Republic of Turkey
Aydın Adnan Menderes University
Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
The Navier-stokes Equation
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ASKER
Objectives
Understand how the differential
equation of conservation of mass
and the differential linear
momentum equation are derived
and applied
INTRODUCTION
The control volume technique is useful when we are interested in the overall
features of a flow, such as mass flow rate into and out of the control volume or
net forces applied to bodies.
Differential analysis, on the other hand, involves application of differential
equations of fluid motion to any and every point in the flow field over a region
called the flow domain.
Boundary conditions for the variables must be specified at all boundaries of the
flow domain, including inlets, outlets, and walls. If the flow is unsteady, we must
march our solution along in time as the flow field changes.
(a) In control volume analysis, the interior of the control volume is treated like
a black box, but (b) in differential analysis, all the details of the flow are
solved at every point within the flow domain.
There are three basic differential equations of fluid motion, just derived. Let
us summarize them here:
Conservation of Mass-the Continuity Equation
Conservation of Mass for a CV
The net rate of change of mass within the control volume is equal to
the rate at which mass flows into the control volume minus the rate at
which mass flows out of the control volume.
Continuity equation
This equation is the compressible form of the continuity equation since we
have not assumed incompressible flow.
It is valid at any point in the flow domain.
Continuity equation in Cartesian
coordinates:
Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates
Velocity components and unit vectors in cylindrical coordinates: (a)
two-dimensional flow in the xy- or r-plane, (b) three-dimensional flow.
Special Cases of the Continuity Equation
𝝏
Special Case 1: Steady Compressible Flow =𝟎
𝛛𝒕
Steady continuity equation:
Special Case 2: Steady Incompressible Flow
Incompressible continuity equation:
Incompressible continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates:
Incompressible continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates:
The continuity equation can be used to find a missing
velocity component.
Derivation Using Newton’s Second Law (Equation of Motion)
By Newton’s second law applied to a material element of fluid
to obtain a force, we must multiply
each stress component by the surface
area of the face on which it acts
Sketch illustrating the surface forces acting in the x-direction due to the
appropriate stress tensor component on each face of the differential
control volume; the blue dots indicate the center of each face.
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Thus, in the x-direction, the body force on the control volume is
for the net surface force acting on the differential fluid element in the x-
direction,
Substituting these both Equations into Eq. 9–49 and dividing by dx dy dz, we
once again generate the alternative form of Cauchy’s equation
Eq. 9–49
After some rearrangement we obtain the differential form of the x-momentum
equation,
alternative form of Cauchy’s
equation
has dimensions of force per unit area.
In Cartesian coordinates, the three components of
Cauchy’s equation are
If the differential fluid element
is a material element, it moves
with the flow and Newton’s
second law applies directly.
9-5 THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION
The first thing we do is separate the pressure stresses and the viscous
stresses. When a fluid is at rest, the only stress acting at any surface of
any fluid element is the local hydrostatic pressure P, which always acts
inward and normal to the surface
stress tensor
When a fluid is moving, pressure still acts inwardly normal, but viscous stresses
may also exist
Eq. 9–53
ij, called the viscous stress tensor or the deviatoric
stress tensor
Mechanical pressure is the mean normal stress acting
inwardly on a fluid element.
For fluids at rest, the only stress on a
fluid element is the hydrostatic
pressure, which always acts inward
and normal to any surface.
Newtonian versus Non-Newtonian Fluids
Rheology: The study of the deformation of flowing fluids.
Newtonian fluids: Fluids for which the shear stress is linearly
proportional to the shear strain rate.
Non Newtonian fluids: Fluids for which the shear stress is not
linearly related to the shear strain rate.
Viscoelastic: A fluid that returns (either fully or partially) to its
original shape after the applied stress is released.
Some non-Newtonian fluids are called shear thinning fluids or
pseudoplastic fluids, because the more the fluid is sheared, the
less viscous it becomes.
Plastic fluids are those in which the shear thinning effect is
extreme.
Rheological behavior of fluids—shear
stress as a function of shear strain rate.
In some fluids a finite stress called the yield stress is required before the fluid begins to flow at all;
such fluids are called Bingham plastic fluids.
Derivation of the Navier–Stokes Equation for Incompressible, Isothermal Flow
we limit our discussion to Newtonian fluids, where by definition the stress tensor is linearly
proportional to the strain rate tensor.
The incompressible flow approximation implies constant density,
and the isothermal approximation implies constant viscosity.
Viscous stress tensor for an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant
properties:
In Cartesian coordinates the stress tensor of Eq. 9–53 thus becomes
Eq. 9–56
Eq. 9–57 into the three Cartesian components of Cauchy’s equation. Let’s consider the
x-component first. Equation 9–51a becomes
where
After some clever rearrangement of the viscous terms in Eq. 9–58,
This term is zero because of the continuity the Laplacian of velocity component
equation for incompressible flow u in Catesian coordinates
The Laplacian operator, shown here in both
Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates, appears in the
viscous term of the incompressible Navier–Stokes
equation.
the x-component of the momentum equation as
Similarly, the y- and z-components of the momentum equation reduce
The Navier–Stokes equation is the
cornerstone of fluid mechanics.
Combine the three components into one vector equation; the result is the Navier-
Stokes equation for incompressible flow with constant viscosity.
Incompressible Navier–Stokes equation:
9-60
➢ The Navier–Stokes equation is an unsteady, nonlinear, second order, partial
differential equation.
➢ Equation 9-60 has four unknowns (three velocity components and pressure), yet
it represents only three equations (three components since it is a vector equation).
Obviously we need another equation to make the problem solvable. The
fourth equation is the incompressible continuity equation
Incompressible continuity equation: (Eq. 9-16)
Incompressible Navier–Stokes equation:
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations in Cartesian Coordinates
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates
An alternative form for
the first two viscous
terms in the r- and -
components of the
Navier–Stokes equation.
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9-6 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW PROBLEMS
There are two types of problems for which the differential equations (continuity and
Navier–Stokes) are useful:
• Calculating the pressure field for a known velocity field
• Calculating both the velocity and pressure fields for a flow of known geometry
and known boundary conditions
A general three-dimensional but incompressible flow
field with constant properties requires four equations
to solve for four unknowns.
Calculation of the Pressure Field for a Known Velocity Field
The first set of examples involves calculation of the pressure field for a known
velocity field.
Since pressure does not appear in the continuity equation, we can theoretically
generate a velocity field based solely on conservation of mass.
However, since velocity appears in both the continuity equation and the Navier–
Stokes equation, these two equations are coupled.
For a two-dimensional flow
field in the xy-plane, cross-
differentiation reveals
whether pressure P is a
smooth function.
