Operating System [3140702] 240763107002

Practical:- 1

Aim:- Study of Basic commands of Linux/UNIX

 What is Unix operating system?

- Unix is a portable, multitasking, multiuser, time-sharing operating system originally
developed by AT&T Bell Labs.
- The most popular varieties of UNIX are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux, and MacOS X.
- The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts : kernal, shell and application
- Kernal allocates time and memory to programs and handles the filestore and
communications in response to system calls.
- The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel.

 Linux architecture

 Feature:
- Multiuser support: UNIX allows multiple users to simultaneously access the same
system and share resources.
- Multitasking: UNIX is capable of running multiple processes at the same time.
- Security: UNIX has a robust security model that includes file permissions, user
accounts, and network security features.
- Portability: UNIX can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms, from small
embedded systems to large mainframe computers.

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 Commands:-
1. cd:- Change Directory
Usage:- The cd command is used to change the current directory.

Options:-

- cd .. : To navigate up one directory level

- cd / : change the directory to the root directory.

2. Ls:- List Files

Usage:- list out contents of a directory.

Options:-

- -l : displays detailed information about files and directories.

- -a : Represent all files Include hidden files and directories.

- -r: List in reverse order .

- -i: It known as inode which displays the index number (inode) of each file and directory.

3. man:
Usage:- Print entries from the on-line reference manuals; find manual entries by
keyword.

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4. echo:
Usage:- Displays message, as well as evaluates variables.

Options:-

- \v: This option is used to create vertical tab spaces.

- -n: Do not output a trailing newline.

- \n : creates new line from where it is used.

5. cal:- Calendar
Usage:- Display Calendar

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Options:-

- cal -3: Shows calendar of previous, current and next month.

- cal [year]: Shows the whole calendar of the year.

- cal -j: Shows the calendar of the current month in the Julian calendar format not in the
default Gregorian calendar format.

6. date:
Usage:- Displays current date and time.

Options:-

- +d%: Display the day of the month.

- +m%: Display the month of year.
- +y%: Displays last two digits of the year.

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7. clear:
Usage:- command to clear the terminal in Linux.

8. cat:
Usage:- Displays file contents, creates new file, or appends data to an existing file.

Options:-

- cat -e: This command shows end-of-line characters ($) at the end of each line.

- cat file_name1 >> file_name2: If you want to add the content of one file to another,
‘cat’ can be used along with the append (>>) operator.

- cat -n: This command is used to displays the contents of a file with line numbers.

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9. pwd:- Print Working Directory

Usage:- Print Working Directory name.

Options:-

- -L: This command shows the current working directory as a logical path.

- -P: This command shows the current working directory as a physical path.

10. who:
Usage:- Displays Login name of the users, Terminal line numbers, Login time of
the users into the system, The remote host name of the user.

Options:-

- -b: Shows the last system boot time.

- -H: Displays column headers for the output.

- -l: Lists system login processes.

- -a: Displays all available information, including boot time, login processes, and user
details.

11. whoami:
Usage:- Displays user of the current shell only.

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- whoami --help: Display a help message, and exit.

- Whoami --version: Display version information, and exit.

12. uname:
Usage:- This command in Linux displays system information.

Options:-

- -s: It prints the kernel name.

- -n: It prints the hostname of the network node.
- -v: It prints the version of the current kernel, including the build date and time.
- -r: It prints the kernel release date.

13. passwd:
Usage:- It is used to change a user's password.
Syntax:- passwd [-options] [username]

14. mkdir: Make Directory

Usage:- Create new directory

Options:-

- -v: Displays a message for each directory created.

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- -p: Creates parent directories if they don’t exist.

- -m: Sets permissions for the directory during creation.

15. rmdir: Remove Directory

Usage:- Removes an empty directory. If the directory is not empty, it will not be
removed.

Options:-

- -p: remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors.

16. cp: Copy Command

Usage:- Copies a file or group of files.

Options:-

- -i: Interactive copying (ask before overwriting a destination file).

- -r: Recursive copying (it copies directory structure).

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- -f: Forces overwriting of destination files without confirmation.

17. mv: Move / Rename file

Usage:- rename a file or moves a file or group of files.

Options:-

- -i: Prompts for confirmation before overwriting files.

- -f: Forces overwriting of files without confirmation.

- -b: Creates a backup of the destination file before overwriting.

18. rm: Remove file

Usage:- removes files.

Options:-

- -i : prompt before every removal

- -f : ignore non existent files and arguments, never prompt

- -d : remove empty directories

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19. cut:
Usage:- cut a file vertically. Extract specific columns or fields from an input file.

Options:-

- cut -b: Extracts specific bytes.

- cut -f: cut by field with space as a field separator or delimiter option.

- cut -c: selects only the characters specified.

20. paste:
Usage:- It allows users to merge multiple files or lines of text into a single output.

Options:-

- paste -d: This option specifies a delimiter to combine lines from files.

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- paste -s: Combines lines from a file horizontally.

21. wc: Remove Directory

Usage:- Counts number of character, words and lines in an given input file.

Options:-

- -c: counts number of character.

- -m: Counts the number of characters in a file.

- -l: Counts the number of lines in a file.

- -L: Finds the length of the longest line in a file.

22. ln:
Usage:- It creates symbolic links between files.

Options:-

- -s: It Creates a symbolic link to a file or directory.

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- -f: Forces overwriting of an existing link.

- -i: This command prompts for confirmation before overwriting an existing file or link.

23. nl:
Usage:- The is used to add line numbers to the contents of a file or input.

Options:-

- -s: It allows you to specify a separator between the line number and the content of the
line.

- -d: numbers the lines in the input, and writes the numbered lines to standard output.

- -i: It allows you to set the increment for the line numbers.

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24. head:
Usage:- Display top of the line. default, it display first 10 lines of file.

Options:-

- -n: Prints the first ‘num’ lines instead of first 10 lines.

- -c: Prints the first ‘num’ bytes from the file specified.

- -v: data from the specified file is always preceded by its file name.

25. tail:
Usage:- Display end of the line. default, it display last 10 lines of file.

Options:-

- -n: Prints the last ‘num’ lines instead of last 10 lines.

- -c: Prints the last ‘num’ bytes from the file specified.

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- -q: This command hides the file names when showing the last part of multiple files.

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