EA VA Part |: Themes in Indian History Bricks, Beads and Bones The Harappan Civilisation CHAPTER ple number of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) will help you prepare in CUET Examinations. DTA i Timeline of Harappa ‘eal found at Priest God this time Iida found Tis time period is considered as Before Common Era Common Era Harappan Civilisation Period The Indus Valley Civilisation Harappan Cuture ‘a 3 _ Tems Place E ney 4 cute + Alghanistan « Jammu + Baluchistan « Gujarat _ 6. 2600-1900 BOE Grupotabets distinctive __, In case of Harappa these distinctive objects i include— «Seals Beads» Weights © Blades » Stone» Baked Bricks 1, BEGINNINGS 2. SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES Harappan Culture is Divided in Three Parts = as — 7X; ae tre Mature Hrappan Cute Later Cuture 1 2600-1900 BCE 1900-1300 BCEee 20 Pagether with History—12 Common Subsistence Strategies Harappans ate a wide range of Grains - ~y “These wer studied by These were Stutied by Wheat + 5 Batley chase zoos archaco botnss ee ' Specialist in ancient ee _rooarehaeologsts plant remains a iets > found in Gujarat ice Rarely founded Bones offs Leaman and fo are found * Wild species such as Boar, deer and gharial are also found. * (Jungle Hens) * rma were domesticated by Harappan. ‘Agricutural Technologies e 7 ‘ Y Pioushing Ploughed Harvesting syn Models Field Tools : 4 ' ' ‘rom Seals nd teracota model we get Archaeologists have aso found ‘rchaeloi's have ied to dently Most Harappan Stet ‘ow evidence of ploughed field at the tools used forharvesting. axe located at semi- + O1en were used for pouting Felangan (jase) assocated wih Forexample—» Wooden handles aiands, where © Terazota Modes ofthe Pough ty Harapanieve's. / Metal Tools inigation was probat have been fund atte sitesi Te ld ad two ses of furows at : requied fr irigator Cholstan and at Banawal (Haryana) Fight angels to each ote, svopestng sone fatto dierent crops Wee gown together eg (Muti roping Pattern) folowed by thea 90" Anges ‘+ Taces of Canals found at the harappan site of Shotughal (Afghanistan) «Water Reseriors were used to store water for Agriculture. They were found at Oholavira (Gujarat) Water drawn from well to use in Agrcutre. 3. MOHENJODARO-A PLANNED URBAN CENTRE ‘A Planned Urban Centre po ee Citadel Lower Town ' ' + Smaller but higher + Larger but Lower oe pe ee ere + Several buildings were bul on platforms, were constructed on mud brick platforms Kremer teeta «It was fortified (walled) ‘= Mobilising labour on a very large scaleBricks, Beads and Bones 21 «nce patos were in Pace, al ulting actly win the cy was estcted to a hed area on platforms sossters wa ft ned ard hen impomere according Signs of Planning Laying out Domestic drains Architecture 7 t + ato of Bcks sine Rao oF Bs sed in ulding + Cueiy planed dang system» Rsietalbungs we cere on ‘+ Most distinctive features of Harappan ‘a courtyard, with rooms on alsides.. | Siisin Houses had double storey. 29, 3 ‘+ Roads and Stets were lad out in a . lng an breadth = 2 x heh “id pater’ Tey itrsete each peo i ter at the right angles, o Rooms Grd giktis 5 . ooo 0 es 20" Aol + Courtyard used for all kind of ao +t seems tat stats wt dans were tee oO laid out fst and then houses were Fre ht an oy eral ferpertteg + Thewals ong the ground ee ‘ a es 10 window. “+ Wol were ther in every house in ‘outer courtyard to be use by the passers-by also Anes 700 wells found in Mohenjodaro « Nein entrance does not give the dect view of interior or courtyard « Same houses were having staircase to reach at second storey The Citadel Upper Area or Mound + The Citadel had certain wi ings that were most likely used for special public purposes ‘AWarehouse The Great Bath + Itvas a building or massive (big) twas a great rectangular tank ina courtyard that was surrounded by corridor onal four sides structure of which the lower brick «There were two fights of steps leading into the tank, which was made watertight by setting Potions remained, while the upper bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum. Fortons probably of wood, decayed ‘There were rooms on thee sides, in one of which was a large well ofl the poo! with water. org ago + After Periodic cleaning ofthe tank, the water was discharged into a huge drain. + stoans belive that it was used ACtosSalaneto the north ay a smaller bulding with 8 bathrooms, 4 on each side of corridor ‘0 store grains with drains that ran along the condor. F « Historians believe that t was meant for some kind of Special ual bathDe 22 Fogether ewieh® History—I2 4, TRACKING SOCIAL DIFFERENCES Tracking Social Differences poet Artefacts oe Burials + {In Harappan sites, people generally buried the dead in pits. Differences in the way the burial pit was ‘made indicate social diferences in the Harappan Society. Evidences of pottery and ornaments hhave been found in some graves. These findings indicate that the Harappans believed inthe After (Lite After death) Some deadbodies are buried with ‘copper mirors, microbeads, shel rings etc, Usitarian ’ + Means daily used objects. throughout setlements é 5, FINDING OUT ABOUT CRAFT PRODUCTION (Craft Production Chanhudaro was exclusively devoted to craft production, including bead-making, weight-making, Evidences of raw materials such as stone nodule whole shells, co archaeologists to identify centres of craft production. Specialised dil ‘+ Tincludes quems, pottery, needles et. ‘= These Objects found distributed 6, STRATEGIES FOR PROCURING MATERIALS pper ore, tools, unfinished objects and waste material hel is found in Chanhudaro, Lothal and Dholavira | wares ' These are rarely found object. Made from costly matea/technology Eg. Pots of faience - dificult to mate wit Slice and gun. Rarely found in smaller setlements, i) found nol big Harappansetlement) jg, Gold Jewellery ~ Recovered fron) Hoards*, *Hoards-Objects kept carefully by peopl, often inside containers such as pots Ex. jewellery and other precious metals a objects. | shell-cuting metal-working, seal-making a Cratt Production | y ‘ y + Crafts ‘Raw material Procuring material ’ ' 1 © Bead-makinc ‘Stone nodules ‘© Shell (Nageshwar and Balakol) a = Shel-cutting © Whole shells ‘© Copper (Oman) + Mela-working + Copper ore ‘© Lapis Lazuli (Shortughai) + Weight-making + Tools ‘© Carnelian (Bharuch) © Seal-making ‘© Unfinished objects ‘© Steatite (Rajasthan and Gujarat) ——$—— ae ‘© Reject and waste material © Metal (Rajasthan) + Contacts with Dilmun, Magan (Oman) and Meluhha Procuring Materials Harappan contact with regions named Dilmun, Oman and Meluhha is written in Mesopotamian text. + Seals, weight, dice and beads were used for long distance tradeBricks, Beads and Bones 23 Oman [a SEE 7 1 7 1 Chemical ar -( covet cae aaes Onan) Taos fort Lage | ASolnow!) Ont suhzaton)_Cormuncaons fe show, aces of Nice, caine, (Susan im diiyaial bysea as (Suogesting a commen ign) Sammnnreeesn peninsula Molutha Dilmun ‘the island of Bahrain or i@efaslendot find depictions of ships Cametan, Lai Lani, eile setrrs__andboais onseals Copper Gold and vaetes Le ‘of wood found here —— 7, SEALS, SCRIPT AND WEIGHTS Seals, Script, Weights of the Harappan Civilisation oO 7 Seal and Sealings Script —— + 1 : ‘+ used to facilitate communication Undeciphered © Regulated Exchange through a precise '« Gonveyed the identity of sender, i.e. Pictographic. system of weight Made of stones called Chert Generally Cubical wth no markings Found on artefacts Lower denomination-Binary Most inscriptions were short, longest Higher denomination followed the tan - 26 signs decimal system 375-400 signs \Witen Right to lett name and tie of the owner fala 8, ANCIENT AUTHORITY «Some archaeologists are of the opinion that the Harappan Society had no rulers, whereas others feel that there was no single ruler but several rulers. 9, THE END OF THE CIVILISATION End of Civilisation —— Causes ofthe disappearance of Harappan Culture “The End of ilisaonis evidenced by t y y + y y + Techniques, Disappearance Decline and Shift from Outdated ShiftinDrying Climate feteirated of seals, scrigts, abandonment of standardised upotrvers change : wiiwauaae = dstinctive beads cites ‘weight system ‘andpatery © “tothe use of local weights24 Pagether eaith® History—12 10. DISCOVERING THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATIONS Cunningham's Confusion + First Director General of the ASI + His main interest was in archaeology of the Early Historic period and later period Confusion #1 Cunningham considered Harap )pan period and used the accounts left by Chit i iho had visited the subcontint between the fourth and seventh century CE to locate early py sha Reta Contusion #2 ne of the Englishman handover Harappan seal to him but he did not realise how old these ‘Artefacts were. He unsuccessfully ti to place it within the time-frame with which he was familiar. Daya Ram Sahni + Seals were discovered at Harappa in the Early de + [twas then that their significance began to be realised. Banerji: He found similar seals at Mohenjodaro leading to the conjecture tha aes ofthe 20th century by archaeologists such as Daya Ram Sahni. Rakhal Da: t these Sites were part of a sing archaeological culture John Marshall: In 1924 John Marshall announc «He was Director-General ofthe ASI. «He was keen to know the pattern of everyday If, «| Tended to excavate along regular horizontal units but he ignored stratigraphy ofthe sit. “The Story of Indian Archaeology” noted Marshall ltt Inia 3000 years older than hhe had found here. ‘ed the discovery of @ new Civilisation in the Indus valley to the world SN. Roy: In his book fe rectified all problems after he took over as Director General of ASI in 1944 REM. Wheel «He was Ex-Army Brigadior «He followed stratigraphy of the mound rather than digging mechanically along uniform horizontal lines, he brought his militar precision. 11. PROBLEMS OF PIECING TOGETHER THE PAST Attempts to Reconstruct Religious beliefs t { } t { | | Cece sree Figurines Priest-king Fire Altars and Plant motifs, Some conical eae reimoala) Ges fogs,, Ges bai nd unicorn seemed stone may be ost ir Lae seta sir ees, Ua hte ad be ee symbol of Shiva heaviy Jeweled Terracotta Goddess. ‘ Women figurines —QAR Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States and Economies (c. 600 pce - 600 CE) CHAPTER » will help you prepare i (CUET Examinations. AAR ns (MCQS) ‘ple number of Multiple Choice Que 1. PRINSEP oe Knarosbi > Merton about pits Peasant bed) James Prinsop —> Serils Asila (Garson of Onno) \ sc | 2, THE EARLIEST STATES i Mahojonapades | r + q ¥ Y 5 Generally raja maintains Alwere raids-legitimate means eo = = soa ‘tagadha, Koshala, Tala, etc. ‘States developed standing army ceneenanna for protection " ‘Magadha: | | r y 7 y ¥ + Important Captal Regi isha), ements for Ganga and Effective agriculture Capital afterwards Nataanapada armies tributaries means of stitted om Regi to a House of the King ‘communication ataliputra (Patna) | 3. AN EARLY EMPIRE Ashokan Empire bo eereed ete a oe Dhamma ‘Sources — —— Principles include obey elders, Inscpins on Accounts of -——_—Record of Charaka Asoka fist inscive (med Megastenes __rthastasta ‘on pilars respectlaws, geneosty ova brahmanas, love towards ration.“Administration Source (Explained by Mogasthenes) {Ambassador of Chandragupta Maurya) 4, NEW NOTIONS OF KINGSHIP. Kings, F + Taxla, Patalipta, Ujjayinl, Suvarnagi “> 4c Collectively administered cles + Ujini and Tata (lang distance trade routes) + Suvarnagi— Gold Mines + Subcommities: Navy, Transport & Provisions, Horses, Chariots, Elephants, Foot soldiers ‘Chiefs and Kings Tamilakam (Andra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) | Saatans Chiets Chietdoms. + + Ruled over western over Man ; ¥ ¥ and central ina ‘ Postion may or may not be {tis an organisation which 4x Cholas {ind ¢ 8C€) rereary {is created by chief withits. 4 Cheras. —_ Seen in or knfo “ke Pandas Divine Kings. Kushana Rulers 200years (1 Ruled Central Asiato Source Farmers and Towns ‘4 Communication along both land and riverine routes. Colossal statues Kushana century BCE northwest india texualtradtons 4 Mat near 4 gottke century CE) + inscriptions Mathura “x deveputra —— ¥ coins * Agha ne Je sculpture Inspired by Chinese oe Sons of heaven t 1 v Source Fourth century Depend upon = ‘e maintained through contol overland “¥ military support to king ‘te Weak rulers feared ssamantas could become kings vs + Prashasts (Praise of kings) oom i ‘Allahabad pillar insriion Composed in Sanskt ‘Composed by Harshena People of central Asian Kingdoms in north-western40 Pegethcr wth? History—12 5. A CHANGING COUNTRYSIDE = Gandatindu daiaka | Wicked kings + King went disguised 4 Subjects cursed him for robbery Panchatonra atias Paly —! sx Poop escaped int forests “strategies for Increasing Product + + + sinweeeaigiaice Plough share used Inigation Transplantation “sia rai : Back-breaking work ji ‘Tanks, wells, ack-t cing we aes i sataa a cas moll |& Kaveri Differences in Rural Society (Different classes in Rural Society according to their status) \ 1 Gahapati (Pal word) Ditlarentcategork J Landiess Small Large Owner or Master — Control over women, > Vellalar agricutural peasants —_Landholders of household slave, children oe Ushavar labourers ' 3 acimai Control over other q cutivators Land Grants are record of Prabhavati Gupta ‘ransactons to those who | rece the ands é aes daughter of Chandragupta I (C. 375-415 Land Grants Mostyn Saset CCE) maried in Vakatakas (Deccan) (On stone or copper plates a Sanskit Tet: Women Exceptional ‘at supposed to have + Prabavati had access to land which independent access to land she then granted 4% Provisions of legal text were not Uniformly implemented4a Kings, Farmers and Towns 6 TOWNS AND TRADES 4 Gifts to reigious instintéon 1 +% ‘Name & occupation of nor mentioned % Telus about people who lve in towns, peated wit routes of communication Astetacs: ‘xe Peaiputte (Riverine route) ‘% Fine pottery Bovis & dishes with gossy frish, ‘4e Organisation of craft ee Ujayii (Land Routes) enovm 2s ‘Northem Black Polished Ware’ Producers & Merchants ‘ex Puhar (near the coast) Used by Rich People % They: 4. Mahura (commercial, cutwa,potical % Omaments, vessels, figurines, tools, weapons made + Procured Raw Matera eciviy) of Gold, Siver, Copper, Bronze, Ivory, Shell, Glass, ‘© Regulated production Terzctta (Burt cy) + Marte frished production [> Cental Asia (Overtand) > Overseas. >= _g, % ArabianSea Aca = China ~ i West Asia ‘Bay of Bengal Le otecion > HY Rulers to conto he roves oma’ + offering protection fora price, Coins & Kings 1 ! 7 y y + 7 Indo-Greek coins Kushana coins Romancoins —_Yaudheya Coins Gupta coins ’ ' ’ ’ ye + Siver and copper First coins to bear Firstgold coins 4 Hoards found ‘¥ Punjab & 4 Issued gold 4 Sih Century BCE names & images of (IstCentury CE) in south india Haryana coins 4 Eatfest to be Minted = UE'S. + Identical inweight (which isnot part ze 1 Century CE Remarkable and Used + Established contol of coins issued of Romans) % Copper coins for purity I «ese cores ver north-western byroman and * ‘Tadeconfirmed 4 Participation ‘4c Faciliate long a part tian rule ‘within poltical in economic distance e commercial partian rulers : Peis + I century BCE. boundary exchanges. ‘transaction 7. BACK TO BASICS "How are Inscriptions deciphered? Brahmi Kharosthi y Y +% ‘Modem script derived from Brahm 4 Indo-Greek coins contain name of European scholars aided by Indian Greek and Kharosthi scripts Pandas ‘ze European scholars compared letters * Compare Bengal, Devanagari with % He identified tas Prakst Brahmi * Some ttinkt was Sanskrit, Prakrt. 'tvesgations by James Pinsep, 1838. 8. THE LIMITATIONS OF INSCRIPTIONAL EVIDENCE Limitations of Inscriptions 1 + Technical imitations « letters fainted «= ‘eters damaged ‘© missing + Not easy to be sure of exact meaning Not sll deciphered ¥ Not survivedA A Kinship, Caste and Class CHAPTER Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) ote: Ample number of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) will help you prepare in CUET Examinations. a ANA \ |, THE CRITICAL EDITION OF THE MAHABHARATA Mahabharata ' «+ The cet theme is revolved around two cousins, Pandavas and Kavravas «The story of prolonged war between two forthe sake of property and hove «eran sections in the epic laid down rules of behaviour for dtferent, ‘dl Variations ‘+ More than half of the 13000 Pages of variations '* documented in footnotes and appendices «reflective of complex processes + 100,000 Verses One ofthe chest tos of the subcontinent omposed ove period of 1000 years Critical Edition of Mahabharata/V $ Sukthankar | ' In 1919, a noted Indian Sanchriist VS Sukthankar along with team of scholars Undertook ask of preparing a significant copy of Mahabharata. Sanslittextas a source verses from Pali, Paki and Tam also used i HANDLING TEXTS HISTORIANS AND THE MAHABHARATA Language + Sankt * Sper than in Vedas and Prashasts. ‘+ Generally meant for priests and elites It gives the teachings, always the moral lessons i, Social norms (purpose of instruction) Didactic Content“ Tapes act? History—12 Dates , om 41 + Addo Bans AONE S t © Exit was 10000 Vers Original story poe ‘amps abrut TOL Vases iz +_Ribseto en yest Coton knw as Sas Receatyee " «accompanied Kshatija 0 Ee Kes ad ‘The Search for Convergence Batt L sophia tng is 1 + cmpnsed pms ce 1851-12 8S Lal archangel eer excavated Hastranar, Meet S = 7. DYNAMIC TEXT Houses in different phases —— Dynamic Text m [Link] iC BCE ! 4 © No Geinte Pins of + Houses of Mut «Did not stop even wit Sansit version poases Bick + But Bok «Verse in variety of languages + WalsofMtudandmad ‘+ Soakage Jas Cerial point was retold manytines bias + Bick orins 7 provided wide range of themes to perforing 2 readual pissed over + Teracata ing-vels as wom La ~ 2. KINSHIP AND MARRIAGE RULES Finding out about families The Ideal of Patriliny i + it tere were no sn of father then antes» T-tree Carnal i od Rea Se aes + «Brothers succeeded aS patina succession» Women succeeded lke Prabhavat Gupta (excepto) ‘Adi Parvan-Reason behind conflict of Kaurvas & Pandavas «+ Kearavas sons of Darasira—> he was abind King 2 pancaves wer thar cousins as Pandu waste Brother of Darastra 1 SEtesore tng because Dts had ro eyesight ter remature det of Pandu,Dvtarastra become king . Kec snesor top Oasi bebe cane ft spe he eS (Curyochana wes the elder sone rerasttr2) «Pans was not dead then Yuta could have become king Karavas and Pandavas then fought fo crownship Rules of Marriage “Types of Mariage ose i i Menage whi aed! Exogamy Marriage Polyayny Raia tema aty outside the kn was Man having sever eral husbands desirable in society wives @ scanned with OKEN ScannerKinship, Caste and Class. 55 Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras Eight types of Marriage ' 1 «+ Formias oregon Brahma Vvah {st most important of Brahamanical Tx (200 BC. and 200 CE) © DaivaViveh 1 eartto be flowed by Brahmanas ave Sook thas gen eight fos of mariage Citra + Satur were esters good + jaa Vi cpt our were not desirable + Asura Viva ese were pracsed ty those who didnot accep Brahmanical norms ++ GanchanaVivch — —e + Rakshasa Viah + Paseca Vvah Marriage & Social Practices Matriny otra ‘System in which descendant raced through meta instead «+ Named attera Vedic Saint / Seer ‘Some goa descendants of same sant «Women gave up the father's gota after her manages © Nomariage within same gotras of paternal ines ‘+ Examples of kings & chiefs who folowed Matin: e.g, Rala Goa Puta Sir Satakari, Raja Gotami Puta Sami Si Via Satakari ‘Do mothers important? ‘© Satavahanas folowed Metronymics ie, name derived from mother ‘+ Only using mother’s name with names but succession was, Patlieal eg: - King -> his son wll beeome net king and so on 3, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES: WITHIN AND BEYOND THE FRAMEWORK OF CASTE Social Differences t + Caste: set of hierarchical ordered social category ‘© Ideal order laid down in Dharamasutras & Dharmashastra ‘© Positions in this order determined by birth ‘+ Italso contain rules about ideal occupation of the varnas. ‘ eas Strategies to Improve Norms of Varna { Assert that Varna was of divine origin + Advice kings to ensure thatthe norms were folowed within ‘heir kingdom ‘© Attempted to persuade people tha ther status was determined by birth Example of Caste System ‘ ‘Adi Parvan of Mahabharat Drona-Guru of Kauravas and Pandavas (Brahman) Aajun (Kuru Prince) kala (OW Cast rom shucra famiy) (Sees + Rese gt + Sus tome + Waae + Anbisteriste + Potpeope + Veen ‘Drona taught archery to kuru princes: He was teacher of Arun He dened to tavoht the same to Ekalavya because he was of ow caste Ealawya acquired the skl of archery by treating a cay state as Drona (Guru) Drona asked him to cut his thumb and then only Drona will teach him Ekalavya unhestaingly cut tof and offered it and now he can not shot that perfectly Drona said ‘No one is better than Arjun’ Because as a Guru he knew that ony Aruna can establish ‘Dharma on Earth3 + kgs cugt teks rand by those who Muster suppart i vas + Thee were sarpls cf nor-shetja kgs and exes in sty, Gneaty Pcl power fesourtes Ths Auing Ineape had ere eng. 1. Mayas background was hoty debated 2 Srungas & Kanvas (successo’s of meuyas) were behmans 5. Stakes (Cerra Asa) regaing as mischathas wer popula mes ‘They were fariar wih Sanghi Tradtors. ucradaman rebut Sucharshan eke (2° 6.09 4, Savahanas clamed tobe brtmanas Gotami-Puta Sir-Stateni + Bestinoun Sztahara niet : + Glamed to be uigu reteraa (eka Bana) and dastoyer ofthe Pride of Kshs i Sat ‘okra eg fag Ys a shaka uerregarded as miechachas. 4 Jatt \ ' fest Soil Category Based on Birth Number of jas noted as Vamas ‘+ Categories which did not tin Vama sysiem, categorised as fats «+ Shared common oceupaton + Benishates, swamataras ‘= sometimes organised into quis or shrenis Duties of the Chandalas Beyond the four Varnas (Manesrit eee eeeee eee ' ; Integration Subordination and conflict ‘+ Lie outside the vilage ] i ; + Use ciscarded utensils and cloth of det 1 : . Notlavedtowaknats and insti ‘+ Popuiation whose social prectices not ‘Untouchables - infuenced by Brabmana «+ Kept away from tational rivals rare mae "4 peed odd, uncivilised, animal ‘Sometimes regarded as Polluting «Had to cap before entering the vilage em ce ce a (FaXian—> Chinese Buddhist ‘© Inciude Nishada, Forest dwellers, . ‘i tea ‘oma Pass, Non Sansa an iareat hom + Executoners and scavengers forced toe ‘Mlechchhas outside the village (Xuan Zang —» Chines? 7 Pilgrim) The Bodhisatia as a Chandala ‘+ Metanga Jataa (Chandal's son) ' M 4 Mand ] + Once encountedDitha Mangita, dughir of Merchant landavya Kumara (itha and Matanga's son) | ‘Shea tt te ha sein apis * Heleamt Vedas and fed 16000 Brahamas every day * One day Matanga cessed in rags, ave at doorsteps to son ] *Herfather gave he to Matanga as se encountered Chanda. + They Returned and ved peacetuily ‘+ Mandavya denied to feed as he Only feed Brahmanas and throw him al Matanca Those who re proud of herbi and are ignorant do nat set its. On the contrary those who ae free rom vices are worthy of fle) — |Kinship, Caste and Class. 57 4, BEYOND BIRTH : RESOURCES & STATUS Only Men have right to inherit Property Women only have access to Stidhana (Women's wealth) could be Inherted by her chien Excoponal -» Pebhavali Gupta nad acess to resources and land, cate, money wich were ‘generally controled by men wor Access to Property | 5, EXPLAINING SOCIAL DIFFERENCES : A SOCIAL CONTRACT ‘Sutta Pitaka Orignally human did not have bodily forms Y Alltve in idl state of peace But gradually every being is greedy, vindictive and deceitful Decided to elect someone not hereditary Who will be called Mahasammata -> Paid with taxes for services he rendered Toremove contlct of equality 5 rimeuine Major Textual Traditions : * ¢, 500 BCE * ¢, 500-200 BCE * c. 500-100 BCE. * c. 500 BCE-400 CE * ¢. 200 BCE-200 CE © ¢. 100CE * c, 200 CE onwards * c. 300 CE * ¢, 300-600 CE * ©, 400-500 CE Ashtadhyayi of Panini, a work on Sanskrit grammar Major Dharmasutras (in Sanskrit) Early Buddhist texts including the Tripitaka (in Pali) Ramayana and Mahabharata (in Sanskrit) Manusmriti (in Sanskrit); composition and compilation of Tamil Sangam literature Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas, works on medicine (in Sanskrit) Compilation of the Puranas (in Sanskrit) Natyashastra of Bharata, a work on dramaturgy (in Sanskrit) ‘Other Dharmashastras (in Sanskrit) Sanskrit plays including the works of Kalidasa; works on astronomy and mathemat by Aryabhata and Varahamihira (in Sanskrit); compilation of Jaina works (in Prakr Major Landmarks in the study of the Mahabharata ‘TWentieth century * 1784 + 1919.66 ston Society (Bengal) Preparation and publication of the Critical Edition of the Mahabharataee | Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) 1. AGLIMPSE OF SANCHI Contribution towards Preserving Stupa — | 7 gfe cere acre eerecaeant Shahiehan Begum Sultan Jehan Begum + ' «19° C Europeans wanted to take Sanchi stupa {Fastem Gateway) to place in Museum of France She denied to tke away stupa Instead prepared plastr-cast copies ‘fgnalreined in Bhopal ‘+ Provided Money for preservation ‘+ Funded the Museum ‘+ Funded the publication of volumes ‘© Royal Patronage 2. THE BACKGROUNDS: Mid-first Millennium BCE-the Turning point Emergence of Thinkers ¥ ' y y 1 Trahan ran Kong ain Cina Soorates, Plato and Arist in Greece Mahavira & Gautama Budha in India The Background Veer ee rca Sacrifices Debates ' ’ Eatly Vedic Traction —» Rig Veda (1500-1000 C. BCE) gms in praise of Agi, Indra, Soma ‘Sacrifices for sons, good heatt, long lite ec. Buddhist Texts mention 64 sects or schools of thought Teachers travelled to convince one other Debates - Kutagarashala —» a Hut with Pointed roof Eater sacrifices performed collectively I Philosophers convinced, rivals became their followers Later (1000-500 BCE) Performed by Heads of Household Mahavira or Buddha: They don't falow status determined by fo + Rasuya + Ashvamedha the bithESS 72 Together with? Mlistory—12 pudhist Text) => Prepared rom Pal, Sask Chinese, Tibetan | Tiaka > Three Baskets of Buddha ————_+— _ Minaya Pata ‘Sia Pala ‘Avhihamma Poka t am + ¥ ‘les and regulation oo elt wi wagner teachings f Ba _ Piso mats _ Buddhism travelled | Fataists ( iia } { | steve in faith ‘ive reason of sorrow, nothing tke + tonew regions Sanka and East Ast — toh, Karma-Marg ‘Regional histories of Buddhism Dipvamsa t | (the chronicle afte lon) Matavansa (he Eventing predestined yea chronic) “They i ot bee in fe after death, man, ‘© Pilgrims travelled from China to India ‘Faan bby four elements and at time of death wit my Xuan Zang ‘with these olements 3. BEYOND WORLDLY PLEASURES: THE MESSAGE OF MAHAVIRA Vardhamana Birth Sth Century Preceded by 23 teachers __,_ those who guide men and women (Mahavid) BCE * (Tiethankaras) ‘across the river of existence { Idea of Jainism Five Fows | | ‘« Entire world is animated —» stones, rocks, water ‘etc. have fe ‘© Abstain from killing «© Nonsinjury to lving beings —» central to Jaina Phiiosopty ‘© Abstain from ying ‘Principle of aimsa ‘© Abstain from stealing ‘© Cycle of birth and rebirth shaped though karma © Observe Celibacy + asceticism and penance requted to renounce word through five vows or flowers of Jaina path ‘+ Abstain from Possessing Property Produced a wealth of fiterature in a variety of ‘Sculptures associated with traditions languages, Sania Le adios produced by devotees of jin Tiara ‘The World beyond the Palace Utiaradyayana Sta (Prakrit Tet) describe how Kamnalavati (quality) tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world Not salted by all “Treasures vill not: ‘ a ee Ld Nothing wil go with you | shal also tive like nun without offspring the treasures ‘you from death without dhamma Both of them will renounce world‘Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings 73 4, THE BUDDHA AND THE QUEST FOR ENLIGHTENMENT "The Buddha and the Quest for Enlightenment Haglographies ~———————— pread of Buddhism Importance of } | + Metta (fellow feeling) _ loan of sats ‘Through Contal Asia China, Kore, Japan skates corset t ‘+ Through Sri Lanka across the sea to Myanmar, Watney Thaiand ad indonesia ofthe death of Buddha Buddha Explosure ’ + Name Siddhartha Encounter od man, sick man, a corpse + Sonof chit of Salya clan ‘He ao saw homeless mencicant ‘+ Had sheltered upbringing within he pate + Concluded thatthe end wil be death ‘+ Insulated from the harsh reales of fe ‘+ He decided to adopt the same path + Taught dhamma (Righteous living Pat) «He explored bodily martfiatons too ‘+ Frstjourney into ouside word ‘+ Mediated fr several days and attained enightenment 5, THE TEACHINGS OF THE BUDDHA The Teac the Buddha Buddhist Philosophy ‘Sutta Pitaka (3 Baskets of Buddha) ‘the Worldis transient (anicca) ion —-—_ ‘World is constant changing” ame thought tat he splays his Some thought etd to convince a ne ae supernatural powers peopl through reason ee Sorrows intinsiofiternal = —» Duka Path of moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence 6. FOLLOWERS OF THE BUDDHA Sangha T-1))Ll m1 1 ‘Monks ‘an organisation of Monks, © Women eater not allowed 1 } ‘© Onappeals of Ananda favourite disciple of Buddha women entered ‘Sangha became teachers of ‘founded by body of disciples ‘© They are known as Bhikkhunis —» Mahapajapati Gotami (frst Bhikkhuni) dharma | aiken Teachers of chamma ‘© Consensus was rived through discussions + Emphasis on meta (flow feeling) and Karuna (compassion) iscples lve on alms these ae called bhikthus74 Tagether auth? History—12 * Partot Suita Paka van rahmara over Belles Tiachage ee? nine Butt ‘conversation between Pun + AMomers soci an spit epeice aaa Punna + Named as a Puma > (s/Sie wore) = ' Conversation between Punna and Brahmana «sf this could happen the crocodiles and over belts ‘© Daily had bath in ver . ie sraes woul have gone to Heaven 4 ass at tease ino «port do such musance stead save yop ‘+ Boigves i could wash all hi eerom te cold make him pure “Attracted both men & women to Buddhist teachings | Vinaya Pitaka ules for Monks and Nuns {tthey accept more than that they hag ‘ny Blanket given to ik should They ve on aims and cannot accept Ment test RYE ‘more than three Bowl of food Eee (@ Baskets Tiitaka of Buddha) | 7, STUPAS Important Places of Buddhist life " Stupas Buried rls of Buddha . to mark that he visited the place) Certain places regarded as sacred n © Smal ay aed to stupas also known as + Atained Enightenment —> Bodh Gaya ‘Catyas (word derived from Chita. Funeral Pye) «+ Fist Sermon —> Sarath ——— «+ Atained Nibbana > Kusinagara Birth Place —> Lumbini (Asoka erected a pillar here ‘Why were Stupas Built How were Stupas Built? ‘The Place where relics of Buddha like bodily remains and other Donations objects used by him buried, The mounds were called stupas. + ; ‘© Satavahanas iY Ashokavadana © Guilds tke ivory workers © Bhikknus and Bhikkhunis Bust Tex ‘+ Mentions that Asoka cstbuted res of Buddha to every important towns ‘+ He asked them to make stupas over there ‘+ Ec. Bharhu, Sanchi, Sarath‘Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings 75 Sanskrit word meant ‘heap’ or Mound ‘Worshippers entered trough the easter gateway Walked around te mound ina clockwise decton Kept the mound night while worshipping “They imitate the sun's course through sky ‘The Structure of the Stupas «+ Sei-celar mound o Ear, Anda Balanced round and square shapes) ‘+ oo the Anda was Harmika(Balcony-he stucture which represented the abode of gods) «Yes surmounted by chat or umbrella «+ Raling~ Separated the sacred space from the secular word, Resembled a i Saauetna bamboo and wooden fence ‘© Shah-j-k-Dher in Peshawar, Pakistan 8, “DISCOVERING” STUPAS: THE FATE OF AMARAVATI AND SANCHI { 1 ‘A local king (1796) Colin Mackenzie . Walter Elliot (1854) HH Cole —T er — — ‘© Wanted to build a © Colin Mackenzie ‘* Commissioner of Guntur (Andhra Pradesh) ‘+ Taking slabs seems temple on ruins of Visited the ste ‘© Collected sculpture panels from Amaravati and took ‘suicidal to him ‘Amaravati © found several pieces ‘them to Madras ‘© Seems indefensible ‘© Decided to use the of sculpture ‘© These Marbles known as Eliot Marbles policy stonein the hope that * Made detailed + Discovered Wester gateway remains ‘* Noone allowed to take he could get treasure ravings of bem * Concluded -» Amaravati— the largest and slabs (origi) buried in mound ‘© Buthis reports have Magnificient Buddhist stupa ‘© just can take the ‘never published plaster-cast copies ‘+ In 1850, slabs from Amaravat taken to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. India office in Madras, London, +The slabs continued to be removed - — Main Reasons: Sanchi Survived but Amaravati not ‘ ‘© Sachi discovered 1818 while Amaravat discovered eatie in 18" Century before scholafs understood the value ofthe findings. ‘* Amaravai's Siabs removed from original places and were taken to other places for Museums but not with Sanchi ‘© The remains of Sanci stl at place. Begums of Bhopal played crucial ole to preserve Sanchi stupa 9, SCULPTURE Stories in Stone ; xs \Vessantara Jataka | Enpy seat (Both Te) stupa Dharam Chakra + Story ofa generous prince + ¥ ‘ «Pine av everyting Brahman Mediation of Buddha Mehapaibbana (vhen someone Fst sermons ot * Historians extrapalated by visualsing sculpture ‘get fee from cycle of ite) Buddha (Sarnath)76 “Tepetes wich? History —19 Popular Traditions Stalabhanjika earmaasa sl Woman surounded by fuses and elephay + Asp LL spin tron worn pertoing és antes Sym + Examples of animals cared en sete) Singing om the ede ot as smbok of human | Popa net oe ews ofHstorans: feel Haren che he Sohn al Maja be Mater of Butta beaten ee we 1 ajlakeh (odes of god forte) i td wit departs ‘+ Many People who tured to ‘Serpent at Sanchi associated wih Butthsm ets win tion = ‘pre-Buddhist and non-Budhist + dames Fergusson _beles, ideas and practices «considered Santo be a cen of tee and : serpent rsp 10. NEW RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS ‘Mahayana Buddhism (Great Vehicle) tinayana Buddhism (Lesser Voice + iol The old way of thinking ‘+ Thenew way of thinking i ‘+ Importance given osteo in achieving nibbana Supports of Mahayana regarded other Bods + Budd atned Nibbana through his cw ers ie Theravada Bodhisatta 1 : , t ‘+ Percieved as compassionate beings who attain nibbana not by ‘lowed ee pat, respected teachers, the theras ower butby ones efforts ‘+ Budcha & Bochsattas were collectively worshipped Growth of Puranic Hinduism —e Y v ‘© Hollowed out of huge rocks as early artificial caves Vaishnavism Shaivism ‘© Garbhagrina — Early temple was a small square room wit ’ y a single doorway for worshipper «Worst vistny + Worship Shira «© Shikhara - Gradual tal structure uit over Cental Sie © 10 Avatars (incarnations) of diety ‘© Symbolised by linga ‘+ Assumed to save the World and sometimes in + trent avatars inciteent regions human fos aso Some temples constructed in 3 Century BCE ‘» Recognising each of local ciety in form of ‘© represent a complex t Vishnu -> More unified religious tradition set of ideas ‘© buit on the Orders of Asoka + Buitforrenouncers who belong to Ajvika Set Puranas + Aivka sect: Mekal Gosala unde) and Fi Bindusara (flower) + Compe by Brahmanas ‘* By about the middle ofthe frst millennium CE, ‘Simple Sanskrit Verse Read aloud to everybody, even to women & shudra(OO ees SS pat Hi: Thames in Indian History | 5 of Travellers Through the Eye c Perceptions of Society HAPTER (c. Tenth to Seventeenth Century) AAA 1. AL-BIRUNI AND THE KITAB-UL-HIND AL-Birunl = i a f + + About him ‘AL-Birun''s famous Book Language Known | Kitab-ul-Hind | ' «Write in Arabi anqvage + Wel versed in ferent language ike Syl, Arabic, Persian, Hebrew, Sanskrit etc «Birth Paco: Khwariam prosent-ay nbokistan ‘eSinple & voluminous tet «© §n 1017, Sutan Malmud invaded «Book is ivded in 80 chapters on difforent Knwarzm, ho took several scholars subjets such 2s Region & Pilosonhy. ‘+ AbBiruni was fair with ‘and poets to Ghazni his capital Festivals, Astronomy, Alchemy, Manners & translations and adaptions of ‘¢AbBiruni was one of them Customs, Social if, Weights & Measures, ‘Sanskrit, Pall & Prakrit texts into Ieonography, Laws & Metrology Arabic «+ He developed his intrest in Inia 4 Heleamt Sanskrit from press on «Each chapter start with question then description studied religious & phitsopical txt based on Sanskit trations ‘+ Atthe end it draws the comparison “© AbBiruni wrote Kita-ul-ind 4, MAKING SENSE OF AN ALIEN WORLD AL-BIRUNI AND THE SANSKRITIC TRADITION AL-Biruni & Indian Society -~ Caste System | To understand the Indian Culture or social life, Al-Biruni faced some Barriers/Probilems Ee! LL 1 Unable to und it f U alt a id ieee Religious Ignorance of Local People / sel To understand Indian Society he reaby ifs & Practices absorption and insularity of Local ‘depended on the works of Brahmanas Population such as Vedas, Puranas, Bhagavad Gita so on‘Through the Eyes of Travellers 89 Caste System «+ Noturiqueto inca ‘ + ooking Praelso other societies, ike ancient Persia divided into four social categories onthe basic of proession (@)_ eights & Princes (b) Monk, fire-prests and lawyers (c)_ Physicians, astnomers and other scientists (0) Peasants & Artisans «Alte sometime, he pointed out that within Islam, allen are considered equal, ditferng ony inthe moral conduct «+ APBiuni disapproved of the nation of Potion (Caste System, lis intinsic to he caste system and corrary tothe aw of nature. «+ Herematked that everyting which fals into a state of Impurity can regan ts purty back. Such as sun cleanses te a, andthe saltin the sea prevents the wate for becoming potted ‘+ He beeved that fe on earth would not have been possible without these phenomenal fact. aS “ania 2. IBN BATTUTA'S RIHLA 5 IBN BATTUTA AND THE EXCITEMENT OF THE UNFAMILIAR Ibn Battuta About him ‘Ibn-Battuta Travel Indian Cities 4 | pel ce in India | ' He led a complete lie while traveling. He ‘Ibn Butta arved in Dehn 14® C. He observed ‘+ [bn Batuta_was a Moroccan © Fravelr born in Tangier into a ‘traveled India inte 10" ceiuy Ina’s contact with Cina i he east to north-east ‘family known for their exgertise n+ ‘hwas the time when travel was hazardous to north-west fica and Europe inthe West. | ‘samc reigious taw or Shara, (Gangerous) was insecure. He found cites in subcontinent densely popuated Sy tis tamous book named as Rihla He attacked by robbers many atime. He —_& Prosperous. Cittes were full of opportunites. was wien by him in Arabic preferred to travel along with comperions ost Bazaars had a mosque anda temple and language. but no guarantee of salty. spaces were marked for pubic performances by + The book provide interesting & ® Duringhisjoumey rom Muitanto Deli, his angers, musicians and singers. Daulatabad was fascinating information about the Caravan was attacked badly. no less than Delhi in size. Most ct had crowded social & cultural fe inthe subcont- [on Bafta excitement about unfair tings streets and bright & colorful markets witha wide rent in 14” century. Two nds of Pat Produce Completely unfa-_vaty of goods «Before coming to nda, bn Batuta ilar tos audience had made pilgimage (‘eigious 1. Coconut Nutsikeman'sHead. Heobserved: | pace) tps to Mecca and tad —* OK occ the dates, witout Gina eeoaaoanl travelled to Syria, faq, Persia, any titferene between two except One dscived Det as alarge cy & with great Yemen, Oman and a fev trading pan sss fats oer potice Tn ppenteciel tess + The Nut of a Coconut Tee resembles a -«*-~Bazaarewerentonlyplacesofeconomicacity man’s head for in it are two eyes and @ ‘but also hub of social and cultural activites. mouth foks like human head + There was a huge rampart (igh thick wall 2, The betel isa tree, culvated inthe same ‘made up of stones) manner as the grapevine; + Inside the rampart were houses for night sentry 4 «Is eaves are used with othe species {asolder who quar abuléng) and gatekeepers 5 + One places these in his mouth & chew and storehouses for storage pupose them. «+ There were twenty-ight gates in the cty which ‘werecaleddarwazas,Someotexamples:Budaun darwaza, Mandwi darwaza, Gul darwaza etc © There was a fine cementry in which graves ether had dames over them or had on arch.90 Fasecher with? History—12 } ‘thn-Battuta ; Two Kinds ‘System of Communication India's Postal System of T¥0 ' = * The State took s i | cal measures to encourage merchants ‘aaa | * {is & Guesthouses: vad rages wee wel sump Wt epg post cle“ sa ieee | + Een Pale tun al horses taboned at theres wel-poulte via, 1 Theprstloemassoctcethatiectats ae abe esareetevey mils cwfsie which ae tree {0 sentinformaton and emt cet actos ong stances pet = ek 3 | 4 Theat ] apna = ‘system was taking fifty days to reach tachat tem Caresrovea | The news reports of spies would each the Suftan through bell ‘the postal system in just five days. S — EI } 3. FRANCOIS BERNIER : A DOCTOR WITH A DIFFERENCE 6, BERNIER AND THE DEGENERATE Easy Francois Bernier = Lord ownership in India t Comparison East & West ‘About Him ; 1 + Francois ke Frenchman + Bernier book Travels i the Mughal Empire ks + Berner projected the Mughal St as marked by detailed observation, critical insights oppressive. was adonmeolicaitiossohy —reletans + He asserted that in Mughal India thee et «+ His accounts contain contrat between the ‘was *Crown ownership’ of land, + ‘Hecame nnd opparuntes "Mughal na with contemporary Europe. Land holders had no ownership rights in Mughal Empire Ihe oer se emphasised on the supeinty of Europe on the land which was harmful bth or ae «He made nda appear tobe inferior tothe land and its people. | + tone ead stem Wor + Berrier’s descritions influenced from (1656 o 1668) in Mughal Lack of Private Property inland was one ofthe ‘western theorists from 18°C. court as a physician of prince {undamental difference between Mughal India and «Even Montesquieu wrote later on same Dara Sukh te eldest son of Europe idea tha subject wera epi po ta Emperor Shah Jehan. + TheFrench pilosopher Montesquieu for instance qitions. and ruler enjoyed ll autho used this account to develop the idea of Oriental despotism" (cruelule)thatenjoyedabsolutepower. 7. WOMEN SLAVES, SATI AND LABOURERS ions of Women Slaves / Sali Artisans & Labourers = ey tr ¥ Sold openly in market, Barner provided detailed He noticed, women were ‘These travellers's According to Berit used generally for description ofthe ‘confined tothe private accounts gives us artisans were de- ‘domestic labour, female practice of Sat. He noted spaces oftheir homes deep knowledge about ining everywhere. labour/ slaves were used some women embrace because their labour was social condition of They were geting forthe service of the death cheerful, others crucial in both agriculture that period but some rmegre wages and Suitan and to keep an eye were forced to de and non-argricuture important aspects ‘no patronage. ‘on nobles (spy work) production. of society remained ‘untouched,SS Bhakti-Sufi Traditions | Beliefs and | Changes in Religious t Devotional Texts (c. Eighth to Eighteenth Century) | CHAPTER Examinations. Note: Ample number of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) will helP You prepare in CUET Examination Early Traditions of Bhakti ‘Sources 4 lious Sructres: Stas & Tels ein rift emu CE the landscape oft subcontinent was dot = teary tgs structs stupas, monastes, es Which Haxowaptios retects certain rigs bles andpractoes ; 1 traditions including puranas, cane Compostion of Poet-Saints int u ‘Textual description like puranas History reconstructed from textual 0 Ai poe sats, composed music of Devaees and Hagoaanhies Biography) 4. AMOSAIC OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES erson, idea or philosophy) Integration of Cults (Region or religious groups devoted to pe Seer te ete v ¥ Features of Early Bhakti Traditions Examples of Intergration ‘of cults: 1 7 Wide range of Gods 1 y «© Most striking feature ofthis «Puraic text were composed, compiled and presented The local goddesses were often pases wide range of Gods & in simple sanskrit verses. inctuded with puranic framework Godesses: ‘e These text were also accessible to women, shudras ‘« Like wife of Principal male deites for «This indicates the worship of who were not alowed earlier. ‘example, sometimes they were equated ‘major deities-Vishnu, Shiva and ‘+ Many beliefs and practices : shaped through with Lakshmi, wife of Vishnu or with goddess ‘combination of Puranic traditions with local tradition Parvati, wife of Shiva (These are called great tradition and little tradition by eee) «© Each of hem ina varity of forms. Robert Redfield in 12° C) Example of minging of uranic + local Tradition is Jagannath Pur temple, Orisa, a local dey, who recognise as aform of Vishnu. Differences and Conflicts y ‘+ Tantric forms of worship was often associated withthe Goddess. ‘Tantric practices were widespread in several parts ofthe subcontinent. The Pracitioners of tis form of worship often ignored dference of caste and class within ritval context. ‘© Itnfuenced Stavism & Buddhism in subcontent ‘+ Conflicts had seen between Vedic Talons and Tan Tradtons those who follow sacrifices and Author of Veda. ‘Even, some devotees often projected ther choosen dety superior.| l 2 POEMS OF PRAYERS EARLY TRADITIONS OF BHAKTI pods became te par of these temples, Early Bhakti Movements ‘vars Nayanars povtes of Vshne Devotees of Shiva { 1 «pat Aas & Nayararstaveld fom one lace io sper by singing hymns (Manta Sons) n Tain prise of ter Gods. «bang etal they dovloped ther temples, these temple boca pigrimage because composions of Bhakti-Sufi Traditions 101 Historions of Religion often classity Bhakti Tradition in two Categories ——!— ‘Saguna with Attributes ‘Nirguna without Attributes 1 ' Bole inspecitc dees suc as Nrguna Bhakti folowers worship of ‘Shiva, Vishnu and his avatars (incarnations) and in forms of Devi , All often shown in Anthropomorhic. (means human form) Alvars and Nayanars —_-—___, Attitude towards Caste System ’ ‘© They denied Caste System «+ They started movements against the Caste System and domination of Brahmanas + "Naleyca Diyaprabhandham” composed by Alvars was described as Tamil Veda «+ They claimed that txt was as significant as the four Vedas in Sanslat that was cherished by Brehmanas ‘Women Devotees + ‘Most Singntcant feature of AWvars and Nayanars were presence of women, + For example —> A composton of Andal a woman ‘Alvar, was widely sung (continue to be sung to dat) ‘Andel saw erst asthe beloved of Vishnu, her verses express he love forthe city. ‘© Another devotee Woman —> Karakkal Ammaiyar, a votes of Shiva ‘© She flowed the path of severe self-discipline (asceticism). Her compostons preserved within the Nayanar tration «Her compostion had given treat o partiarchal norms (control by men) Early Bhakti Traditions | Relations with Stale ’ ‘hols, Palavas, Pandyas from 6 to 9 C, GE patrnised (provide aid & support) Brahmanical and Bhakttradtons ‘While Budchism & Jainism were gating support from merchants, artisans and occassional royal patronage. ‘Some important temples, including Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram were constructed by Chola rulers. Bot Ava & Nayanars were respected by Vella peasants Lots of metal sculpture of Shiva were produced at this ime. Paratha, a Chola ruler consectated metal image of Appr, Sembandar and Sundarar ina Shiva temple102 Aagether with? History 12. 3. VIRASHAIVA, TRADITIONS IN KARNATAKA ** Started by a Brahmana named Basavanna in Kamataka (12° 0). ‘+ He was a minister in the court of Kalachusi king. * His followers known as Vrashalvas (Heroes of Shiva) or Lingayats (Wearers ofthe nga) ‘+ Lingayats challenged the idea of cast, potion and theory of ‘ebith and encourage crn practices such s Post-nubety mariage ad the remariage of widows. ‘+ People who were marginalised win Bratmanical social oder became their flowers. * “Vachanas” composed in Kannada by women |and men are ‘important source that inform us about ‘Virashaiva vadition. Buried the dead 4. RELIGIOUS FERMENT IN NORTH INDIA ‘Religious Ferment in North Ind i y + y ‘Several Rajput states Brahmanas ‘occupied important ‘Various religious leaders like Naths, Jogis and emerged positions in these states Siddhas emerged, not following orthodox ideas 5, NEW STRANDS IN THE FABRIC ISLAMIC TRADITIONS ‘+ Regions within the subcontinent were not isolated ‘Contact with lands beyond the seas and mountain. ‘+ Forinstance Arab Merchants frequented posts along the westen coastin tst Millennium CE. ‘« While Central Asian people sete inthe North-westem parts ofthe subcontinent during the same period. «From the 7h century this region became part of stamic world wit the advent of islam. Faiths of rulers and subjects ‘© In711, Arab general named Muhammad Qasim conquered snd later became part ofthe caliph’s domain ‘© In¥3th century the Turks and Afgan established the Deh empire. «slam become acknowledged religion of rulers in several areas ‘+ This continued with establishment of Mughal Empire in 16th century ‘+ Muslim rulers guided by Uamas (scholar of llamic tudes) + Ulamas ensure rulers ruled according to Shara ~y Did not practice Funerary es Encourged post puberty mariage Encourage remariage of widows y ‘New religious leaders questn the authority of Vedas ‘+ Zimmi (protected) Religion tke Jews, Chrisans and Hindu had to pay tax called Jzya and gained te right tobe protected by Muslims to pace religion, ‘+ Sometime some rulers gave land endowment and tax exemptions to Hindu, Jaina, Chistian etc. to thei religions institution, to get their supporyr ond sa accepted fhe princes: 5 par. neo ot Aah and Pope Marra is her messenger (aha i ror vo times a day (namaz/salt) 0 enn a regen tarzan (sym) 4 as te pilgrage to Mecca (aj) 5. eet rtd wih estes nace, ‘The popular mises of Islam 5 bar of te sais (2 Sa Sec) developed new modes of ommunicton 1 eas were taken from Quran «ined the oan (Sans word Jnana meaning knowede) « aertis ea found in devotional poems in Puriai, Multan, Sindhi et. 1 ab Musim traders sete along Malabar coast (Kerala) adopted local languages, Malyalam, 6, THE GROWTH OF SUFISM sails (seans ‘Sut" —> Purity) Cticised the dogmatic interpretation of Quran ‘sb Musim adopted customs of Matiliny and matical residence (women after marfage) rain inter natal house withthe fri. Beliels 1 Seeking salvation trough intense devotion ad lve for God I grow ageinst materialism of the caliphate as reglous and poticainsttton _ «The gtoup of regious-minded people eleven asceticism and mysticism, they were known as suis Bhakt Khangahs 1 1 1 1 . nt century, sues © Sufsisiasiteraly means When he shah ced his «Some ofthe followers of voted itoawelldeveloed chan tat ink between tomb-shinedarge became Kanga took to mendicancy ‘movement wh quranic iscpl and Shai steched the centre of devotion for his ‘and observed calbaoy. studs and suf practioes as an unbroken spiritual followers and encourgedthe They ignored rtuals and ‘+ Sufibegan to organise genealogy with prophet practices of pilgrimage or ‘observed extreme forms of ‘amare around muhammad aiyrat this grave, asceticism, theospceorkhangah «© Undersisilachannal pital» On death anniversaries of + They known by cferent contd by teaching ower and blessings shai, celebration with rames-Oalandas re masters inown as Shaith, transite to devotees (10 (quawel and holy feast ket in Madar, Malangs, Haidaris Por Murshid swear tobe faithful) Dargats. ee. + ‘Heenroled disciples: ‘+ Disciples took oath of Because they believed saints ‘» Because of their deliberate (Mui) and appointed allegiance, wore a patched unite with God and tus defiance (refusals to follow) sucesso (ait) garment and shaved ther ‘loser to god now. af the Shara (Musim rules). ‘ hai ‘© People sought ther blessings They caled as be-shar’a to atain material and spiral benefits. Thus evolved the cut ofthe Shaikh revered as val ‘+ Incontrast who were following athe rues of shar'a caledba-shar’a104 agetter with? History—I2 7. THE CHISHTIS IN THE SUBCONTINENT ah " , Most nfluental group of Sufs migrated 1 nda inte ate 12° 6 ’ + They ve in Khangah, wich was he . ve centre of socialite. + Statham’ sie (4 Carty on te nko ir ara Gas ("HE en was cent fk * Shaikh inmates incu fami members he sha ved in kanes. :: = lived ina smal oom, on he a of heal, ree wt ston mating en ‘© There was an open kitchen (langar) run on futub (unasked-for charity) ‘and people from ai wal staat * Vist who came rec Hind Jos and cats, pst suns fm Hasan Se and. ai ee au Misi Ba, + Piimaye, ced Zara o tombs of Su Sats.» Krawas Mun Ct win TH se a te * shat Danoh vas popular because of paonage oral sos Be MuhareTad Tugtlag (1324-51). *buteaiestconsyctonohewe he tb nde by Stan Gas Ka of Maa + Since svn te on rae ae Oe sn Gui : «+ Chishtadopted local languages, composton of Baba Fai inca inaui were even err in Shri Guru Gr «© In Bijapur and Kamatla leet gene of Sui posty short poems in Dattani, was compos ‘ is IS DIALOGUE AND DISSENT IN NORTHER INDIA Kabir a ite Jes of fe came het 8. NEW DEVOTIONAL PATH «© Poet Saint in 14-15th Centuries Verses of Kabir compiled in separate traditions 4. The abi jk preserved by the Kabiparth in Utar Pradesh 2 katirGanhava associated wth Dadparth in Rajastian 3 Many ofhis composton ae found ine Aa rath Sahib ‘+ hritten indifferent languages and dialects ce cerbed te ulate realty 2s Ala, Khud, Hara and Pr words ker {rom Islamic religion and some term Kati dese ritons, Brahman, hak (the unseen), rrakar (Forms), Atama et ; ‘Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji | «+ Gurustetvocatda foro tirquna Bat anins serfs, tal bas image worship, ‘Shi Guru lana Dev Ji bebeved in "Rab" had no gender or frm. + te prpnced irl ayo connect th God, te Die Name Hymns cle Shaadi Pura 1 He ori isles into a community and setup ules fr Congregational Worship (Sang) «Gan atan copied Si Guullara yes along with thse fis four successors and elious pots lke Baba Fad Rava Granth Son, Later Gur Teh Brad's compostions wer included by Guru Gobind Singh in Guu Granth Sahib. 18. drawn from austertes end scriptures of both Hindus & Muslims. 1nd Kabirin Act Mirabai ‘+ Mirabai was the best-known women poet wih the Bhakti movement / Traition Her bhajanas were trnsmited oral for centuries «Her songs continue tobe sung by women and men, especialy poor and under privileged in Gujarat and Rajasthan Shankaradeva ‘+ Emerged as one ofthe leading proponents of Vaishnavsm in Assam in the late 15° C ‘The devotional worship of God with ulimate objective of attaining is " 19 moksha is calle i ‘The word Bhakti was derived from the roo ‘Bhaj’ meaning to adore con oeSS An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century) ple number of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) wil help you prepare in CUET Examinations. co a 4, THE DISCOVERY OF HAMPI «Annie name of Viayanagara (iy of Vietory) ‘sname was derived from te local mother ness named Pampadei The ruins o Hampi ‘were escoverd in 1800 CE. Different Sources oer ea To Reconstruct the history of the City and the Empire eee) 4 Hanpivas scored by Clone Macks an Memo of Piss of Sever nsrsions Accounts of foreign engine, Surveyor and Cartographer theVinpatsha temple oundattis ste and Waveland ober terare — o a and the shrine of other temples at Hampi ‘written in Telugu, Kannada, Pampadei - Tamiland Sanit 2. RAYAS, NAYAKAS AND SULTANS Vijayanagara Empire t + y y ‘Founder Rulers of Vijayanagar Extend of Empire Four Dynasties Ruled re Over Vijayanagara hare + ‘ wo brothers founded errs [ nae i in 1396 (il 1425 AD) = | eS Lire hig Sangamra : "Nadu and Andhra. Rulers imported horses from ‘Saluvas: Sen Sangam Dyas, ‘bia ad Central sia pet : | 1336 to 1485 CE + Tunas ances | ey Tishorse vade was controled bythe ‘ravidu ab waders and local merchants clad ; ' “Kuta het nga town away by Savas and remained» Sts ule on ' ‘poner 1503. CE “1485 to 1505 CE Precious Metals, Stones and Textile were ; also exported by traders116 peter eacte® Hi tory—12 ‘+ He was the ruler of Viayanagara ‘+ He was famous for expansion & consoldation of kingdom + He belonged o Tuva Dynasty L ‘+ He Ruled from (1509 to 1529) t ‘+ He conquered the region between the rivers of Tungabhadra and Krishna (Raichur Doab) ‘* Til 1512 CE, he defeated the Sultan of Bijapur ‘+ He constructed some finest temples and adding magniticent gopurams to many temples of South India. He also established ong omen ‘others’ name caled“Nagelapuram’. : ‘ ‘+ Krishnadeva Raya’s successors were troubled by rebelious ‘Nayakas' or Military Chiefs atin ‘+ By 1542, another dynasty called the Aravidu got the contol atthe centre It remained in power tl the e e ‘+ In 1565, the battle at Rakshas!-Tangadi(Takota) was fought between Rama Raya, the chief minister of Vjayanagara, and armieg, in ‘Amhadnagar and Golconda ‘+ The combined armies ofthe sutans defeated Rama Raya and sacked the city of Vijayanagara_ ‘Amara-Nayaka System f ¥ mat) Features ‘Amara-Nayakas Impact/Outcong sy — — + Amara-Nayaka System was ‘© Military chiefs / commanders © Nayakas politically unique system or ‘+ Received land from Rayas to govern Independent otic novation. + Responsible to colect tare from peasants, rttspersons and traders Kingdoms + May be some elements of ‘+ Gavo part of revenue othe Rayas Collapsed the cg tis system were ken ver ‘Kept apart of Revenue for personal use for maintaining army of horses and ‘imperial suc, ‘by the Igta system of Delhi ‘elephants contingents —— = + Sent to king annualy 3. VIVAYANAGARA: THE CAPITAL AND ITS ENVIRONS Vijaya Nagar Geographical Water Resources Forttcation Urban Core 1 | 4 , . Located innate Basin «Rain water stored in tanks ‘+ Seven Lines of fortification + Lite archaeological evden Basin formed by River Kamalapuram Tank woticed by Ambassador Abdur of the houses of oinary Tungabhadra Razaq people © AsidZone * Toconstuctwals offortno «Chinese Pore Fund © Stunning granite hills tts water Water ‘cementing agent used, not ‘* Muslim Residential quarts ‘+ ‘Many steams flow down to used to brovided to ven mortar ‘were also there rivers limigate fields RoyalCentre = g Entrance through well-quarded ‘© Rich Traders lived in Town + Sutounding by Rocky Hi Hiya Cana #80 es, these gales linked the | umrous Shines ad Canal was used to ingate ly tothe major roads {temples found ‘he cutivated valley which * Some important roads Separated the sacred cere had bazaars on both sides ‘fom the Urban Centecore etended from temple atenays, + Domes oves the gates—————_—__————_——_————— ‘An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara, 117 ITRE OVAL CEN 4 mE The Royal Centre q ' cof wooden pitas ' ‘ \ pratt i f wooden © Located atthe highest pont of city Lotus Temple + ose ens + 11,000sq above the base “Lots Temple name given by Bish ase gongup a second floor + dotHeghe Treks wig «ny ofall maybe used for ‘+ Relief carvings at the base ‘+ May be it was counci of Chamber for the * pecings ‘+ Rituals & ceremonies performed meetings of king ‘+ Associated with festival of Mahanavami Hazara Rama temple ‘+ Celebration done hereon the 8 & 9" day ‘* isan important Shrine in Hampi 3 Es of Durga Puja ‘» The images in the central shrine are + Different Activites lke ‘Dance, Wrestir missing. processions and ritual presentations ‘© The temple is dedicated to Lord Rama, a ‘+ Had deep symbolic meanings, hind ciety ‘© Itwas probably meant to be used only by - ————— ae ‘the king and his family, + Soenes ftom the Ramayana sculpted on ‘he inner wal of the shrine 5, THE SACRED CENTRE saraaTEES «+ Thetis on the nother side ofthe city were associated with several sacred ractons «Tempe buiding inthis region has a long History + Rulers of many dynasties, suchas the Pallavas, Chlutyas, Hoysaas and Cholas, very often encouraged temple building Temples were developed as religous, social, cutural and economic centres ules got involved inthe constuction, repairs and maintenance of temples in order to win support and recognition for their power, weath and piety. + Wiayanagarakings claimed ther Rule onthe nam of God Virupaksha,Allroyl orders signed onthe name of "Shi Vcupaksha’ + Viayanagara Rulers were using te “Hindu Suarana” meaning Hindu Sutan, + The Rules of Vjayanagara also developed temple architecture. Structures ike Raya gopurams or royal gateways dwarfed the towers onthe cena shrines, and signaled the presence othe temple roma goat distance 6. PLOTTING PALACES, TEMPLES AND BAZAARS Plotting Palaces, Temples and Bazaars L j | i | ete Surveys by Colonel Im 1976, Hampi was recognised In 1980's an important project One another technique was Macken information was as a site of National importance launched to document the material Mapping Hl together rom travellers? Femains at Vijayanagara through —— ‘counts and inscriptions. ‘extensive and intensive survey by using a variety of recording techniques and documented‘Settee \\\\ wees Pe ' Agrarian sant Zamindars and the State »-Clety and The Mughal Empire (c. Sixteenth-Seventeontt Centuries) iber of Multiple Choi. steele nt Pie Choice Questions (MCQS) wil help you Prepare in CUET Exar ; i Examinations. 1 PASANTS AND AGRICULTURAL PRonuctigy Gite f = {0 understand Agrarian Soqi ety 169 17™ Centuries Mughal Perio __Shronicles (Major Sources) 1 = ~ Different Documents From ‘Mughal Court (Minor ‘Sources) «+ finAtbar: Wen by Abul Fal historian in Adbar's Court fo 1 gveus escrpion about vitages { «Atal rcorded the measures ten by the goverment en + Historical eters «gree caein cbs by Sab Ap, ao * Royal rds «Corto reéaonsti between the state and the zamindars + Religious Literature et, pion of diterent terms used for peasants, suchas, Revenue Reports : aeeiiagel ata san or asa "ayaa ata nin ein + Iscripfons «Two sof Peasant — ‘out Kastia > Peasants who were resident ofthe vlage, paiiKashat > Non sient Peasant who belonged to some cher lage, but culated lands. alsewhere ona contractual basis Agriculture, Crops and tigation, Technolgies ¥ V Irigation Technologies ’ 1 «Kart crops grow between July-October + Projects supported by + Agiutureisabour «ice was main kharf crop, Sovernment example intensive work + ‘Most places/ region gave two to three crap ina year Shabnahrin Punjab ‘+ Wooden plough used for + Rabi crons grew between (Oct to Apri) winter crop during Shah Jaan’ reign ploughing * Wheat, bartey ete. were major Rabi crops repaired ‘+ Dill pulled by giant oxen to * ateutce was notforsubssiance or primary useitwas commer =, Iwas state dug canalin plan seeds . Peasants were encourged to grows North India ‘+ Narrow Iron blade for sins--kamil (perfect crop) hoeing and weeding Caton Sugarcane Oilseeds * TP cerry new crops introduced in India tom ferent part he Won, Maie-Atica, Spain; Tomatoes, Potatoes, Chiles (vegetable) Preapole, Papaya (Fruits) taken from the New worldON 130 apecter with? History—I2 2. THE VILLAGE COMMUNITY Village Community Ct ae ge Cultivators Panchayat ae ey Y ‘ M i ‘+ Heterogenous group (iferentknd of people) «Assembly of elders : Cems + Deep Caste system existed in viltages + Used funds for community wate vag ces tt ‘+ Some cutvators performed menial tasks ‘+ Right to levy fines a (Maju) poor people Authority to expe rom community once + Direct corelation between caste, poverty and» Jalipanchaya ofeach cast and sub caste “© Getting funds from common financial poo! jti panchayat ‘+ Enjoying considerable power i the vilage Htc 4. FORESTS & TRIBES ‘¢ Tribals were living in jungle called Jangi They were food gather involved in Hunting «Jungle provided Detense to state + dungls supped elephant sate a5 “Pests (@ form of tribute collected by Mughal Coury Forest were the Rich Source of Produce ie Honey, bees-wax and gum lac Were major em social status 3. WOMEN IN AGRARIAN SOCIETY ‘Women in Agrarian Society 7 Task ertormed — —+—_ { : ia © Child-brearer export ool Gees) «High mortality + By invohing in export, some Tibal Chiefs beceg + ¢ ie 5 big Zamindars and some ae kings also + Spianing yarn + Sowing seed Lealacre) = + Sting cy — for Weeding plants + Fequent + Kneading clay_ pottery» Threshing grains Pregnancies = Embroidery © Winnowing the Death During Female labour harvest hid ith 5. THE ZAMINDARS 6. LAND REVENUE SYSTEM © Revenue of land, mains ‘the Mu i Role of Zamindars in Rural Society a ps ene tere va | + Revenue ofa and record keepers played vital lt stage ‘+ Land held by zamindars called Milkiyat ‘Mughal agrarian relations ‘+ Zamindars had right to sell or mortgage these lands + Land revenue arrangement consisted two stages i. + High status ofzamindar due to two factors i, Caste, 4 Performance of serces fr state Assessment (lama) Actual Collection (Has) + Zamindars Response a clect Reverueon beta of tale + AmilGuzar Revenue Colectrs) © Had Miltary Resources * Fixed and cash Revenue System ved in Fortresses and had armed contingent ke caval, atilery and infantry 7. THE FLOW OF SILVER Althee empire had vibrant tad rom Chinato Metaranean Sea Voyages & Discovery resuted massive trade wth nda Different rulers tried to measure cultivable lan for beter revue sake "pan Trade ought huge aroun of sve Buin io Asia pay goodsTHE AIN-I-AKBARI OF ABUL FAZL ALLAMI 4 ristorical, administrative project written by Abul- * agate order of Emperor Akbar ote up of ve Books (Datars) in which st tree cs described the Administration. The fourth & fith sok deal wih the religious, Iteracy and cutural rations ote poet «ors colecton of Akbar's auspicious sayings 8 TimeuNe Landmarks in the History of the Mughal Empire : « 1526 Peasants, Zamindars and the State 131 Limitation of AIN ’ ‘Many errors related to calculations ‘© The quantitative data is inaccurate + Data not collected uniformly eg: caste composition was not ‘there in Orissa & Bengal ‘© Some important fiscal parameters such as prices and wages are not well documented in certain cases Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodi, the Delhi Sultan, at Panipat, becomes the first Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah Abdali defeats the Marathas in the third battle of Panipat + 1530-40 First phase of Humayun’s reign © 1540-55 Humayun defeated by Sher Shah, in exile at the Safavid court © 1555-56 Humayun regains lost territories # 1556-1605 Reign of Akbar © 1605-27 Reign of Jahangir © 1628-58 Reign of Shah Jahan © 1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb +1739 Nadir Shah invades India and sacks Delhi +1761 © 1765 The diwani of Bengal transferred to the East India Company © 1857 Yangon, Myanmar) Last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Il, deposed by the British and exiled to Rangoon (present d he NAA Answer in 100-150 words. |. Whatare the problems in using the Ain asa source for reconstructing agrarian history? How do historians al with this situation? *: (a) The Ain-i-Akbari has provided invaluable information for reconstructing the agrarian history 7 ofthe Mughals, But the Ain has its own limitations. ‘umerous errors in totalling have been detected. These are however minor and do not detract from the overall quantitative accuracy of the manuals. 0 Another limitation is the skewed nature of the data. Data ws eater Foam all (2) Moreover, the detailed list of prices and wages fo in the Ain have been acquired from data pertainin the imperial capital of Agra and its surroundings. therefore of limited value forthe rest of the cou () Historians have dealt with the situation supplementing the account of the Ain by inform: got from the provinces. (g) These include detailed seventeenth-eighte centuries revenue records from Gujarat, Raja and Maharashtra. (i). These have been also supplemented by the re af the Ract India Comnanv. erA NAN Part Ill: Themes in Indian istory Colonialism and the Countryside Se Exploring Official Archives Note: Ample number of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) will help you prepare in CUET Examinations. CE \ A \ Sources t ‘Revenue Records and surveys ‘+ Journals and account let by surveyors and travellers + Reports produced by enquiry commissions 1. BENGAL AND THE ZAMINDARS ‘An Auction in Burdwan (1797, Bengal) i , ‘Mahals (estates) were sold which were held by Raja of Burdwan Due to Permanent Settlement in 1793 as EIC haa fixed the revenue each zamindar had to pay The estates vihich fled to pay were auctioned to recover te revenue (Over 95% ofthe sale of auction was fictitious. ‘Many Purchasers were the servants and agents of raja -» Bought land onthe behalf oftheir Masters ‘© Estates sold publ but remained under Raja's control ‘Why zamindars defaulted on Payments 1 The Problem of Unpaid Revenue Y ' + Basher introduced the PamanentSetlementin hope to esobe Reasons the pobims «Ital demands were very high because company could never + By ban tee were css in Bengal bythe 1970s. increase the revenue if production increased, Soto minimise he (@) Recurrent famines loss. Company imposed high revenue demand (0) Desiring apcutural ouput ‘+The high demand was imposed in 1790s atthe time when te Ofc et hat Acute end ever rescues auvicutural produce were deressed. Thus, it made cfc or developed by encouracng investment in agricul. ‘hem to pay revenue «Tis coudbe done by + Revenue was ivaabe and had to be pld punctual it even (2) Securing rights of property Harvest was ess (t) Permanent fang revenue demand tes Sunset Law I payment el nt come in by sunset the zaindat Peas was auctioned iret el viiese oa + Rema Setinetit poner of ainda to coect (0) Profit from investment to entrepreneursCompany want to regulate zamindars i ' as troops were isbanded fase ces abolished Sordi lost power to organise local justice & local police : powcolecore emerged 2s alerate cent of power : “ante ssupenision y Power of Jotedars more effective than zamindars. © Delayed Payment to zamindari zamindar Colonialism and the Countryside 143 The Rise of the Jotedars + Francis Buchanan (Survey — Dinajpur in North Bengal) otedars Buchanan described about the rich class of peasants jotedars ‘They acquired vast areas of and ‘They contro! focal trade and moneyiending ‘They exercise immense power over the poorer cutivators of region The Zamindars Resist | eT | + qanindas > urbanarea ‘+ Jotedars were most powerful in Bengal Devised ways of surviving the pressures oedrs > + vilages ‘+ They were known as Haoladars, + Fictitious Sale + exercised direct Mandal, Gantidars ‘© Manipulations of Auction by Agents contro over ‘+ Resisted efforts by zamindar to increase ‘+ Agents of outsiders were attacked who considerable Jama of village brought estates section of poor ‘+ Prevented zamrindar officials from village executing duties ‘+ Jotedars purchased estates auctioned of Ways of Resistance by Zamindars y Y 7 Fttious Sale «Series of Manoeuvres | «Raj first ranstrred his zamindar to mother + As Property of women would not be taken ver Unpaid Balances ¥ ‘© Delberately refused to pay the Balances ‘+ Zamindan's —> Auction -> Refuse to pay Viceversa << Servants Buy + People rom ouside zaindar bought ste + They could nattake possession 1 + These agents were attacked by ltyals + ots resisted the outsiders as there was some sort afloat with zamindars Estate was sold at low price to zamindar The Filth Report , + Submited to Bish Pariament 1613, ‘+ Fith Report was the series of reports on administration and activities of EIC in India *+ Composed of 1002 pages Nadas Outofit 800 Pages repraduced — Pttons of Ryts and zamindars, Reports of colctor, Notes on Revenue and Judicial administration of Bengal and144 agecher with® History—12 | Why Report?) From te time the company established the rule (mid-1760s), ts actives were closely watched and debated in England. Many groups opposed monopoly of EIC over rae wih Inia and China. ‘They want revocation of Royal Charter that gave E1C cont over ade ‘Bengal benefit EIC only, not british nation as whole Maladministration and Misrule of EIG was hotly debated in Ban Greed and corruption of company were pubiished in the press thus Government of ina ct 1958 passed, TansterofPower from Bish com Bish Parliament —— Series of Act (nate 18th C) ¥ Forced the company to Produce Regula reports ‘on Administration Appinted Committees for inquiry in the tis Regulate and Control Company Rule ee innda 2. THE HOE AND THE PLOUGH Paharias hilllolk Inthe hills of Rajmahal —_— T — ' «Hunters, shifting cutvators, food gatherers, charcoal producers Buchanan traveled trough Raya! His ms ‘Lived around Raj mahal his in Hutments | eat rine Gey. ‘+ Survival depend on forest produce eee «pated shiting culivation: They fist cleared patches of land. On these patches, ey + Impenarable (one where faves cro pulses and miss The cutivaed cleared land for few years a then flow | vertu regain ity ath signed danger «Goleta Mahua (lowe for foods, sikcocoor, resin forsale and wood orcharnal@t. | «People (ahaa) were hosble and sometimes, paige te Plans of seted agrcuturits necessary fr survival during scary | re he «+ Zmindars pid them for peace and trader for Protection tee Brishers efor sho sted Agriculture y y ¥ y y Encouraged Jotedar turned uncultivated Source of ——_Asiike Paharias were ‘So they Persuaded them to give UP forest clearance and into rice fields Revenue difficult to governed ‘hunting and take to Plough agriculture To produce crops Esiabishtebasis of _—_—Brshers associated Forest peopl read foremparts sete ordered society forest as wines savage, up and ica 0 ove” Result in confit between Hl : Policy of Paiticaon Folk and Sete Culvators et \ = ae | ‘* Augustus Cleveland (Collector of Bhagalpur) ‘» Paharias withdrew deep into mountains j + Paiste ilaesequnty + Pahara chiefs given allowance to contol theirmen «Hostile towards outsiders | © Carry away food grains and catle ‘+ Mary chiefs refused But who accepted, 1910-11 + 1770s Bish embarked the brutal authority wth in co ‘2 ee munity ‘© As Buchanan was a Briisher | Policy of Extermination ‘They came to be known as subordinate employeesColonialism and the Countryside 145 The Santhals Pioneer Settlers _Damin--koh (1832) < r ; 1n 1780, tay began to come to Bengal ‘© large area demarcated to santhals rs invited them to sett in Jungle Mahals * 1/0thof area was cleared and given for first 10 years cultivation a Ne were idea setlers who cleared forests and ploughed the ‘Area separated from Plains and Hils land. Santhals expanded Santas impact on Pahaia : + , Villages increased Earlier resisted but then setled deeper into Hil 1838 — 40 ‘© They were restricted to more Barren Land 1851 > 1473 ‘© Shifting cultivation depend on mobility (fertile areas) 2 Population increased '* Due to Damin, Paharias could not sustain their mode of cultivation 2000-82000 Se Santhals Revolt u + ‘+ Santhals seed down and had given up their earier te of mobility + Grow commercial crops for market and deaing with traders and moneylenders Causes of revolt: ‘= State was levying heavy taxes on lands ‘+ Moneylenders (dks) were charging rates of interests + Zamindars were asserting control over the Damin area Revolted in 1855-56 against Zamindars, Moneylenders and State Santhal Pargana: * 500 ies (away from the disc of Bhagalpur and Birbhum) ‘+ Santhals Conciiated ‘The Accounts of Buchanan v ‘+ He was the employee of EIC * EC took al expenses done in India by Buchanan as EIC want: He marched everywhere wih large army of peopl ike draugh Surveyed landscapes and revenue sources, natural innabitan Included commercial concerns which is requied to EIC ‘Some important information that Buchanan could give htsman, surveyors palanquin bearers, coolies I, Signs of ion ore, mica, granite, saliptre 3. A REVOLT IN THE COUNTRYSIDE, THE BOMBAY DECCAN * Peasants expressed thir a * Sete authoits didnot i # enquied int its causes inger and fury inthe evol in 1875 inthe Deccan, Imply repress a rebelion rather they tid to understand for formulating future poicies, wer146 7ageeéer with® History—I2 ‘Account books were burnt ‘ ‘+ The movement began at Supa in Poona distict. (© Itwas a market where many shopkeepers and moneylenders lived. Peasants om ‘surrounding ‘ural areas burnt behikatas (account books) and debt bonds of which were under the possession of shopkeepers and rmoneyenders. ‘= Similar incidents happened over an area of 6500 sa, em. witin next tw months ‘Anew revenue system ' New revenue systems * were imposed as British rule expanded ‘rom Bengal to ther parts of nda To expand fnancal resources the Britsh government was thinking ways to maximise ts land revenue. David Ricardo-Britsh economist gave new idea of and revenue In Bombay Deccan, the Ryotwari System, land revenue was decided onthe basis ‘of sol and production and could ba resurvey once in every 30 years. A Re Revenue demand and peasant debt ' ‘The everue demanded was Very righ, consequent ‘many peasants deserted ther lanes anv migrated do new regions. «twas impossible for peasants to pay te revenue in case of ought and tods. + The countyside was dvasaled bya famine of 1832-34. Peasants borawed money pay the revue frm mmoneylendes. vot in the countryside ‘Then came the cotton boom + The Gotton Supply ‘Association and Manchester Cotton Company was formed in 1057 and 1859 respectively 0 encouraged cotton production. «Dye to suitable sol, favourite climatic condltion, cheap labour, etc. India was favoutte = Dueto American Civil ‘War cotton supply decreased ad ts production expanded inthe Bombay Deccan areas. ‘= By 1862, 90% cotton imports into Britain came trom India Credit dried up + By 1865, the cv way ended in America and hence coton production revived AS ares the Indian cotton exports to Britain decned Export merchants and Sahukars were | at interested in | extending term cet, Credit died up and revenue demand increased, rmoneylendes refused loans as aresuit condition of peasans | became worst. The experience injustice ' ‘+ Peasants went deeper and deeper info debt, meanwtile moneylenders violated the customary laws of the countryside for exam ‘moneylender charged over & 2000 as interest on a loan of & 100. ‘© The peasants complained of moneylenders for manipulating laws and forging accounts. ‘+ Different kinds of deed bond became symbol of oppressive system. The Deccan Riots Commission t ‘+The Government of Bombay did not take seriously when the revolt was spreading inthe Deccan, + The Government of inci tok it seriously by the memory ofthe Revol of 1857 and pressurised the Goverment of Bombay to form a commission inorder to investigate the causes of the rots ‘+The commission prepared a report known as the Deccan Riots Report and presente tothe Brtsh Pariament in 1878. ‘+ Itacis asthe sources for historians to study about the rota itis based on the enquies, recorded statements of ryos, sahulars, eyewitness, et.146 agether weth® History—I2 tk eee gel Account books ‘Anew revenue Revenue demand and a Were burnt system peasant debt 1 1 i ' ' U «= ThecotonSuppy °° BY 1855,thechayy’ | The movement ‘= New revenue systems « Therevenve sociation and ended in America | asmnzce welds demanded Was EY Coton andhence coton | istrict. British rue expanded high, consequenty Company was production revived | © Tt was a market where from Bengal to other ‘many peasants formed in 1857 and» ASaresutthelnday | ‘many shopkeepers: parts of India deserted in es 1859 respectively 10 cotton exportstg | ‘and moneylenders «To expand fiancial ol encouraged cotton paced | ii wrces the British = oduction.. . ort merchants. : paren oerment vs + rwasimpnssBe 00 able sl, ‘and Sahulars were surounding ‘inking ways (0 ee favourte cimatc notinierestedin ‘event it extendi Ce, een aan devas + Otte oe aoe «= David Ficardo-Brtsh «The countryside eal at Rien bonds of which were ‘economist gave new was devastated by @ ee aie Under the possession _—_idea of land revenue. famine 05294. + DuRtD Ane coeur ot shoes rd nBobay Dean + enue decreased and its loans as aresut te Ryowar System, : | —— es teers ton qaucimeninied cnn pas | happened over an decided on the basis ‘moneylenders. nee ce, | ‘area of 6500 sq, of soll and production © By 1862, 90% cotton ‘en. within next 0 and could be survey oo " 30 imports into Britain months. once in every in years came fom in ‘The experience of injustice ‘ «Peasants went deeper and deeper into debt, meanwtile moneylenders violated the customary laws of the countryside for example te rmoneylender charged over& 2000 as interest ona loan of & 100. ‘+ The peasanis complained of moneylenders for manipulating laws and forging accounts. «Different kinds of deed bond became symbol of oppressive system. ‘The Deccan Riots Commission t ‘+The Government of Bombay didnot tke seriously when the revo was spreading inthe Deccan. ‘+ The Government of india took t seriously by the memory ofthe Revolt of 1857 and pressurised the Government of ‘Bombay o form a commission inorder to investigate the causes ofthe rots ‘The commission prepared a report known as the Deccan Riots Report and presented to the British Pariament in 1878. ‘+ Itacis asthe sources for historians to study about the riot as itis based on the enquires, recorded statements of ryots, sahukar, eyewitness, et.koe ANN ig Rebels and the Raj 1 0 The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations CHAPTER ct aminations, ‘Note: Ample number of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) will help you prepare in CUET Examin: LT VAAN 1. PATTERN OF THE REBELLION The Revolt of 1857 —_-_—__l|____.-—— —] | ! Leaders Beginni ginning | ! ‘Bahadur Shah agreed to became the nominal leader ofthe rebelion from Deh ‘+ Sepoy began tor Rebetion by seiing the be of . ams and plundering treasury. + In Kanpur, Sepoy got support of Nana Salib + Soveral Government buildings were atacked tke ‘+ Inshansi—> RaniLakshmi Bai was forced by people tobe ther leader of Revot the jl, treasury, telegraph office record rooms, «© Kunwar Singh -» a local zamindar in Arrah (Bihar became leader of Revo bungalows + Nawab Wajd Al Shas displacement became big cause for his leadership in + AlGovernment Record burt by solsiors Revol ‘+ Moneylenders and ch people were targeted in + Lucknow celebrated the fal of British rule by haling Bis Qadr the young son Kanpur, Lucknow and Baeily ‘ofthe Nawab Waid Ali Shah ‘© Proclamation of Rebetion put up in cies in local Til People anguages like in Hind, Urdu, Persian to unite and ‘= Some local leaders also participate agressively lke tribal communes, Shah fight against te frangis Mal mobilised the vilagers of Pagan Baroutin (UP) ‘+ Sepoy moved from one station to another ‘+ Gunoo, a tribal cultvature of Singhbhum in Chotanagpur, became a rebel leader of the ko bes of region Rumours and Prophecies ‘Why lid people believe inthe rumours? ' | + Rurmours and prophecies played vital Role inthe Uprising ‘+ Purours made sense when seen in contet of some ofthe poles ‘+ Rumours spreaded that new cartridges of the Enfield rile were of Bish started form the late 1880s. creased with cow & pig fat ‘+ British adopted polices aimed at Reforming Indian Society by ‘+ British had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs ito flour, sold in introducing western education, ideas and institutions. Market ‘The British set up english medium school, caleges and universities ‘+ People believed in all rumours and assumed that @ would corrupt Which taught western science & iberal Art. ‘their caste and religion ‘+ They established law banning Sati (1829) and permitted Kindo + People had fear that Bish wanted to convert Indian to Chistanty widow remarriage + There was a prophecy that Bish rule would come to an end ‘+ The Bish annexed Awadh, Jhansi and Satara on preted of because they had completed ther 100 yer of Rule (1757 - 1857) mmisgovernance and refusing to recognise adoption. {rom Batte of Passy they entered in india ‘The British introduced their own system of administration, thelr own laws and methods of and settlements, land revenue, colton inte temitories annexed by them,Rebels and the Raj 159 ADH IN REVOLT ; : os 5, Goa neal Lord Dalhousie esrbed te kingdom o Aah as “achry tat wil dp into our mouth one day” and ve years at ered tote Bish Epi ‘pe cents eppened in slaes, te Suda lance had been imposed on Avadh in 1801 * ests wared aq Awad because nd was vey grow nd and Caton . art was wel developed in uper nia aa men Late expected 1 complete a process of terol annexation which started with Bengal almost a Century + Tien, Maaa and, Dab and Cama eay anaes y tens «+ smesaion of Avadh created dsateton in al eae, in wath people were very much tached wth Nawab | nasa Waid Stan was detroned and exle to Caeuta | 5 pepe gotunest ter te exe of Nawab | 1 Sapa alten sre sagn sons fad sor + Onecbsener wots One reaction of subjects that Lie was gone ou the body, andthe boy ofthis town had been let ifs. + very se, mate and house was waling out the cry a agony in separation of an Am + ses wee tay eae woe ng of papas, ances pos arsine, cous, amis oficial and so onost he helhood Subsidiary Alliance Features Terms Results ' | 4 + Devise by Lord Welesey in 1788 «Nawab hat disband Army * Nawab deprived of Armed Forces +_mposed on Awadh in 1804 ‘+ Alows British troops inthe kingdom + Dependence of Nawab on British j — ‘+ Nawab had to provide Money & Resources to armed» Lost control on: Rebellious Chiefs and contingents Taukadars ‘+ Nawab or any of king under Subsidiary Alance ‘+ No control on Administrative completely ‘can enter into agreement wit any state without : ee permission of the Brishers *Brlisher woud be responsible for protecting their aly 3. WHAT THE REBELS WANTED Demand of Rebels = = > The Vision of unity Against the symbols of oppression The Search for Alternative Power + + + * Not much information ony few proclamation and ‘+ Atacked local oppressors and + Established authorty a the same ishtahars were issued by the Rebel leaders to spread allies of British places thee message to invoke people to jin * Account Books burned ‘+ Setup administration points * |shahars lod coexistance of diferent ‘+ Moneylender's houses ransacked for Rebellion and made plan to Communities under Mughal Empire. * People requested to come together fought agains the Briishers * Retos appealed to a sections of society for unity ‘respecve of their caste & ceed * In 1857 een Brtishers incite the Hindu population ‘taint Musims but they fed * Rebels urged people to save their — ‘elinood faith, honour and identity160 Pagether cuits? History—12 - 4, REPRESSION Number of Wiltary Act passed, n north incia Martial Law passed / Applied + Ordinary Biisher had given power to punish te suspactd rebel +The rsh had to use Mitary power to bing Awadh under contol their Estates to ig landlords +The Brtsher tied to break unty between the peasant ofthe big landlords by promising back he They rewarded the loyal Army men (nan) 5. IMAGES OF THE REVOLT t ¥ : ce and Retributi Celebrating the Saviours Engish women andthe Nationalist imageres soe: ei . | z honour of Brita oe | | + Provoked range of + Incite bythe newspaper + Inspiration tom 1857 Revol eae eee ; Emotions & Reactons Teports about violence against «celebrated ke the frst war of « —Brilsh Press eral + commemorate Bish women and children Independence repression an at Sita heroes ‘+ The British public demanded «diferent Art & Literature (Revenge taken by Mitary) ‘Ref of Lucknow by for Revenue and retibution Keeping alve the memories of Visuals showed to publ of Thomas Jones Barker’ «Bris government asked to 1857 brutal execution of rebels to (1859) Drotect the honour ofinmocent —» Leaders ofthe Revolt were spread fear : women & children presented as heroic gures lke Governor-General Canning was ‘+ Arist exressed and shaped ‘Subhadra Kumari Chauhan :- ‘mocked at by the Bish rss the sentiments through ther “Khoob Lari Mardani Woh to When he stated tata gesture usual Represenation of hans wal rani this til ‘of compassion and a show ‘trauma and suffering ex ‘in popular in indian society and of forgivness would help in Memoriam’ by Joseph Noel became legacy of Revolt ‘winning back the loyalty ofthe Paton deicts English women «Hata feelngs awakened ‘sepoy. Shown in pictur ted ‘nd chien inci, looking the people against Bris Rule a8 “The Clemency of Canning” helpless and innocent, showing ‘Nationalist imagerias ofthe violene & death Revolthave helped in shaping ‘the Nationalist imagination C) TIMELINE * 1801 Subsidiary alliane introduced by Lord Wellesley, * 1329 Custom of Sati was abolished by the British, #1856 ‘Awadh annexed on grounds of mal-administration, + 1857 © 10th May Revolt breaks out in Meerut 8 srl2thMay —: Delhi garsons revolt; Bahadur Shah accepts nominal leadership of the revolt, © 20.27th May Sepoys mutiny in Aligarh, Mainpuri, Ftah, © 30th May Rising in Lucknow, 2 May-June ‘Mutiny turns into a © 30th June general revolt of the people. British defeated in the battle of Chinhat 22 : 238 Sept British forces under Havelock and Outram enter the Residency in Lucknow. ess), Shah Mal killed in battle. Rani Jhansi killed in battle,LA A 1 Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement SHAPTER Civil Disobedience and Beyond Note: Ample number of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) will help you prepare in CUTE | MINDIMAR ERMAN oN + Inthe history of nationalism, a single individual is often detied + Tree renounced leaders: + Garbald wit the making of tly + George Washington with the American War of Indopendonco + Ho Chi Minh withthe strggl to fee Vietnam from colonial lo + Gandhi was the mostinfuetal an overdo al the eae who parihaud nth edo stg + Ganchisacttes explores his interactions wit diferent sectons of nan socily and th oy par strug that he inspiron ed. ‘Mahatma Gandhi has been regarded asthe Father ofthe Inean Nation i ‘a ninations, wth tha making ofa nation, 1. A LEADER ANNOUNCES HIMSELF Mahatma Gandhi + ‘+ InJarwary 1815, Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi returned to his homeland after two decades of eslence abroad ‘As the Historian Chandran Devanesan has remarked, South ica was the" Making of the Mahatma ‘+ Mahatma Gandhi forged the distinctive techniques of non-violent protest known as ‘Satyagraha’ ‘+ The Swadeshi Movement of 1905-07, ithad greatly broadened is appeal among the mid lasses ‘+ The movement had thrown up some leaders among them Bal Gangachar Tlak of Maharastra, Bin Chandra Pal of Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab, These were known as "Lal, Bal and Pa’ the alteration conveying tho al-ndia charater of his struggle, since thoi nate provinces were very distant rom one another + Where extemists leader advocated miltant oppostin to colonial rule, there was a group of Moderates’ who prefered a more gradual and persuasive approach + Gandhi spent a year traveling around British India geting to know the land andits peopl, Si ‘Hs fist major public appearance was the opering of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) inFebeuary 1916 Opening of BHU (February 1916) ‘ Ives to this event were the princes and philantropsts, whose donations had contbuted othe founding of BHU ‘+ When his turn came to speak (Gandhi I) charged the Indian elite wit the lack of concem forthe labouring poor ‘+ The opening ofthe BHU, he sad was "certainly a most gorgeous show’, But he worried about he contrast between th ‘cly bedeckad noblemen ‘resent and “milion of poor” Indian who were absent + Gandhi tote pcvieged inves tat there is no-salvaon for nda ules you stip yous of is jewelry an old tin st or your couneymen Iningian, There can be no spirt of sel-government aboutus" he went on, "it we tke away oF allow oer to tke away from the peasants