Business Computing
Today Objective
Decision Support System
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Revision of last session
Akooda :Charging Towards Operational Intelligence
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Akooda Case
Will let you know something you did not know about your
organization .
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Akooda Case
How Akooda Works?
Akooda required 15 minute time for customization with
company.
Akooda platform connect with :
Communication tool (slack ,email, zoom ,etc.)
Knowledge management toos( Google drive ,dropbox etc)
Project management tool(jira,trello etc )
Customer relation and Revenue Management Tools(salesforce,
zendesk etc)
PPPP
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Akooda Case
How Akooda Convert unstructured data in to relevant information
and relevant people ?
TF-IDF (Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency) is a handy algorithm that uses the
frequency of words to determine how relevant those words are to a given document.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
What are the key learnings from the Akooda case study
regarding implementing operational intelligence?
Importance of Data Integration & Flow
Role of Real-time Monitoring and Visualization
Benefits of Predictive Analytics & Insights
Process Automation for Efficiency
Employee Training and Change Management:
Continuous Improvement and Evaluation
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Decision-support systems (DSS)
Flowchart Diagram, Algorithms, and Pseudocode
Decision-support systems
(DSS)
• Definition: A decision support system (DSS)
is an information system that supports business
or organizational decision-making activities
• Purpose: DSS helps managers analyze
complex problems, evaluate alternatives, and
make informed decisions
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
DSS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe different types of decisions and the decision-
making process.
• Assess how information systems support the activities of
managers and management decision making.
• Demonstrate how decision-support systems (DSS) differ
from MIS and how they provide value to the business.
• Evaluate the role of information systems in helping people
working in a group make decisions more efficiently.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
• Types of decisions: DSS
• Unstructured: Decision maker must provide judgment, evaluation,
and insight to solve problem
• Structured: Repetitive and routine; involve definite procedure for
handling so they do not have to be treated each time as new
• Semistructured: Only part of problem has clear-cut answer provided
by accepted procedure
• Senior managers:
• Make many unstructured decisions
• E.g. Should we enter a new market?
• Middle managers:
• Make more structured decisions but these may include unstructured
components
• E.g. Why is order fulfillment report showing decline in Mumbai?
• Operational managers, rank and file employees
• Make more structured decisions
• E.g. Does customer meet criteria for credit? Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Components of a Decision
Support System
• Data Management: Collecting, organizing, and
storing relevant data.
• Model Management: Developing mathematical
and analytical models to simulate decision
scenarios.
• Knowledge Base: Storing and accessing domain-
specific knowledge.
• User Interface: Providing an interactive interface
for users to input data and receive results.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Decision Making and Information Systems
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Types of Decision Support Systems
• Model-Driven DSS: Emphasizes mathematical and statistical
models to analyze data and support decision-making.
• Data-Driven DSS: Focuses on accessing and analyzing large
volumes of data to generate insights.
• Knowledge-Driven DSS: Leverages expert knowledge and rules
to provide decision support.
• Communication-Driven DSS: Supports collaborative decision-
making by facilitating communication among stakeholders.
• Document-driven DSS: Manages, retrieves, and manipulates
unstructured information.
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Benefit of Information and DSS
Performance
• Decision quality
• Problem Complexity
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DSS
Overview of a Decision-Support System
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Technologies which supports Decision Making Process
Data Mining
Model’s
Data warehousing
Pivot table
Fuzzy logic DSS Transformation using
DSS
Neural Network input Technologies output
Genetic Algorithm
Multicriteria analysis
Nature inspired techniques and many more
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DSS
• Using spreadsheet pivot tables to support decision
making
• Online Management Training Inc. (OMT Inc.), sells online management
training books and streaming online videos to corporations and
individuals
• Records of online transactions can be analyzed using Excel to help
business decisions, e.g.:
• Where do most customers come from?
• Where are average purchases higher?
• What time of day do people buy?
• What kinds of ads work best?
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DSS with Algorithms, Flowcharts and Pseudocodes
• Algorithms, Flowcharts and Pseudocodes can
effectively represent the processes and decision
points within a DSS.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Algorithm
Definition
– A set of sequential steps usually written in Ordinary
Language to solve a given problem is called
Algorithm.
Solving a problem in multiple ways may result in more than
one algorithm.
The choice of various algorithms depends on factors like
reliability, accuracy and ease of modification.
The most critical factor in the choice of algorithm is the time
requirement to execute it after writing code in High-level
language with the help of a computer.
The algorithm that will need the least execution time is
considered the best.
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Example 1
Suppose we want to find the average of three numbers, the algorithm is
as follows.
Step 1 Read the numbers a, b, c
Step 2 Compute the sum of a, b and c
Step 3 Divide the sum by 3
Step 4 Store the result in variable d
Step 5 Print the value of d
Step 6 End of the program
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Example 2
Write an algorithm to calculate the simple interest using the
formula.
Simple interest = P*N* R/100.
P is the principal amount, N is the number of years, and R is the
interest rate.
Step 1: Read the three input quantities P, N and R.
Step 2: Calculate simple interest as given in the
formula: Simple interest = P* N* R/100
Step 3: Print simple interest.
Step 4: Stop.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Example 4
Write an algorithm to find the largest of three
numbers X, Y, Z.
Step 1: Read the numbers X, Y, Z.
Step 2: if (X > Y)
Big = X
else BIG = Y
Step 3 : if (BIG < Z)
Step 4: Big = Z
Step 5: Print the largest number i.e. Big
Step 6: Stop.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Write an algorithm to calculate the perimeter and area of the
rectangle. Given its length and width.
Step 1: Read length, width of the rectangle.
Step 2: Calculate perimeter of the rectangle using
the formula perimeter = 2* (length + width)
Step 3: Calculate area of the rectangle using
the formula area = length *width.
Step 4: Print perimeter.
Step 5: Print area.
Step 6: Stop.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Any series of well defined steps that shows a procedure for solving a
given type of problem is called an algorithm.
What is a Flowchart?
Flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm.
Programmers often use it as a program-planning tool to solve
a problem. It makes use of symbols which are connected
among them to indicate the flow of information and
processing.
The process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm is known
as “flowcharting”.
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Flowchart
• A flow chart is a step-by-step
diagrammatic representation of the
logic paths to solve a problem.
OR,
• A flowchart is a visual or graphical
representation of an algorithm.
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Importance of Flowcharts in DSS
• Visualization of Processes: Flowcharts help in
visualizing the complex processes involved in
DSS, making them easier to understand and
analyze.
• Clear Decision Points: They highlight the
decision points and the flow of data, showing how
different components of a DSS interact.
• Simplification of Complex Systems: By
breaking down complex systems into manageable
steps, flowcharts make communicating the
system’s functionality easier to stakeholders.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Flowchart Representation in DSS
• Data Collection: Visualize the process of data
gathering from various sources.
• Data Processing: Show how data is cleaned,
transformed, and stored.
• Model Application: Illustrate the application of
analytical models and algorithms.
• Decision Making: Highlight the decision points
based on the analysis.
• Feedback Loops: Represent feedback loops for
continuous improvement and learning.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Advantages of Flowcharts
1. The flowchart shows the logic of a problem displayed in a pictorial
fashion, which facilitates easier checking of an algorithm.
2. The Flowchart is a good means of communication to other users. It
is also a compact means of recording an algorithm solution to a
problem.
3. The flowchart allows the problem solver to break the problem into
parts. These parts can be connected to make a master chart.
4. The flowchart is a permanent record of the solution which can be
consulted at a later time.
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Differences between Algorithm and Flowchart
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Rules For Creating Flowchart :
A flowchart is a graphical representation of an
[Link] should follow some rules while
creating a flowchart
Rule 1: Flowchart opening statement must be
‘start’ keyword.
Rule 2: Flowchart ending statement must be
‘end’ keyword.
Rule 3: All symbols in the flowchart must be
connected with an arrow line.
Rule 4: The decision symbol in the flowchart is
associated with the arrow line.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Flow control structures
Flow Control Structures are the
fundamental components of
computer programs. They are
commands that allow a program to
“decide” to take one direction or
another.
There are three basic types of control structures: sequential, selection,
and iteration
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Sequential
The most basic control flow is sequential control flow. It involves the
execution of code statements one after the other. A real-world
example is following a cooking recipe
[Link]
2. A=50
3.A=A+100
[Link](A)
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Selection (conditionals)
The basic premise of selection flow control is, the computer decides
what action to perform based on the result of a test or condition
equalling true or false.
1. Start
2. Marks = 350
3. If Marks>200
4. Then Make Qualify for next round
5. Else
6. Fail and good luck for next time
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Iteration (Loops).
A loop is a programming structure that allows a statement or block of
code to be run repeatedly until a specified condition is no longer true
(will return Boolean, true or false). It is one of the most powerful and
fundamental programming concepts.
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Flowchart Example 1
• A student appears in an
examination consisting of 10
subjects, each with a maximum
mark of 100.
• The roll number of the student,
his/her name, and the marks
obtained by him/her in various
subjects are supplied as input
data.
• Such a collection of related
data items treated as a unit is
known as a record. 0
• Draw a flowchart for the
algorithm to calculate the
percentage marks obtained by
the student in this examination
and then print it along with
his/her roll number and name.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Flowchart Example 2
• For the examination of
Example 1, we want to list
only those students who have
passed (obtained 30% or
more marks) in the
examination.
• In the end, we also want to
print out the total number of
students who have passed.
• Assuming that the input data
of all the students is
terminated by a trailer
record, which has sentinel
value of 9999999 for Rollno,
draw a flowchart for the
algorithm to do this.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Flowchart Example 3
• Suppose the input data of
each student for the
examination of Example 1
also contains information
regarding the sex of the
candidate in the field named
Sexcode having values M
(for male) or F (for female).
• We want to make a list of
only those female students
who have passed in second
division (obtained 45% or
more but less than 60%
marks).
• In the end, we also want to
print out the total number of
such students.
• Assuming that the input data
of all the students is
terminated by a trailer record,
which has a sentinel value of
Z for Sexcode,
• Draw a flowchart for the
algorithm to do this.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Draw a flowchart to input two numbers from the user and
display the largest of two numbers
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision-Making Process
Draw a
flowchart to
input three
numbers from
the user and
display the
largest number.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
ABC company plans to give a 6% year-end bonus to each of its
employees earning Rs 6,000 or more per month , and a fixed Rs
250/- bonus to the remaining employees. Draw a flowchart for
calculating the bonus for an employee.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
A flowchart is a diagram that depicts the steps involved in solving a
problem. The following flowchart shows how to output the
multiplication table ( n * 1 to n * 10) of a number, n:
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Logical Decision Making Process
Draw a flowchart to find the factorial of given positive integer N.
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Class Assignement Problems
Problem 1: Draw a flow chart to input a positive number and find
whether it is single or multi-digit.
Problem 2: Kalu Pandit sells mangoes. If the bill is more than ₹500, then
a 10% discount is given. Draw a flow chart to generate a net bill.
Problem 3: Kalu Pandit sells mangoes. If the customer has known Kalu
for over 5 years and the bill is more than ₹500, then a 10% discount is
given. Otherwise, if the customer has known Kalu for more than 5 years
but the bill is less than ₹500, then a 5% discount is given. Draw a flow
chart to generate a net bill.
Problem 4: Draw a flowchart to find whether a number is even or odd.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Class Assignement Problems
Problem 5: In CBSE board results are generated on the following basis:
Marks in five subjects are considered, every subject has a maximum 100 marks:
If aggregate is 75% student passes in First class with distinction.
If aggregate is 60% student passes in First class.
If aggregate is 50% student passes in Second class.
If aggregate is 40% student just passes the exam.
If aggregate is < 40% student fails.
Draw a flow to generate result of a student.
Problem 6: Draw a flow chart to find largest of four numbers.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Logical Decision Making Process
What is Programming ?
Programming is the process of
creating a set of instructions that tell a
computer how to perform a task
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Logical Decision Making Process
Most important basic elements for
programming languages are:
•Programming Environment
•Variables
•Data Types
•Logical and Arithmetical Operators
•If else conditions
•Loops
•Numbers, Characters and Arrays
•Functions
•Input and Output Operations
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Pseudo code
• The Pseudo code is neither an algorithm nor a
program.
• It is an abstract form of a program.
• It consists of English like statements which
perform the specific operations.
• In pseudo code, the program is represented in
terms of words and phrases, but the syntax of
program is not strictly followed.
Advantages: * Easy to read, * Easy to understand,
* Easy to modify
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Advantage of Pseudo code
Following are some of the advantages of using
pseudo code:
• Converting a pseudo code to a programming
language is much more easier than converting a
flowchart.
• As compared to flowchart, it is easier to modify a
pseudo code of a program logic when program
modifications are necessary
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Limitation of pseudo code
It also suffers from some of the limitations. These limitations
are as follows:
• In the cases of pseudo code, a graphic representation of
program logic is not available.
• There are no standard rules to follow for using a pseudo code.
Different programmers use their own style of writing pseudo
code and hence, communication problem occurs due to lack
of standardization.
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
Examples
Pseudo code to add 2 numbers is as follows;
SumOfTwoNumbers()
Begin
Set sum=0;
Read: num1, num2;
Set sum = num1+num2;
Print sum;
End
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Flowchart Tools
• Following are a few common flowchart
tools used:
– Raptor (Open Source)
• [Link]
– Lucid Chart
– Microsoft Visio
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Thank you !!!
Indian Institute of Management (IIM),Rohtak
