Introduction
• We have seen how to Integrate in C1
• In C2 we start to use Integration, to work out areas below
curves
• It is increasingly important in this Chapter that you use
clear workings
Integration
You need to be able to use definite
Integration to find areas under curves
To find the area under a curve, between two
values of x, you follow the process we have y = f(x)
just learnt.
R
The values of a and b will be the limits of the
Area, and y is the function of the curve.
a b
It is important to note that when we say ‘the
area under the curve’, this means the area
between the curve and the x-axis.
→ Khan academy has an explanation of
this!
11B
Integration
You need to be able to use definite 4
Integration to find areas under curves න 4 − 𝑥 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
0
Expand the brackets
Find the area of the region R bounded
by the curve with equation:
Integrate and use a
𝑦 = 4−𝑥 𝑥+2 square bracket
Sub in
and the positive y and x axes. limits
and
subtract
→ Sketching the graphs can help a lot!
y
Calculate
𝑦 = 4−𝑥 𝑥+2
x
-2 4
2
So the shaded area is equal to 26 square units!
3
11B
Integration
You need to be able to use definite 3
4
Integration to find areas under curves න 𝑥2 + 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2
Write in an
integrateable form
The region R is enclosed by the curve
with equation:
Integrate and use a
4 square bracket
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + ; 𝑥>0
𝑥2
Rewrite for
substitution (if needed)
And the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3.
Sub in limits and
Find the area of region R. subtract
→You don’t always have to sketch the Calculate
graphs though, and some more
complicated graphs could be tough…
1
So the area of R is equal to 11 square units!
3
11B
Integration
You need to be able to work out areas of
curves which have a section under the x-
axis
Expand the brackets
Find the area of the finite region bounded by
the curve:
Integrate and use a
square bracket
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)
Sub in
and the x-axis. limits and
subtract
y
𝑦 =𝑥 𝑥−3
Calculate
x
0 3
If the area is below the x-axis, you will get a negative
answer
→ You can just state the absolute value
→ So the area is 4.5 square units!
11C
Integration
1
You need to be able to work out areas of න 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
curves which have a section under the x- −1
axis Expand the brackets
Find the area of the finite region bounded by
the curve: Integrate and use a
square bracket
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
Sub in limits
and the x-axis. and subtract
→Imagine a sketch of this curve… Calculate each
y bracket
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 1)
Simplify
x
-1 0 1
The problem here is that part of the area is positive, and part is
negative, so they end up cancelling out
→ If you have an area which is part above and part below the x-
axis, you need to work out each area separately…
11C
Integration
You need to be able to work out areas of Find the area between x = 0 and x = 1
curves which have a section under the x-
axis 1
න 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
Find the area of the finite region bounded by Expand the brackets
the curve:
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
Integrate and use a
square bracket
and the x-axis.
Sub in limits
→Imagine a sketch of this curve… and subtract
y
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 1)
Calculate
x
-1 0 𝟏 1
𝟐
11C
Integration
You need to be able to work out areas of Find the area between x = -1 and x = 0
curves which have a section under the x-
axis 0
න 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
Find the area of the finite region bounded by Expand the brackets
the curve:
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
Integrate and use a
square bracket
and the x-axis.
Sub in limits
→Imagine a sketch of this curve… and subtract
y
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 1)
𝟏 Calculate
𝟐
x
-1 0 𝟏 1
𝟐
So the total area will be equal to 1 square unit!
11C
Integration
You need to be able to work out areas of Find the area between x = 1 and x = 0
curves which have a section under the x-
axis 1
න 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
0
Sketch the curve with equation: Expand the brackets
1
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = න 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Integrate and use a
and find the area of the finite region bounded 1 square bracket
by the curve and the x-axis. 𝑥 4 2𝑥 3 3𝑥 2
= + −
4 3 2 Sub
y 0
in
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 3) limits
(1)4 2(1)3 3(1)2 (0)4 2(0)3 3(0)2
= + − − + −
4 3 2 4 3 2
x Work
-3 0 1 out
𝟕 7
𝟏𝟐
=−
12
Work out each area separately…
11C
Integration
You need to be able to work out areas of Find the area between x = 0 and x = -3
curves which have a section under the x-
axis
0
න 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
Sketch the curve with equation: −3
Expand the brackets
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)
Integrate and use a Sub
and find the area of the finite region bounded square bracket in
by the curve and the x-axis. limits
y
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 3)
𝟏
𝟏𝟏
𝟒
x
-3 0 1
𝟕
𝟏𝟐
Work
out
5
Work out each area separately… The total area will be equal to 11 !
6
11C
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area between a Curve and a Straight Line
There are 2 ways to find the area between a curve and a line (that does not include the x-axis, for
example)
y
𝑦2
𝑦1
x
Area under 𝑦1 a b Area under 𝑦2
y y
𝑦2
𝑦1 𝑦1
Subtract…
x x
a b a b
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area
between a Curve and a Straight Line
There are 2 ways to find the area between So, one way is to calculate the integral of y1 between
a curve and a line (that does not include the the limits a and b, then subtract the integral of y2,
x-axis, for example) between limits a and b…
𝑏 𝑏
y
𝑦2 න 𝑦1 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 This can be
𝑦1 combined
into a single
𝑏 integral
= න 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
x
a b
With this method, it is very important that you
perform the subtraction the correct way round!
→ The limits for both areas need to be the same
for this to work!
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area
between a Curve and a Straight Line
There are 2 ways to find the area between In C2, one of the ‘curves’ will be a straight line
a curve and a line (that does not include the
x-axis, for example) → This will usually make a shape such as a
triangle/trapezium or rectangle
y → You can work out its area without needing an
𝑦2
integral
𝑦1
→ Then find the area under the curved part using
integration, and subtract one from the other…
x
a b
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area
→ First, you need to know the x-coordinates where
between a Curve and a Straight Line
the lines cross
The diagram below shows a sketch of part → Set the equations equal to each other…
of the curve with equation:
𝑦 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑥 4−𝑥 =𝑥
Expand the bracket
and the line: 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥
𝑦=𝑥 Subtract x from both sides
2
3𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0
Find the area of the region bounded by the Factorise
curve and the line. 𝑦 = 𝑥
y 𝑥 3−𝑥 =0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
x
0 3 4
𝑦 = 𝑥 4−𝑥
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Method 1…
between a Curve and a Straight Line
𝑏
The diagram below shows a sketch of part න 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
of the curve with equation:
𝑎 Sub in the equations
(the correct way!)
𝑦 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) and the limits
and the line: Simplify
𝑦=𝑥
Now integrate and use a
Find the area of the region bounded by the square bracket
curve and the line. 𝑦 = 𝑥
y
Sub in limits and
subtract
x
0 3 4
Calculate
= 4.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑥 4−𝑥
11D
Integration
Method 2…
You need to be able to calculate the Area → Area under the curved line, subtract the
between a Curve and a Straight Line
triangle…
y
The diagram below shows a sketch of part
of the curve with equation:
𝑦 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) x
0 3
and the line:
𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 4−𝑥
Expand brackets
and include limits
Find the area of the region bounded by the
curve and the line. 𝑦 = 𝑥
y Integrate and use a
square bracket
Sub in limits and
x subtract
0 3 4
Calculate
𝑦 = 𝑥 4−𝑥
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = 9 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
11D
Integration
Method 2…
You need to be able to calculate the Area → Area under the curved line, subtract the
between a Curve and a Straight Line
triangle… 𝑦=𝑥
y
The diagram below shows a sketch of part (3,3)
of the curve with equation:
𝑦 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) x
0 3
and the line:
𝑦=𝑥
Find the area of the region bounded by the Sub in values
curve and the line. 𝑦 = 𝑥
y
Calculate
x
0 3 4
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑥 4−𝑥
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = 9 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area
between a Curve and a Straight Line The shaded region OAC will be equal to triangle OBC
subtract region ABC…
The diagram below shows a sketch of part
of the curve with equation: → We need to know the x-coordinate at B…
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑥
Expand the bracket
and the line:
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 Subtract 2x
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 0
Find they area of the shaded region OAC.
𝑦 =𝑥 𝑥−3 Factorise
C 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 5) = 0
O A B 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5
x
3 5
11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Area of the triangle OBC
between a Curve and a Straight Line
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
=
The diagram below shows a sketch of part 2
of the curve with equation: Sub in values
5 × 10
=
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) 2
Calculate
and the line: = 25 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑦 = 2𝑥
Find they area of the shaded region OAC.
𝑦 =𝑥 𝑥−3
C 𝑦 = 2𝑥
(5,10)
O A B
x
3 5
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐵𝐶 = 25 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Area of the region ABC
between a Curve and a Straight Line
→ Integrate the curve and use the limits 3 and 5
The diagram below shows a sketch of part
of the curve with equation:
5
= න 𝑥 𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥
3 Expand the
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) bracket
5
and the line: = න 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
Integrate and use a
𝑦 = 2𝑥 5
square bracket
𝑥 3 3𝑥 2
= −
Find they area of the shaded region OAC. 3 2 3 Sub in limits
𝑦 =𝑥 𝑥−3 and subtract
C 𝑦 = 2𝑥
(5)3 3(5)2 (3)3 3(3)2
(5,10) =
3
−
2
−
3
−
2
Calculate
O A B 26
x = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 5 3
26
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐵𝐶 = 25 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 11D
Integration
You need to be able to calculate the Area Area of the region ABC
between a Curve and a Straight Line
→ Triangle OBC – region ABC
The diagram below shows a sketch of part
of the curve with equation: 26
= 25 −
𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) 3
and the line: 1
= 16 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
𝑦 = 2𝑥
Find they area of the shaded region OAC.
𝑦 =𝑥 𝑥−3
C 𝑦 = 2𝑥
(5,10)
O A B
x
3 5
26
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐵𝐶 = 25 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 11D
Summary
• We have built on our knowledge of Integration from C1
• We have seen how to use Integration to find the area under
a curve
• We have also used the Trapezium rules for equations that
we are unable to integrate easily!
