Numerical Integration

1. Use the trapezium rule, with 3 strips each of width 2, to estimate the value of

[4]

2.

The diagram shows part of the curve . The point P (5, 3) lies on the curve.
Region A is bounded by the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line x = 5. Region B is bounded
by the curve, the y-axis and the line y = 3.

i. Use the trapezium rule, with 2 strips each of width 2.5, to find an approximate value for the
area of region A, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

[3]

ii. Use your answer to part (i) to deduce an approximate value for the area of region B.

[2]

iii. By first writing the equation of the curve in the form x = f(y), use integration to show that the
exact area of region B is .

[7]

3. i. Use the trapezium rule, with 4 strips each of width 1.5, to estimate the value of

giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

[4]

ii. Explain how the trapezium rule could be used to obtain a more accurate estimate.

[1]

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 Numerical Integration
4. i. The curve y = 3 can be transformed to the curve y 3
x x−2
by a translation. Give details of
the translation.

[2]

ii. Alternatively, the curve y = 3x can be transformed to the curve y = 3x−2 by a stretch.
Give details of the stretch.

[2]

iii. Sketch the curve y = 3x−2, stating the coordinates of any points of intersection with the
axes.

[2]

iv. The point P on the curve y = 3x−2 has y-coordinate equal to 180. Use logarithms to find
the x-coordinate of P, correct to 3 significant figures.

[3]

v. Use the trapezium rule, with 2 strips each of width 1.5, to find an estimate for 3x−2dx.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

[3]

5. (a) Use the trapezium rule, with four strips each of width 0.25, to find an approximate
value for
[3]

(b) Explain how the trapezium rule might be used to give a better approximation to the
integral given in part (a). [1]

6. Use the trapezium rule, with 4 strips each of width 0.2, to find an estimate for
(a)
where x is in radians. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. [4]

(b) Explain, with the aid of a sketch, why the value from part (a) is an under-estimate. [2]

7. Fig. 1 shows a garden that is to be designed to include a lawn and a flowerbed.

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 Numerical Integration

Fig. 1

The lawn can be modelled using four trapezia, as shown in Fig. 2. Each trapezium has a
width of 1.5 m, and the lengths of the parallel sides are 8.0 m, 8.5 m, 8.2 m, 8.4 m and 8.6 m
respectively.

Fig. 2
(a) (i) Use the trapezium rule with 4 strips to estimate the area of the lawn. [2]
(ii) Given that lawn seed costs £0.49 per square metre, estimate the total cost of the
lawn seed required. [1]

(b) Suggest two limitations of this model. [2]

(c) Suggest one possible refinement of this model. [1]

The flowerbed can be modelled as the segment of a circle with radius 3.2 m. Fertiliser costs
£0.17 per square metre.

(d) Estimate the total cost of fertiliser required to cover the entire area of the flowerbed. [5]

8. (i) Use Simpson’s rule with four strips to find an approximation to

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 Numerical Integration

giving your answer correct to 4 significant figures. [4]

(ii) Deduce an approximation to

giving your answer correct to 4 significant figures. [2]

9.
(a) Use the trapezium rule, with four strips each of width 0.5, to estimate the value of

giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures. [3]

(b) Explain how the trapezium rule could be used to obtain a more accurate estimate. [1]

10. (a) Use the trapezium rule, with two strips of equal width, to show that

. [5]

(b) Use the substitution x = u2 to find the exact value of

. [6]

Using your answers to parts (a) and (b), show that

(c)

where k is a rational number to be determined. [2]

END OF QUESTION paper

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

1 ½ × 2 × (8/5 + 2(8/7 + 8/9) + 8 M1 Attempt the 4 correct y M0 if other y-values also

/11) -coordinates, and no others found (unless not used)
Allow decimal equivs

M1 Attempt correct trapezium Correct structure required,

rule, any h, to find area including placing of y
between x = 5 and x = 11 -values
The ‘big brackets’ must be
seen, or implied by later
working – this may not be
clear if using h = 2 so allow
BOD for eg ½ × 2 × (8/5 + 8/
8 8
11) + 2( /7 + /9)
Could be implied by stating
general rule in terms of y0
etc, as long as these have
been attempted elsewhere
and clearly labelled
Could use other than 3
strips as long as of equal
width Using x-values is M0
Can give M1, even if error
in evaluating y-values as
long correct intention is
clear
Allow BoD if first or last y
-value incorrect, unless
clearly from an incorrect x
-value

M1 Use correct h (soi) for their Must be in attempt at trap

y-values (must have equally rule, not Simpson's rule
spaced x-values), to find As h = 2, allow BOD if ½ ×
area between x = 5 and x = 2 not seen explicitly
11 Allow if muddle over placing
y-values, including
duplication (but M0 for x
-values)
Allow if ½ missing
Allow other than 3 strips, as
long as h is consistent

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

= 6.39 A1 Obtain 6.39, or better Allow answers in the range

[6.390, 6.391] if > 3sf
Examiner's Comments
Answer only is 0/4
This was a straightforward Using 2 strips of width 3 is
start to the paper and most M0M1M1 and not a misread
candidates gained full Using the trap rule on result
marks on the question. of an integration attempt is
Some candidates lost the 0/4 – this includes functions
final mark by failing to work such as 8x even if
to the required degree of integration is not explicit
accuracy throughout. Using 3 separate trapezia
Candidates are strongly can get full marks – if other
advised to use exact values than 3 trapezia then mark
in their calculations rather as above
than truncated decimals. However, using only one
Candidates also lost marks trapezium is 0/4
through using two strips of
width 3, rather than the
required three strips of
width 2, but they were still
able to gain some credit.
There were very few
candidates who first
attempted integration,
which is an improvement on
previous series.

Total 4

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

2 i 0.5 × 2.5 × (1 + 2(–3 + M1* Attempt y-values at x = 0, M0 if additional y-values

2√6.5) + 3) 2.5, 5 only found, unless not used y1
can be exact or decimal
(2.1 or better)
Allow M1 for using incorrect
function as long as still
clearly y-values that are
intended to be the original
function eg –3 + 2√x + 4
(from √(x + 4) = √x + √4)

i = 10.2 M1d* Attempt correct trapezium Fully correct structure reqd,

rule, inc h = 2.5 including placing of y
-values
The ‘big brackets’ must be
seen, or implied by later
working
Could be implied by stating
general rule in terms of y0
etc, as long as these have
been attempted elsewhere
and clearly labelled
Using x-values is M0
Can give M1, even if error
in evaluating y-values as
long correct intention is
clear

i A1 Obtain 10.2, or better Allow answers in the range

[10.24, 10.25] if > 3sf
Examiner's Comments A0 if exact surd value given
as final answer
Candidates were familiar
with the trapezium rule and Answer only is 0/3
the majority were able to Using 2 separate trapezia
apply it accurately to the can get full marks
given situation. A surprising Using anything other than 2
minority rounded the final strips of width 2.5 is M0
answer to 10.3 rather than Using the trapezium rule on
10.2. This could be ignored result of an integration
provided that a correct, attempt is 0/3
more accurate, answer had
been seen previously. Slips
in calculating the y values
were condoned, as long as
there was sufficient working
to convey the correct intent.

ii (5 × 3) – 10.2 = 4.8 M1 Attem pt area of r ectangle - As long as 0 < their (i) < 15
their (i)

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

ii A1FT Obtain 4.8, or better Allow for exact surd value

as well
Examiner's Comments Allow answers in range
[4.75, 4.80] if > 2sf
The overwhelming majority
of candidates gained both
of the marks available,
especially as full credit
could still be awarded
following an incorrect result
to part (i).

iii M1 Attempt to write as x = f(y) Must be correct order of

operations, but allow slip
with inverse operations eg
+ / –, and omitting to square

the
Allow y2 + 9 from an
attempt to square y + 3,
even if (y + 3)2 is not seen
explicitly first
Allow maximum of 1 error

iii A1 Allow A1 as soon as any

correct equation seen in

format x = f(y), eg

or

, and
isw subsequent error

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

iii M1* Attempt integration of f(y) Expand bracket and

increase in power by 1 for
at least two terms (allow if
constant term disappears)
Independent of
rearrangement attempt so
M0M1 is possible
Can gain M1 if their f(y) has
only two terms, as long as
both increase in power by 1
Allow M1 for k(y + 3)3, any
numerical k, as the integral

of (y + 3)2 or M1 for k

from

oe if their power
is other than 2

iii A1 Or
A0 if constant term
becomes not

iii B1 State or imply limits are y = Stated, or just used as

1, 3 limits in definite integral
Allow B1 even if limits used
incorrectly (eg wrong order,
or addition)
Allow B1 even if constant
term is (or their cx)

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

iii M1d* Attempt correct use of limits Correct order and

subtraction
Allow M1 (BOD) if y limits

used in (or their cx),

but M0 if x = 0, 5 used
Minimum of two terms in y
Only term allowed in x is
their c becoming cx

Allow processing errors eg

fo
Answer is given so M0 if
appears with no evidence of
use of limits
Minimum working required

is
Allow M1 if using decimals

(0.92 or better fo )
M0 if using lower limit as y
= 0, even if y = 3 is also
used Limits must be from
attempt at y-values, so M0
if using 0 and 5

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

iii A1 Must come from exact

working ie fractions or
Examiner's Comments recurring decimals - correct
notation required so A0 for
This proved to be a suitably 0.9166…
challenging end to the A0 if seen in solution
paper, with the most able
candidates gaining full SR for candidates who find
credit but the weaker ones the exact area by first
struggling to make any kind integrating onto the x-axis:
of progress. Most B4 obtain area between
candidates could attempt to curve and x-axis as 10⅓
change the subject of the B1 subtract from 15 to
equation but weak algebra obtain 14/3
skills meant that the result And, if seen in the solution,
was not always the required M1A1 for x = f(y) as above
equation. Most candidates
were then able to make a
reasonable attempt at the
integration, with the most
common error being for the
constant term to be
integrated with respect to x
rather than y. There was a
straightforward mark for
identifying that the limits
were 1 and 3, and
candidates then had to use
this to attempt the required
area. Only the most able
candidates were able to
provide a convincing
demonstration that the area
of the region was indeed

, as given on the paper.

Total 12

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

3 i 0.5 × 1.5 × (√7 + 2(√10 + B1 State the 5 correct y-values, B0 if other y-values also
√13 + √16) + √19) and no others found (unless not used)
Allow for unsimplified, even
if subsequent error made
Allow decimal equivs

i M1* Attempt to find area Correct placing of y-values

between required y-values may not
x = 4 and x = 10, using necessarily be correct, but
k(y0 + yn + 2(y1 + … + yn–1)) must be from attempt at
using correct x-values
(allow 7, 10 etc ie no √)
The ‘big brackets’ must be
seen, or implied by later
working
Could be implied by stating
general rule in terms of y0
etc, as long as these have
been attempted elsewhere
and clearly labelled
Could use other than 4
strips as long as of equal
width (but M0 for just one
strip)

i M1d* Use k = 0.5 × 1.5 soi Or k = 0.5 × h, where h is

consistent with the number
of strips used

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

i = 21.4 A1 Obtain 21.4, or better Allow answers in the range

[21.40, 21.41] if > 3sf
Answer only is 0/4
Using the trap rule on result
of an integration attempt is
0/4, even if integration is
not explicit
Using 4 separate trapezia
can get full marks
Using other than 4 separate
trapezia (but not just 1) can
get
M2, if done correctly
Examiner's Comments

This question was generally

very well done, with the
majority of the candidates
gaining full marks.
Candidates generally
showed their method
clearly, though the brackets
were omitted in some
solutions, resulting in an
incorrect evaluation of their
intended expression.
Candidates also need to be
careful when copying their
work from one line to the
next; it was not uncommon
to see √19 become √9.
Another common slip was
for √16 to be evaluated as 4
but then used as √4. In an
improvement from previous
sessions, there were very
few candidates who first
attempted to integrate the
function before applying the
trapezium rule.

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

ii Use more strips / narrower B1 Any reference to increasing No need to explicitly state
strips no of strips or reducing that it is over the same
width of strips interval
Ignore any reference to
under- / over-estimate
Ignore any attempts at
sketching the curve
Ignore any irrelevant
comments, but penalise
contradictory statements eg
use more strips, which are
wider
Could give numerical
example eg ‘use 6 strips’,
but if giving both width and
no of strips then must give
total width of 6
Examiner's Comments

The vast majority of

candidates gained a mark
for either identifying that
more strips could be used,
or identifying that the width
of the strips could be
reduced. Benefit of doubt
was given to those
candidates who gave both
reasons, but seemed to
think that they were
mutually exclusive. The
most common error was for
candidates to justify why it
was inaccurate, referring to
it being an underestimate,
rather than focusing on the
actual question posed.

Total 5

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

4 i 2 (units) in the positive x M1 Correct direction Identify that the translation

-direction is in the x-direction (either
positive or negative, so M1
for eg ‘2 in negative x
-direction’)
Allow any terminology as
long as intention is clear,
such as in/on/along the x
-axis
Ignore the magnitude

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

i A1 Fully correct description Must have correct

magnitude and correct
direction, using precise
language - such as ‘in the
x-direction’, ‘parallel to the
x-axis’, ‘horizontally’ or ‘to
the right’
A0 for in/on/along the x-axis
etc
Allow M1A1 for ‘2 in the x
-direction’ as positive is
implied
A0 for ‘factor 2’
‘Units’ is not required, but
A0 for ‘places’, ‘spaces’,
‘squares’ etc
Allow in vector notation as

well, so M1 for and

M1A1 for

Examiner's Comments

Most candidates could

correctly identify that it
would be a horizontal
translation, thus gaining
one mark. To gain the
second mark, candidates
had to state the correct
direction and magnitude.
The most efficient and
convincing method was to
use a vector to describe the
translation, and a number of
candidates did so.
However, most candidates
opted to use a worded
description instead and a
number of those failed to
gain the final mark as they
did not use mathematically
precise language. Phrases
such as ‘in the x-axis’ were
condoned for the first mark,
but were not given full
credit.

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

ii M1 Identify that the stretch is in

sf Correct direction, with sf of
in the y-direction the y-direction, with a scale
or 9 factor of either or 9 (or
equiv in index notation)
Allow just or 9, with no
mention of ‘scale factor’
Allow exact decimal equiv

for
Allow any terminology as
long as the intention is
clear, such as in/on/along
the y-axis

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

ii A1 Fully correct description Must have correct scale

factor and correct direction,
using precise language -
such as ‘in the y-direction’,
‘parallel to the y-axis’ or
‘vertically’
A0 for in/on/along the y-axis
etc
Must now have ‘scale
factor’ or ‘factor’
Allow ‘positive y-direction’
(not incorrect as graph is
wholly above x-axis)

Examiner's Comments

Describing the
transformation by means of
a stretch proved to be much
more challenging and only
the most able candidates
gained any credit at all on
this part. Whilst some
candidates used index
manipulation to rewrite the
equation in the form y = k ×
3x others generated a table
of values in an attempt to
deduce the effect of the
stretch. Otherwise correct
solutions were sometimes
spoiled by the careless use
of language, including both
omitting to describe 1/9 as
a scale factor and also an
imprecise description of the
direction.

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

iii B1* Correct sketch, in both Curve must tend towards

quadrants the negative x-axis, but not
touch or cross it, nor a
significant flick back
upwards
If from plotted points then
there must be enough of
the graph shown to
demonstrate the correct
general shape, including
the negative x-axis being an
asymptote
Ignore any numerical
values given

iii B1d*
intersect at State Condone x = 0, y = as an
alternative, but x = 0 must
be stated explicitly rather
than implied
Allow no brackets around
the coordinates
Allow exact decimal equiv
for
Allow just as long as
marked on the y-axis

Allow BOD for ( , 0) on y

-axis, but not if just stated
Just being seen in a table of
values is not sufficient
Ignore any other labelled
coordinates

Examiner's Comments

There were a number of

carefully drawn and correct
exponential graphs, and
many of those with an
acceptable graph also
correctly gave the y
-intercept. However too
many candidates, who
clearly knew the general
shape of the curve, were
unable to convey their
intention in a sufficiently
convincing manner. A

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

number of attempts had

neither ruled nor labelled
axes. A lack of care when
sketching the curve resulted
in errors such as vertical
asymptotes to the right,
horizontal asymptotes
nowhere near the x-axis
and curves that had a
distinct minimum point in
the second quadrant. All of
these errors resulted in the
mark not being awarded.
Several candidates did not
extend their sketched curve
into the second quadrant,
and many candidates did
not know the shape at all.

iv log3x – 2 = log180 (or x – 2 = M1* Introduce logs and drop Can use logs to any base,
log3180) power as long as consistent on
(x – 2)log 3 = log180 both sides, and allow no
x – 2 = 4.7268… explicit base as well
x = 6.73 The power must also be
dropped for the M1
Brackets must be seen
around the (x – 2), or
implied by later working
If taking log3 then base
must be explicit

iv M1d* Attempt to solve for x Correct order of operations,

and correct operations so
M0 for log3180 – 2

M0 if logs used incorrectly

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

iv A1 Obtain 6.73, or better If > 3sf, allow answer

rounding to 6.727 with no
errors seen
0/3 for answer only or T&I
If rewriting eqn as 3x – 2 =
34.73 then 0/3 unless
evidence of use of logs to
find the index of 4.73

SR If using index rules first

then B1 for 3x = 1620
M1 for attempting to use
logs to solve 3x = k
A1 for 6.73

Examiner's Comments

Candidates continue to
demonstrate proficiency
when solving
straightforward equations
involving logarithms and
this was true on this
question, with the vast
majority of candidates
gaining all of the available
marks with ease. The most
common approach was to
use logarithms to base 3,
although solutions involving
base 10, or even some
unspecified base, were also
seen. There are still a
number of candidates who
do not make effective use
of brackets, and it was
relatively common to see x
– 2 log3 rather than (x – 2)
log3. Some candidates
retrieved this by
subsequently using their
invisible brackets correctly,
whereas others continued
as if they were never
intended.

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

v 0.5 × 1.5 × {3–1 + 2 × 30.5 + B1 State the 3 correct y-values, B0 if other y-values also
32} and no others found (unless not used)
= 9.60 Allow for unsimplified, even
if subsequent error made
Allow decimal equivs

v Enter text here. M1 Attempt use of correct Correct placing of y-values

trapezium rule to attempt required
area between x = 1 and x = y-values may not
4 necessarily be correct, but
must be from attempt at
using correct x-values
The ‘big brackets’ must be
seen, or implied by later
working
Could be implied by stating
general rule in terms of y0
etc, as long as these have
been attempted elsewhere
and clearly labelled
Could use other than 2
strips as long as of equal
width (but M0 for just one
strip)
Must have h as 1.5, or a
value consistent with the
number of strips used if not
2

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

v A1 Obtain 9.60, or better (allow Allow answers in the range

9.6) [9.595, 9.600] if > 3sf

Answer only is 0/3

Using the trap. rule on the
result of an integration
attempt is 0/3, even if
integration is not explicit
Using two separate trapezia
can get full marks
Using other than 2 trapezia
(but not just 1) can get M1
only

Examiner's Comments

This final part of the

question was also very well
answered, with many fully
correct solutions being
seen. Candidates generally
showed their method
clearly, and were able to
identify the three relevant
x-values and attempt the
corresponding y-values.
The trapezium rule was
then usually correctly
attempted, although some
candidates committed the
common error of omitting
the necessary brackets.
Very few candidates
attempted to integrate the
function before applying the
trapezium rule.

Total 12

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

5 a B1(AO Obtain all Accept

(1 + 0.7071 + 2(0.970 1.1) five exact
+ 0.8944 + 0.8)) ordinates
and no values: 1,
others:
0.7071,
M1(AO1. 0.8944, 1,
,
1a) 0.8, 0.970

Use correct
structure
for
trapezium x
A1(AO1. rule with h -coordinate
0.880 1) = 0.25 s used M0.
Omission
of large
[3] brackets
0.880 or unless
better (0.87 implied by
953077) correct
answer M0
Accept
0.88 (0.879
53077)

b “Use smaller intervals” or B1(AO

“use more trapezia” 2.4)

[1]

Total 4

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

6 i 0.5×0.2{cos0 + cos0.8 + B1 State the 5 B0 if other

2(cos0.2 + cos0.4 + correct y y-values
cos0.6)} -values, also found
and no (unless not
others used)
= 0.715 Allow for
exact
values
seen, even
if
subsequent
error made
(including
evaluating
in degree
mode)
Allow
decimal
M1* equivs (2dp
or better)
Attempt to (1, 0.980,
find area 0.921,
between x 0.825,
= 0 and x = 0.697); if
0.8, using using 2dp
k{y0 + yn + then allow
2(y1 + … + 0.7 rather
yn-1)} than 0.70
for final y
value

Correct
placing of
y-values
required y
-values
may not
necessarily
be correct,
but must be
from
attempt at
using
correct
x-values in
y = cosx (in
radian
mode or
degree

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

mode)
M1d* The ‘big
brackets’
must be
seen, or
implied by
Use k = 0.5 later
A1 × 0.2 soi working
Could be
implied by
[4] stating
general
Obtain rule in
0.715, or terms of y0
better etc, as long
as these
have been
attempted
elsewhere
and clearly
labelled
Could use
other than
4 strips as
long as of
equal width
(but M0 for
just one
strip)

Or k = 0.5
× h, where
h is
consistent
with the
number of
strips used

Allow
answers
rounding to
0.715
if >3sf
Using 4
separate
trapezia
can get full

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

marks
Must see
evidence of
trapezium
rule or 0/4
(integration
gives 0.717
to 3sf)

Working in
degrees:
B1 if exact
values
seen (ie
cos0.2 etc),
but B0 if
straight into
decimals
M1 M1 is
then
possible as
long as it is
clear where
each value
is being
placed

0.5×0.2
{1.00 +
1.00 +
2(1.00 +
1.00 +
1.00)} =
0.800 will
be 0/4
unless
more detail
shown
Examiner’s Comments
This question was very well
answered, with many
candidates gaining full
marks. The most effective
method was to write out the
trapezium rule using exact
values and then evaluate
this on the calculator. Using
decimal equivalents often
resulted in a loss of
accuracy in the final

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

answer. The most common

error was for candidates to
use their calculator in
degree mode rather than
radian mode.

ii Graph of y = cosx, with 4 B1 Correct y = Trapezia

trapezia drawn cosx graph, must be
with exactly plausibly
4 trapezia [0, 0.8],
of roughly allow BOD
equal width as long as
final
trapezium
ends
before π/2
Curve may
be shown
beyond
x = 0.8, but
B0 if clearly
of the
incorrect
shape
beyond x =
0.8
B1 No need for
Tops of the trapezia are Any valid scale on
below the curve explanation either axis
[2] Exactly four
trapezia
must be
shown, of
roughly
equal
widths, with
top vertices
on the
curve.

Not
dependent
on previous
B1
Must refer
to the tops
of the
trapezia so
B0 for
‘trapezia

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

are below
curve’ (ie
‘top’ not
used) Allow
‘trapezium’
rather than
‘trapezia’
Concave /
convex is
B0
B0 if
comparing
to exact
area
B1 for
decreasing
gradient
(but B0 for
decreasing
curve)
Candidates
could also
use their
diagram as
part of their
explanation
– as long
as there
was an
intention to
draw
trapezia
then they
are eligible
for the
second B1
even if B0
for the
diagram.
This could
include a
single
trapezium
(even if
labelled 0 –
0.8),
several
trapezia
whose tops
are

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

collinear,
an incorrect
y = cosx
graph
(including y
= sinx) and
similar. Use
of
rectangles
to support
their
explanation
however is
B0.
They could
shade gaps
on their
diagram
but some
text also
required
B0 for
‘some area
not
calculated’
unless
clear which
area -
could be
described
or shaded
ISW any
irrelevant
comments,
but B0 if
contradictor
y
comments
Examiner’s Comments
This part of the question
was less well answered,
due to a lack of precision in
the explanations. Some
candidates referred to the
tops of the trapezia being
under the curve, whereas
others identified the areas
that had not been included
in the calculation. Either
approach was condoned,

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

as long as there was

sufficient detail to be
convincing. For the sketch
graph, candidates were
expected to provide a
sketch of y = cosx with four
trapezia shown. The most
common error was to draw
trapezia whose top vertices
did not actually lie on the
curve, and other errors
included drawing just a
single trapezium and even
attempting to use
y = sinx as the curve. Some
precise and convincing
solutions were seen,but
these were in the minority.

Total 6

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

7 a (a) 0.5 × 1.5 × {8.0 + 8.6 + M1(AO1. Attempt

2(8.5 + 8.2 + 8.40)} = 1a) use of
50.1 correct
trapezium
A1(AO1. rule
1)
Obtain
[2] correct
area

a (b) 50.1 × 0.49 = £24.55 B1ft(AO1 Obtain cost

.1) of
£24.55, ft
[1] their area

b Could be under-estimate as B1(AO3. Limitation Accept any

modeling tops of trapezia 5b) based on two
with straight lines use of sensible
trapezium comments
B1(AO3. rule
Lawn seed may only be 5b)
sold in fixed volumes so Limitation
may not be able to buy based on
exact volume needed [2] buying
lawn seed

c Any sensible refinement B1(AO3. Eg Use

5c) trapezium
rule with
[1] more strips

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

d 2sin–1(0.9375) = 2.43 rads M1(AO3. Attempt to Could use

1b) find angle cosine rule
(rads or
degs)
A1(AO1. Allow 1.22
1) Obtain 2.43 rads or
rads, or 69.6°
0.5 × 3.22 × (2.43 – sin2.43) M1(AO1. 139°
= 9.10 1a)
Attempt
complete
A1(AO1. method to
1) find area of Allow 9.1
segment
B1ft(AO
9.10 × 0.17 = £1.55 3.2a) Obtain 9.10 Must
(m2) include
[5] units

Obtain cost
of
£1.55, ft
their area

Total 11

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

8 i Attempt calculation of form

k( y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 + y4) M1 Any non-zero constant k
with attempts at y values (in
terms of ln or decimals); M0
if attempt does not involve
exactly four strips; M0 if
Obtain each y value initially
k(ln1ln 5 + 4ln 3ln 7 + 2ln A1 ‘amended’, to ln(2x + 4) for
5ln 9 + example
4ln 7ln11+ ln 9ln13)
A1 Or equiv involving decimals
Use indicating use of correct
A1 values
Obtain 26.62

[4]
Allow greater accuracy
26.6159…; any value
rounding to 26.62 with no
errors seen

Examiner’s Comments

Part (i) was generally

answered very well with
candidates using the
formula for Simpson’s rule
accurately. Some stated the
expression to be evaluated
using logarithms and
proceeded to produce the
answer. Others set out the
values to be used in
decimal form, sometimes
with the values presented in
a table. Errors did occur,
presumably the result of
careless use of calculator.
There were very few
instances of candidates
using the wrong number of
strips or of associating the
coefficients 2 and 4 with the
incorrect y values. There
were a few instances of
candidates trying to
‘simplify’ the y values where
ln3ln7 , for example,
became ln10 or ln 21.

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

ii State or imply that

integrand now involves –ln M1
x or 2ln(x + 4) or both
A1ft Following their Simpson
Obtain –53.23 or –53.24 as rule answer from (i), ie –2
final answer times their answer; allow
greater accuracy; correct
answer with no working
earns B2; second use of
Simpson’s rule leading to
[2] correct answer earns B2,
but B0 if incorrect;
concluding with 53.23 or
53.24 (perhaps with some
reference to area below
axis) is A0

Examiner’s Comments

Part (ii) was a slightly more

challenging request and
fewer than half the
candidates were able to
note that logarithm
properties mean that the
answer to part (ii) is –2
times the answer to part (i).
Answers such as 708.6 and
0.0014 were occasionally
seen. Some candidates
used Simpson’s rule again
and those doing so had to
produce the correct answer
to record both marks. Some
candidates, having obtained
the value –53.24 or –53.23
(either of which was
acceptable) decided to drop
the minus sign, often
referring to an area below
the
x-axis. But this question
involves a purely numerical
request and losing the
minus sign meant the loss
of the accuracy mark.

Total 6

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

2 2
9 a 0.5 ×2 0.5{(e2 0 + e2 ) + 2(e0.5 B1 Obtain all Allow
+ e1 + e1.5 )} (AO 1.1) five decimal
ordinates equivs (1,
and no 1.284,
others 2.718,
9.488,
54.598) –
3sf or
better
B0 if other
ordinates
M1 seen
(AO 1.1a) unless
Use correct clearly not
structure intended to
for be used
trapezium
rule with h Big
= 0.5 brackets
need to be
seen or
implied
(40.9 is the
result of no
brackets)
A1 y-values
= 20.6 (AO 1.1) must be
correctly
[3] placed
Obtain Must be
20.6, or using
better attempts at
all 5
y-values
Must be
attempting
area
between x
= 0 and x =
2

Allow more
accurate
answers in
the range
[20.64,
20.65)

Examiner’s Comments

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

This question was also very

well answered, with many
fully correct solutions seen.
The most successful
candidates started by
identifying the relevant x
values, used exact y values
rather than decimal
approximations and made
effective use of brackets.

b Use more trapezia, of a B1 Convincing Condone

narrower width, over the (AO 2.4) reason just ‘more
same interval trapezia’ or
‘narrower
trapezia’
Could refer
to ‘strips’
[1] not
‘trapezia’

Examiner’s Comments

The best explanations

referred to using more
trapezia, of a narrower
width, over the same
interval. Many candidates
mentioned either using
more trapezia or decreasing
the width; giving just one
reason was condoned in
the mark scheme.

Total 4

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

10 a h=2 B1(AO
1.1)E

M1(AO Use of Condone

2.1)E correct one error
formula
with correct
A1(AO (exact) y
1.1)C –values
with their h
M1(AO
3.1a)E

Correct
method for
rationalisin
g the
A1(AO denominato
2.2a)A r of their Must be
surd convincing
together as AG in
with correct values
simplificatio
n
[5]
AG – at
least one
step of
intermediat
e working
(from
application
of
trapezium
rule to
given
result)

Examiner’s Comments
Candidates found this part
extremely accessible and
nearly all correctly derived

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 Numerical Integration

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

the given result. Candidates

are reminded though that in
‘show that’ questions
suitable working must be
shown and statements such
as

are generally not

acceptable.

b x = u2 ⇒ dx = 2u du M1*(AO An attempt Limits not

3.1a)E at required for
integration first four
by sub – marks
allow any
genuine
attempt (as
a minimum
A1(AO must
1.1)C differentiate
their sub.
and
Dep*M1( remove all
AO 2.1)C x’s)
Correct Or use t =
integral in 2 + u to
terms of u obtain
A1ft(AO integral of
1.1)A
Re–writes
integral in the form
the form
= 2{(2 – 2ln(2 + 2)) – (0 – 2
M1(AO
ln (2 + 0))}
1.1)C
Correctly
integrates
their
A1(AO
= 2(2 – 2ln 2)
2.2a)A = 2t – 4 ln t

[6]
Uses
correct
limits
correctly
(dependent
on both
previous M

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

marks)
oe e.g.
4 – 4 ln 4 +
4 ln 2

Examiner’s Comments
While nearly all candidates
used the substitution
correctly and re–wrote the
integra many could

l as not
deal with the resulting
improper fraction in the
integrand. The most
successful
candidates either by

re–wrote
using long division or
realising that

While examiners noted that

some candidates employed
more extreme methods (for
example, further
substitutions and the
method of integration by
parts) these were usually
unsuccessful.

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Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

c M1(AO Setting the

1.1a)C given result
approx.
equal to
A1(AO their (b)
2.1a)A

[2]

Examiner’s Comments
While some, who had
struggled with part (b), left
this part blank the majority
of candidates equated their
answers to parts (a) and (b)
with nearly all who were
successful in part (b)
correctly determining
tha .

Total 13

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