 5 xv 2) (compressnt

4
Direct
. force .in BI =-- H’ i W\/ 2 »==,1’)
W ( 1+ v 2) (tensile)
Direct force in IC-=-"~ W (tens: c
UV) 5/1430!‘ force in portion AH
W
=:: 4 "‘

Problem 128. A vertical pile AB is hinged at the base B and

subjected to the variable load (due to earth pressure) as shown. The pill?
ls anchored by a tie pin connected at C Draw the A
shear force and bending moment diagrams for "--—--T
the pile AB. ‘
_ _ Z”!
Solution. Taking moments of the forcc~
on AB about B, we have, I

P cos 3U°,~;4--= 6~X 13 I" 6 P

2 3 -cm.
9
P-—-== -1- ><
23 mllllfllllltiiit...
L‘="'-
"' % B
9 I-51/I17 '
Q 2\/ 3 Fig. 189.
Resolving the forces on the member horizontally we get,
horizontal reaction at B
-—-vi-—-Q Q ‘ll-#_:~.1L|i: .; ~ _g—_—:_ _L_ ’_ *4- . ,...._..-.....
_ _ - =4- ._- _ .- /1 ,-

= -~-e <5 -e - - . ~ - ‘("550 9.51 E /'15‘ Din.- fit

30 " IIl~. Q = 225
. t ‘_2‘3m -~_~
__ . ‘Q
at
mll l trn-..
_9
P23‘ i s K _,_
. t-aaaim
5}
Ei- 1 ‘£51
___ F t ~ 2-2st é _____ 71
I-5 lm- 2-2st utpn 2-2st B B
s./2 DIAGRAM an DIAGRAM
4%’
lig. 190.
1 ,
—2—--— — 2‘/3 cos 30
9 9 9 _
2- -I ~ 4 ~~2 25 tonnes.
218 s1nanom or MATERIAL;
vertical reaction at C—-= -£73-. sin 30';

-¢- _ --~—--...__.¢ J

4\/3
Now consider the horizontal forces on the member. The B.M.
or S.F. at any section of the member is only due to the horizontal
forces. These forces are shown in Fig. 190.
S.F. Calculations.
At any section in A C distant x from A, the S.F. is given by
x x__ x2
S" 2 4" 8
AI A, i.e., at X='-0, S‘-=0
2
S.F. just above C=—- -2? = —-0'5 t."
At any section in CB distant x from A, the S.F. is given by
x2 _
S=-— -8— +2 25
S.F. just below C
2
==- %—- -it 2‘25= + 1'75 t.
S.F. at B, i.e., 6 m from A
=—--~63
8
+-2'25
= — 2'25 r
Point of zero shear
Equating the S.F. to zero,
---’§- +2~2s~_-=0
-- x2= l8
x=4'243 metres from /1.
B.M. Calculations
At any section in AC distant x from A tlte B.M. is given by
-2
: =.=.._ -ZS.
.M 8 BL
3
,.,_..2=§.
24
At _x=;.-.0’ M:_—0,

M=--§ tm.
snenn roncss mo nenorm moments 219
At any section i-1 CB distan;x from A the B.M. is given by
M=-— if-+2 25 (x--2)
At x~'-=2 m.
M=--it tm.
At .x==6 m-
M"-= -~ 24
63 +2-25 (6--'>>==o
"
At x=4 243 m
Mi-— 43:33 +225 >< 2-243 tm.
==+ l'863 tm.
§39. To obtain the BN1. diagram given the S.F. diagram
Fig I9] shows the S.F. diagram
for a beam AB. ‘ B
Let at a section distant x from A A X A
the B.M and S.F. be M and S respec i"I 4
tively. Sf DIAGRAM
we have IM Fig. |9|.
(
S= ".1;
a'M =--S. dx
Integrating between A and X
we have x-=x x
fidll/I== Y Sdx
x-=0 0
X

But lSdx is the area of the shear force diagram

0 between A and X
Completing the integration, we get
(M-—M,,)=area of the S.F. diagram between A anl X. lfal
A the B.M. is zero, we have
M“ =20
M¢=area of the S.F. diagram between A and X
Hence the B.M. at any section is numerically equal to the area
of the S.F. diagram between A and X.
Problem 1:9. The diagram shown is the shear force diagram for
a beam which rests on two supports one being at the left hand end.
Deduce direct!y from the S.F. diagram
(a) B. M. at 2 m intervals along the beam
(b) Loadmg on the beam
(e) Position of the second support. .
220 srnescrn or msmrats
Solution.
(0) B.M. at 2 m intervals"
Since there is a support at the left end A the B.M. at A0
At any section X in AB distant X from A the ordinate of the
S.F. diagram
, 4'5
AE; 10-» --6 x
T (I0-~0'75 xl
Area of the S.F. diagram between A and X
____af l__Q-{__l(_l_--»-__2._..
._. 0 75 X)--x

10 .\'—~ U375 x2
But the area of the S. diagram between A and X
';.> -_.~,"'." _" 4

Since M O, we have
ll-fr to .\~~ u'375 X2
At x="-2 m,
' M~_» Ht;»<2~- 0375><.4=-185tm.
At x 4 m,
M4 IO >1 4-—U 375 X l6=34'0 tm.
At x == 6 tn,
M¢;==' 10 >< 6—~ 0'375 x 62=-46'5 tm.
I\ow consider a section J in BC distant x’ from B
The ordinate of the S.i~. diagram at X'===
rot
51-it
!¢ r
__._
'51 it -
>
‘r
1‘ qt

om-»-1- ---~ tom.-~ 2m.

I t
tot 1
"'1
‘ an l ew-
r~.-.
+ V} H-
1“ g:zg_ X’ M +
" X .7" D
fl

ot
Fig 192
t - . _Z5__
XE===l5+ mx1
X'E'= 1'5-+ 0'75 x’
suean FORCES AND eenotno moments 221
Area of the S.F. diagram between B and X'
___ l'5+ t '5-l-0'75 x’ ,
"" l 2 B ‘l"
-= —( l '5x'+()'375.t"2)
But the area of the S.F. diagram between B and X’
=the diiference between B.M. at X’
and B.M. at B=M'-@-Mt»
.'. M'.=——-Mt-=—-(l'5x
1t1'-t-.=-( | '5x'+U 375x'2)-l- .41..
But tMt;=4-5 5 tm.
A/l'm=46' 5 ~~ l'5.\:'--0'375.x'2
At 2 metres from B, putting x’-=--2m.
M'.==46'5——l'5 x 2——0'375+22==-42 tm.
At 4 metres from B, puting x'== 4- m
M'¢==46'5--l '5 X 4-—O'375 >< 42==34'5 rm;
At 6 metres from B, putting x’ ==6 m,
M'.»=46'5~— 1'5 x 6--(V375 x 6'3""-'24 tm.
At 8 metres from B, putting :c'==8 m,
/t»1's~_--46's-~» 1 -5 >< s-»o"375 >< 82=-=10"; tm.
At l0 metres from B, putting .\" I0 m,
MU-=46'5—~ 1'5 x It) --(T375 >< 102-= -0 tm.
Now consider the general expression for the B.M.
M't==46'5 -- ~ l '5.\" -- O'375.r'2
l~or M to be /.ero
4s'5---1'5.t'--0'37s.\'i==0
Solving we get t-' ==9'3l m.
(h) Loading on the beam.
(i) Since the shear force uttifortnly changes from .4 to B there
should be a uniformly distributed load m this range.
The intensity ofthe load-=Slope of the shear force diagram
between A and B
-
K
=19» 59»-~-1--==<>"75 t_/m
(ii) At B there is an abrupt change in S.F. Hence at B there
must be a concentrated load.
Magnitude of the concentrated load
=Abrupt change in S F.
, =( 5 -%~+1 '-ii-)-—--7 tonnes.
(tit) Since the S.F. uniformly changes from B to C,
222 STRENTGH OF MATERIALS

there must be a uniformly distributed load between B and C.

Intensity of the distributed load
=Slope of the S.F. diagram between
Band C
nu” l an

ll‘ I 2
A ‘*Itltlltttmtttr-t~1mlv'\f. t-lottht I Y l l t lot! ltlohtolm \Im‘loI0hMt\

quot lg-tzt
J‘ LOAD ORGAN

t
528 3
+
A! Iii] — Q I

45- t.m. “~\ p 9‘

S.F DIAGRAM

A D
l---—6m.-—-$———-—~9-amt——--—-l
B. M. DIA GRAN

Fig. 193
9-— 1'5 .
10 0 75 t‘/m.

(iv) Since the S.F. is constant between C and D at 3 tonnes,

there must be a point load of 3t at D.
(cl Position of second support
Since the S.F. abruptly changes at C the second support is at
C. Reaction at C==abrupt change in S.F. at C ==9+3=-- l2 tonnes.
*' Problem I30. Draw S.F. and B. M. diagrams for the members
ABC and DEF shown in Fig. I Q4.
Solution Consider the equilibrium of the member DEF. This
member is supported at F as a support and at D on the vertical
member DC.
Let V.t be the vertical reaction exerted by the member DC at
D. Now DF can be considered as a simply supported beam.
Taking moments about F. we get, '
Vrl X 4 =‘ 8 X I

Vt: =2 tonnes.
between D and E=-=2r
tat/12171 between E and F--= -—-6t
Susan FORCES AND neflntno MOMENTS 223
6!

1) 3 M. tm. F
B

2 lll.

' 4t/m. .
A [Link] oh lY\l0YOlt\ C

' . . tm. -.r-.,.,._.l

B
,,
I’ am. tn. F‘
E

Q
4-
N '5
"fist
'<_cL":'- Q
=1
“F
Q
—-

=-sift
A llYIYOYIillOil'ClliOl\lOY\Yl‘\l\‘lll mM|.r!mh ehlohlslrmhm,
B C

i;=7t t£=t5t
mm||::|un|||| I‘ 1,.
7! J; Ill-ll A '

iiiiiiillis... ‘
| |||Il it
I
A I ‘.‘. t I l ' l ,
I
O
C
}»- l-75 ll1.———->1 l
6 t.m.
OZ
1, -...|||lIl||l|iiii|ii|I|i.
s r
onnm
ll
A “V. C
F“ '36 Hr q ‘ 4t.m.
Fig. 194
B.M. at D =-O
B~Mo

B-M- Ht _ E=2><3==+6 tm. (sagging)

eon _ Now consider the member ABC. The loading on the member
kn sists of a uniformly distributed load of 4t per metre over the whole
8th together with a downward point load Viv-=--2t at C exerted by
224 smauorn or mmum
the member, CD. Considering thc equilibrium of this member,
taking moments about A, we get
Vt.><4-=4x5x ;+2><5
Vt»==|5 l0t‘tm'.s'
Vii===4><5+2-~l5=7 tonnes.
S.F. at A==-l-7 t
S.F. just on the left side of B
, -= 7 -—-4 >< 4== -9 t
S.F. just on the right side of B
.-=--—~9+l5===+6t
S.F. at C'—='-2t
Lct the S.F. be zero at a section in AB distant x from A.
Equating the S.F. to zero, we get
7--4'»c=-=0 v

X "=' 1'75 metres

B.M. at A:-O
4>< 1*
B.M. at B=-- -- - ,, --2 X l==-——4 tm. (hogging)
B.M. at 1'75 m. from A
t1.......==="/ >< t-75--4 >< 1'75 ><
== l2'25 -6'l25= =6'l2S tm.
Point ~_»’<'0N!r¢1fle.\’ure. Let t a section in AB distant .1; from
A the B.M. be zero. _
\:.5
7.\ 4' all

. . .\'(7~--2.\')==-(l
- - .\"=" 3'5 mt'i'='r's.
Examples in Chapter 4
_ l. A beam 6 I7l(’l!'(‘.\‘ long is simply Stlppnrlcd at the ends and
-carries a uniformly distributed loatj of 3 r0nm~t,~ per ;.;,_»;r@ run for 8
distance of 4 tnetres from the left t-incl. Find the maximum shear
force and bending moment and draw the S F. and B.M. diagrams.
[Max.+ve tit,
Max ~—-ve S.l~‘.=~-=4!
Max. sagging B.M.~:- 10667 tonne metrt-‘ at 2;; metres from
left end-l
2. A beam 5 metres long. Stlpptiflcd at the ends carries p0l"f
loads of 14 tonnes, 6 tonnes and bi tonnes at distances 0'5 metre. 2 ~‘
metres and 3'5 metres respectively from the left end. Find the
maximum S.F. and B M. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
~ (Max.+ve S.F.=8 tonnes,
mm roncns mo nannmo uoumrs 225
Max.-—ve S.F.=4 tonnes
Max. Sagging B.M. 17 tonne metres.)
3. A beam ABC 5 metres long has one support at the end A
and the other support at B 3 metres from A. It carries a point load
of 4: at the middle point of AB and a point load of 3t at C. Draw
S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
(Max.+ve S.F.=3t,
Max. --ve S.F.=4t "
Max. hogging B.M.=6 tm. at 3m from A.)
4. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 195.
8‘ I0! 4;-
’-———2 M. -— A A-~~—*:*?!||. A ~- _)m_: lm__.,‘,_ ]m_ 0.5,,
A Bil. B III,
'5 C D ; Eé 31 F Q
L"""'"-"""'-"°'""'~'--6/77.----~--—-----vi

Fig. 195
S.F. between A and C-=+6t
S-F- between C and D= —-2: M“=0 B.M. at E abruptly changes
S.F. between D and B= --l2t M.=+ I2 rm from+8 tm I0 "'41"!
S.F. between B and E=+4t M.t=+3 ym M,,=_.4 gm
Mr -0
5. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 195

‘F---Im.-----1-—-lm.—-—-I-—---tm. 1m, --+...-. ,,,,_... .4

5 t.m. I0t.m. 4 t.m. 2 t.m,
A A

Fig. 196
S.F. between A and B=0
S.F. between B and E==+lt
S.F. between E and F=0
[Ma==5 tm, Mb=-+5 tm, M¢»==+6 tm,
M¢a= —-4 tm, 1\lde=='-3 tm, Ma»-=—|-1 tm, M¢=-I-2 tm,
M!e==+2 1771.]

6. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 197
S.F. at A =0 S-F. between C and E=--6t
SȢ= --2: S.F. between E and F=+3t
So¢=--+8! M¢=0, Illa-'=--I tm, Ma=+ll tm,
_ Md6$+5 tme
See-=+4t Mae-=—|-121m, Ma==—6 tm, Mr-O
Sad"-=""6l
 226 sraancrn or nmznumq

I0! Q
2”” 7t.m.
4- 'lneiIYl‘1liO1\'\n1lYHIT\\lY1YV til i L

B U D ‘E
‘-4 ~ am.--—-+-ml.-4---~ Imf---+—- 2m.-_.-._=,

Fig. I9’!
Point of contraflexure at 1127 m from A and 3 m from F.
7. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the members ABCD and
EFUH shown in Fig. 198.
4t. at at
5 1-am. -5 nu.
En; :1
E‘ u
st
4 M 2m. c wn.
- n

Fig. 198
(Member ABCD : S.F. between A and B==0 M“=0
S.F. between Band C=--3t Mo=0
S.F. between C and D-=+4t M¢=-= --6 tm.
' Ma=0
Member EFUH : S.F. between E and F-=4t M¢=-=0
S.F. between F and I-=0 Mr==—--2 tm.
S.F. between I and G--=—8t M¢=--2 tm.
S.F. between G and H= +6! My--=--6 tm.
Mn=0)
8. A beam simply supported and with equal overhangs, carries
V I
alum"! Rue
M»!-if»!\hhtommtmr-mun
;
J C “ E
|._ t_._.;._._.;
It

Fil. 199
lend: as 8h0Wn in Fig.199. tr W-wt mm the ratio %- for which
the bending moment at mid span will be zero. (0125)
SHEAR FORCES AND BBNDING MOMENTS 221

9. [find the normal force, shear force and bending moment

at the section D of the beam shown in Fig. 200.

(P *1)
’ 7 ’ 14

A0'5!!!4.»
0-In - ' -P

1 . 2-
Fig. 200
l0. A beam of length I has one support at one end and the
other support at a distance a from the other end. The beam carries
a uniformaly distributed load of w per unit run over the whole length.
Find the value of a, (i) if the maximum sagging bending moment
equals the maximum hogging bending moment, (ti) if the middle
point of the beam is a point of inflexion- [ (t) 0'293l, (it) -;—]
ll. The beam ABCD shown in Fig. 201 is 3 metres long and is
hinged to a wall at A and supported horizontally by the strut EF
hinged to the wall at F and at E to the part CE which is rigidly
attached to the beam at C. For the loading shown find the reactions
at the hinges A and F and the thrust in EF and draw S.F. and B.M.
diagram for the beam ABCD.
7‘ st
nu. nu.--L_.m.
"‘ .
C
\
| E
"T0'75/D.
__L
H1-..
(V ==5tupward.r

V1=9t
l H/-'=»8t
5 thrust in EF==l2'04t
3|". Ma==0

Mv==+5 tm.
M¢b=+l tm.
Med*"6 I01.
Ma=O)

1...? ,

Fig. 201