1

The straight conductor PQ is moved towards the left with

CHMHSS POOKOLATHUR a constant velocity v
→ perpendicular to a uniform
→
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION magnetic field B . PQRS forms a closed circuit enclosing
Magne c ux an area that changes as PQ moves.
Let the length SQ = x RS = l . The magnetic
Magnetic flux is the total number of magnetic field lines
flux linked with loop PQRS will be,
passing perpendicular to the given surface area.
→ → ϕ = BAcosθ
Magnet ic f lu x, ϕ = B ∙ A but A = l x a n d θ = 0o
In scalar for m, ϕ = BAcosθ ∴ ϕ = Bl x
Here B is the magnetic field, A is the area and θ is the Since x is changing with time the rate of change of flux
angle by which the area vector makes with the direction of will induce an emf given by,
magnetic field. dϕ d dx
The unit of magnetic flux is weber in SI and Maxwell in ϵ=− = − (Bl x) = − Bl
C.G.S. dt dt dt
dx
Faraday’s laws of electromagne c induc on But = − v, th e velocit y of th e rod PQ
First law dt
Whenever the magne c ux linked with a circuit changes, ∴ ϵ = − Bl(−v) = Blv
an emf is induced in the circuit. This induced emf lasts so Fleming’s right hand rule
long as the magne c ux changes. Stretch the fore finger, central finger and thumb of the
Second law right hand in mutually perpendicular direction. If the fore
The magnitude of the induced emf in the circuit is directly finger points along the direction of field and the thumb
points along the direction of motion, then the central
propor onal to the rate of change magne c ux linked
finger points the direction of induced emf and current.
with that circuit. SELF INDUCTION
Mathematically Faraday’s law can be explained as given Self induction can be defined as the phenomenon of
below, production of opposing emf in a circuit due to the change
If dϕ is the change in magnetic flux in a time dt seconds, in current in the same circuit. Self induced emf is also
dϕ called back emf as it opposes any change in current in a
th en, in duced em f, ϵ∝
dt circuit.
dϕ Coe cient of self induc on
or ϵ=k
dt
Let I be the strength of current flowing through the coil at
Here k is the proportionality constant. The unit of any time and Φ be the amount magnetic flux linked with
magnetic flux is so chosen that the constant k is equal to the coil at that time.
one. Mathematically this can be written as,
dϕ ϕ∝I
so, i n d u ced em f ϵ = or ϕ = LI
dt
Lenz’s law of electromagne c induc on Here L is a constant called self inductance or coefficient
Lenz’s law states that the direc on of induced emf is such of self induction of the coil. Its unit is weber/ampere or
that it tends to produce a current which opposes the henry (H)
change in magne c ux that produced it. (The self inductance is also called the electrical inertia of
dϕ the coil or the circuit)
ϵ=− Expression for induced emf
dt
We know that induced emf produced in the inductor,
Lenz’s law - energy conserva on
dϕ
According to Lenz’s law the direction of induced current ϵ=−
is such that it always opposes the causes of flux change. dt
So work has to be done against this opposition. This work But ϕ = L I
or mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. dϕ dI
Mo onal emf ∴ ϵ=− =−L
dt dt
P Self inductance of a solenoid
R M Consider an air cored solenoid of length l, cross sectional
area A and total number of turns, N. Let I be the current
flowing through the windings.
l v The magnetic field inside the solenoid,B = μo n I
Here n is the number of turns per unit length
B
S N Then, the magnetic flux linked with a single turn of the
x solenoid ϕ1 = BA
Q
There fore the magnetic flux linked with the entire
s o l e n o i d ,
ϕ = BA N = μo n I A N ⋯⋯[1]
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 2
We have the relation between ϕ and L as, growth current through it. Let I be the current at any
ϕ = L I⋯⋯⋯[2] instant, then induced emf produced in the inductor,
Comparing (1) and (2), L I = μo n I A N dI
ϵ =−L
But N = nl dt
∴ L = μo n 2 Al Since this emf opposes the growth of current, the source
If the inside of the solenoid is filled with a material of of emf has to do work in sending current through the
relative permeability µr, then, circuit. This work done against the back emf in a short
∴ L = μo μr n2 Al time dt is dW = − ϵ dq

[ dt ]
Mutual induc on dI dI
d W = − −L dq = L ∙ I dt
Mutual induction can be defined as the phenomenon of dt
production of an opposing emf in a circuit due to the
change in current in the neighboring circuit. d W = L Id I
Coe cient of mutual induc on Hence the total work done, when the current grows from 0
The magnetic flux linking with the secondary coil is to Io is
Io Io Io
directly proportional to the current in flowing through the

[ 2 ]
LI2
∫ ∫
primary coil. W = d W = L Id I =
ϕs ∝ Ip or ϕs = MIp
0 0 0
Here M is called co-efficient of mutual induction.
1
Mutual inductance between two long co-axial W = L Io2
solenoids 2
This work done is stored in the form of energy,
P Sol- 1 1 2
potent ial energ y, U = L Io
2
Sol- 2 This energy resides in the inductor in the form of
I2 magnetic field.
A2 Energy density (u)
I1 Q Energy density of a medium is the energy stored per unit
A1 volume. Consider a solenoid of inductance L. Let l be the
length of the solenoid and A, the area of cross-section.
l Then
en erg y
Consider a long air cored solenoid Q of cross-sectional En erg y d en sit y =
area A2 and number of turns N2 carrying a current I2. A volu m e
secondary coil P of cross-sectional area A1 and number of 1 2
turns N1 is wound over the coil Q. Let I1 be the current en erg y, U = LI a n d L = μo n 2 Al
through the coil P. Let the length of the solenoids be l . 2 o
The flux on Q due to P is given by,
1
ϕ21 = M21I1⋯⋯⋯[1] U= μo n 2 Al Io2
But ϕ21 = B1 A2 N2 2
Here B1is th e m agnet ic f ield on coil Q due to coil P volu m e of th e solen oi d = Al
B1 = μo n1I1 1 1 1
∴ ϕ21 = μo n1I1 A2 N2⋯⋯⋯[2] ∴ u = μo n 2 Al Io2 ∙ = μo n 2 Io2
2 Al 2
compar ing [1]a n d [2] M21I1 = μo n1I1 A2 N2
or M21 = μo n1 A2 N2 μo2 n 2 Io2 B2
or M21 = μo n1n 2 A2l (N2 = n 2l ) u= =
2μo 2μo
Similarly the flux on P due to Q is
ϕ12 = M12 I2
But ϕ12 = B2 A2 N1
Here B2is th e m agnet ic f ield on coil P due to coil Q
B2 = μo n 2 I2
∴ ϕ12 = μo n 2 I2 A2 N1⋯⋯⋯[4]
compar ing [3]a n d [4] M12 I2 = μo n 2 I2 A2 N1
or M12 = μo n 2 A2 N1
or M12 = μo n 2 n1 A2l (N1 = n1l)
ie M12 = M21
Energy stored in an inductor
Consider a source of emf, E is connected to an inductor of
self inductance L. As the current starts growing, an
induced emf is set up in the inductor which opposes the
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