CLL231: Fluid Mechanics for Chemical
Engineers
Somnath Ghosh
somnath@[Link]
Video: [Link]
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Fluid Mechanics: Classification and Definition
What is fluid? Fluid
Mechanics
It is a substance that deforms
continuously when acted upon by a
shearing stress of any magnitude.
What is Stress? Statics Dynamics
Stress = Force/area { Normal and Shear Stress }
F
F
A A Inviscid Viscus
Laminar Turbulent
F
fluid
Compressible Incompressible
At rest, fluid is at zero shear stress. 2
Fluid Mechanics: units and properties
Primary dimensions
Mass → [M] Fluid properties
Length → [L] Density (ρ) ≡ mass/volume (kg/m3)
Time → [T] Specific volume (υ) ≡ 1/density (m3/kg)
Temperature →[ϴ] Specific weight (γ) ≡ weight/volume (N/m3 ) = ρg
Specific gravity (SG) ≡ fluid density/ water density @ 4°C
SI Units
Force → N
Mass → kg From thermodynamic point of view (a state relation);
Length → m ρ = f(T,P)
BG Units At standard condition (1 atm pressure and 300K),
Force → lbf Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Mass → slug (1 slug=32.2 lbm) Density of air = 1.22 kg/m3
Length → ft
3
Fluid properties: Viscosity
viscosity (μ) ≡ physically, it is a measure of fluid resistance to deformation (Pa.s or N.s.m-2 )
wikipedia
wikipedia
microrheology
Fluid properties: Pressure
a) Pressure is the compressive stress at a point in a static fluid.
b) Fluids in motion , the pressure p is the most dynamic variable in fluid mechanics.
c) Gradients in pressure often drive a fluid flow, especially in ducts.
Pressure measurement: a) Absolute pressure is measured relative to a
perfect vacuum (absolute zero pressure).
(always positive)
b) Gage pressure is measured relative to the local
atmospheric pressure. It could be either
positive or negative
For example, 10 psi (abs) could be expressed as -4.7 psi (gage),
Graphical representation of absolute and gauge pressure
if the local atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, or alternatively 4.7
Ref. Munson, 6th ed. P 48 psi suction or 4.7 psi vacuum.
❖A standard technique to measure pressure involves the use of liquid columns in
vertical or inclined tubes; called manometers
❖What about vapor pressure? How to measure it? 5
Dimensionless groups in Fluid mechanics
Several non-dimensional groups are there to characterize flow behaviour
List of non-dimensional groups
1. Reynolds Number (Re)
3 𝑉2
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜌𝐿 )( ) 𝜌𝑉𝐿 Important for all flow problems
= = 𝐿 =
𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑉 𝜇
(𝜇 )𝐿2
𝐿
2. Froude Number (Fr)
𝑉2 3
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜌𝐿 )( ) 𝑉 2 𝑉
= = 𝐿 = ; 𝐹𝑟 =
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜌𝐿3 )𝑔 𝐿𝑔 𝐿𝑔
For flow with free surface
3. Weber Number (We)
𝑉 2
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜌𝐿3 )( ) 𝜌𝑉 2 𝐿
= = 𝐿 = When surface tension is
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜎𝐿 𝜎 important in free surface flow
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Dimensionless groups in Fluid mechanics
List of non-dimensional groups
4. Euler Number (Eu)
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝑝𝐿2 ∆𝑝 When pressure differences
= = 2 = 𝜌𝑉 2 are of interest
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉
(𝜌𝐿3 )( )
𝐿
5. Cavitation number (Ca)
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝 − 𝑝𝑣 When local and vapor pressure of fluid is important
=
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝜌𝑉 2
2
6. Mach Number (Ma)
𝑉2
3
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜌𝐿 )( ) 𝑉 2
𝑉 2
= = 𝐿 = = 2 When compressibility of
𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐸𝐿2 𝐸ൗ
𝜌 𝑎 fluid is important
Other important groups: Grashof number (Gr; for natural convection); Prandtl
Number (Pr; for heat convection); friction factor (f; for internal or external flow);
Drag or lift coefficient (CD or CL; for hydrodynamics); Capillary Number (Ca, for
understanding viscous and interfacial force effects)
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Major consideration for solving problems (in flow)
Conditions must satisfy
1. Conservation of mass
2. Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics)
3. Newton’s second law of motion (conservation of linear momentum)
4. Second Law of thermodynamics
Appropriate boundary conditions need to be applied
Some other important conditions might be required to satisfy based on the situations of flow problems. Think
carefully and list your assumptions.
Use one unit system.
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Concepts of continuum
❖ Two conventional approaches to solve fluid mechanics problems: microscopic and
macroscopic (another approach is molecular)
macroscopic mesoscopic microscopic molecular
❖ In continuum hypothesis, a fluid is considered to be homogeneous and some properties
of the fluid can be assumed to be a continuous function in space.
❖ In this approach we do not consider the position or motion of individual molecules or
different forces acting on individual molecules.
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Concepts of continuum
❖ Considering the behavior of individual molecules and study their properties to obtain
the bulk properties of material is computationally challenging; also, not necessary.
Example with density: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝛿𝑚 𝛿𝑚
𝜌 = lim 𝜌= lim ∗
𝛿∀→0 𝛿∀ 𝛿∀→𝛿∀ 𝛿∀
*density is essentially a point function
𝛿∀∗ ~10−9 𝑚𝑚3 and fluid properties can be thought of
as varying continually in space.
Such a fluid is called a continuum, which simply
means that its variation in properties is so smooth
that differential calculus can be used to analyze
White, 7th ed, p9
the substance. 11
Concepts of continuum: Quantification
❖ In molecular approach, each molecule is tracked; for microscopic approach, statistical
average of group of molecule is considered; in case of macroscopic approach, time
averaged behavior of many molecules is considered.
Molecular
microscopic
macroscopic
[Link]
𝜆
Knudsen Number: 𝐾𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑛 = ≪ 1
𝐿 12
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