Topic 12 – Module Overview Database Design and Development

Database Design and

Development
Topic 12:
Module Overview

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Scope and Coverage

This topic will cover:
• Module overview

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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
• Summarise the key module topics
• Give an outline of the knowledge needed about
each topic for assessment purposes

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Overview of Module
Topic 1 Introduction to the Module

Key concepts in databases and database development

Topic 2 Enhancing Design 1

Topic 3 Enhancing Design 2

Topic 4 Data Retrieval 1

Topic 5 Data Retrieval 2
Topic 6 Physical Design 1
Topic 7 Physical Design 2
Topic 8 Physical Design 3
Topic 9 Physical Design 4
Topic 10 Distributed Databases
Topic 11 Data Warehouses
Topic 12 Summary

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Database System in Detail

DBMS serves as intermediary
between user and the database by translating
user requests into the complex code required
Customer to fulfill those requests
User Processing
Application Requests
Application
Data METADATA
Rental Application Requests
User Processing DATA
Application Data

Application Requests
DBMS
User Other
Data Database Database
Application Management
System
Application programs might be written in a programming
Language, such as Visual Basic or C++, or it might
be created through a DBMS utility e.g. Access’s forms wizard.

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Common Types of Database

Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems

• Management Information Systems

• Data Warehouses

• Distributed Databases

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Activity: Metadata
• What is metadata?

• What are data-types?

• Define metadata for an entity in:

- Student record system
- Car hire system
- Holiday booking system

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Key Concepts of Relational Model

• Relations and tables

• Attribute

• Domain

• Tuples and rows

• Primary Key

• Foreign Key

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Phases of Database Design

• Conceptual database design

• Logical database design

• Physical database design

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Database Design and Our Topics

Topic 1 Introduction to the Module

Key concepts in databases and database development

Topic 2 Enhancing Design 1 CONCEPTUAL AND LOGICAL

Topic 3 Enhancing Design 2 CONCEPUTAL AND LOGICAL

Topic 4 Data Retrieval 1

Topic 5 Data Retrieval 2
Topic 6 Physical Design 1 PHYSICAL
Topic 7 Physical Design 2 PHYSICAL
Topic 8 Physical Design 3 PHYSICAL
Topic 9 Physical Design 4 PHYSICAL
Topic 10 Distributed Databases
Topic 11 Data Warehouses
Topic 12 Summary

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Properties of a Relation
• Relation Named
• Atomic values in cells
• Attribute Named
• Attribute value drawn from a domain
• No duplicate tuples (rows)
• No significance to order of tuples
• No significance to order of attributes

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Functional Dependence
• AB

• This is the notation

• If we know the value of A then we will know the

value of B

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Customer Order Sheet for Art

Supply Shop
Customer Order Sheet for an Art Supplier
Customer Number: 37
Customer Name: Jagpal Singh
Customer Type Code: RC
Customer Type Description: Retail Customer

Item N
It Number
b It N
Item Name SSupplier
li ID Pi
Price S li Name
Supplier N Quantity
Q tit
099 Basic Paint Set S1 £3 Smith and Co 1
0100 Sable Brush Set S2 £3.50 Acro 1
0101 Extended Colour S1 £3.75 Smith and Co 3
Set
098 Metallic Paint Set S1 £3.99 Smith and Co 1
078 Mixed Brush Set S2 £3.99 Acro 2

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Logical Design
• Step One: Create and check ER model

• Step Two: Map ER Model to tables

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Logical Design Step One - 1

• Step One: Create and check ER mode

• 1.1 Identify entities

• 1.2 Identify relationships
• 1.3 Identify and associate attributes with entities
• 1.4 Determine attribute domains
• 1.5 Determine candidate, primary and alternative
key attributes

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Logical Design Step One - 2

• Step One: Create and check ER mode

• 1.6 Specialise/Generalise entities (optional step, not

covered here)
• 1.7 Check model for redundancy
• 1.8 Check model supports user transactions
• 1.9 Review model with user

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Step 1.9 Review Model with User

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Objectives of SQL
• Create the database and relation structures
• Perform basic tasks such as inserts, updates and
deletes
• Simple
p and complex
p q
queries

Structured Query Language

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Data Definition Language DDL

• For defining database structures and controlling
access to data
- CREATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX , CREATE
SEQUENCE , GRANT ACCESS etc.

• Data Manipulation Language DML

- For retrieving and updating data
• SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

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Data Manipulation Language DML

• For retrieving and updating data

• SELECT
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

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The Join Operation

• Used to retrieve data from more than one table

• Simple join

• Multi-table join

• Outer-join

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Step 3
• 3.1 Design Base Tables (covered in this lecture)

• 3.2 Design representations of derived data (covered

in Unit 7)

• 3.3 Design remaining business rules (covered in

Unit (Unit 8)

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Step 4
• 4.1 Analyse transactions (covered in Unit 9)

• 4.2 Choose file organisations (covered in Unit 9)

• 4.3 Choose indexes (covered in Unit 9)

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What is Derived Data?

• A column whose value can be found be examining
the values of other columns

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Representation of Derived Data

• Not always represented in the data model

• Represented when there is a danger of losing the

information

• Derived attributes shown with a ‘/’ in front

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Types of Constraints
• Entity integrity

• Referential integrity

• Propagation constraints

• Domain constraints

• Table constraints

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Transactions
• The units of work in a database system.
• Transactions can be made up of one or more
operations. Operations are usually defined as:
- CREATE or INPUT
- RETRIEVE
- UPDATE CRUD or IRUD
- DELETE

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Transaction/ A B C D E F G H
Relations

Customer C R RU D

Order C RU

OrderItem C CRUD RD

Item R C

Supplier C

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Distributed Database Definition

• A database system that is split over more than one
site

• This might involve fragmentation

• This might involve replication

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Advantages of Distributed Data

• Emulating organisational structure

• Greater Control

p
• Improved availability
y

• Greater reliability

• Better performance

• Easier growth

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Disadvantages of Distributed
Databases
• Complexity
• Cost
• Security
• Integrity control more difficult
• Lack of standards
• Lack of experience
• Database design more complex

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Need for Data Warehouse

Sales Trends

Customer Buying habits

Regional
g variations

Variations by time

Goods generating
profitt

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Customer
On-line sales loyalty data

Fact Table
e.g. Sales
trends

Star Schema
Central table surrounded
Store sales
by reference tables

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Item Type
Snowflake Schema sales by
Each dimension can have a number customer
of its own dimensions.

On-line sales
Customer
loyalty
Fact Table
e.g Sales
Trends

Region Store sales Store sales

information by Item type

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Starflake Schema
Some de-normalisation

On-line sales
Customer
loyalty
Fact Table
e.g Sales
Trends

Region Store sales Store sales

information by Item type

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Midlands
Region Month
South
North A M J J A

2009 34 36 34 54 60
Year
2010 38 34 55 58 56

Multi-dimensional data – sales of Ice cream in thousands

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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
• Summarise the key module topics
• Give an outline of the knowledge needed about
each topic for assessment purposes

Have we met them?

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Topic 12 – Module Overview

Any Questions?

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