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AIML Lab Programs

The document outlines four algorithms: Breadth-First Search (BFS), Depth-First Search (DFS), Greedy Coin Change, and A* Algorithm. Each algorithm is presented with a sample graph or problem, along with the implementation code and a brief explanation of its functionality. The BFS and DFS algorithms traverse a graph, the Greedy algorithm solves the coin change problem, and the A* algorithm finds the shortest path in a weighted graph using heuristics.

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Arunprakash
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26 views7 pages

AIML Lab Programs

The document outlines four algorithms: Breadth-First Search (BFS), Depth-First Search (DFS), Greedy Coin Change, and A* Algorithm. Each algorithm is presented with a sample graph or problem, along with the implementation code and a brief explanation of its functionality. The BFS and DFS algorithms traverse a graph, the Greedy algorithm solves the coin change problem, and the A* algorithm finds the shortest path in a weighted graph using heuristics.

Uploaded by

Arunprakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

BFS Algorithm

graph = {
'5' : ['3','7'],
'3' : ['2', '4'],
'7' : ['8'],
'2' : [],
'4' : ['8'],
'8' : []
}

visited = [] # List for visited nodes.


queue = [] #Initialize a queue

def bfs(visited, graph, node): #function for BFS


[Link](node)
[Link](node)

while queue: # Creating loop to visit each node


m = [Link](0)
print (m, end = " ")

for neighbour in graph[m]:


if neighbour not in visited:
[Link](neighbour)
[Link](neighbour)

# Driver Code
print("Following is the Breadth-First Search")
bfs(visited, graph, '5') # function calling
DFS Algorithm

graph = {
'5' : ['3','7'],
'3' : ['2', '4'],
'7' : ['8'],
'2' : [],
'4' : ['8'],
'8' : []
}

visited = set() # Set to keep track of visited nodes of graph.

def dfs(visited, graph, node): #function for dfs


if node not in visited:
print (node)
[Link](node)
for neighbour in graph[node]:
dfs(visited, graph, neighbour)

# Driver Code
print("Following is the Depth-First Search")
dfs(visited, graph, '5')
Greedy algorithm (coin change)

def greedy_coin_change(amount, denominations):


[Link](reverse=True) # Sort denominations in descending
order
coins_used = []

for coin in denominations:


while amount >= coin:
coins_used.append(coin)
amount -= coin

return coins_used

# Example usage:
amount_to_change = 63
coin_denominations = [1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50]

result = greedy_coin_change(amount_to_change, coin_denominations)


print("Coins Used:", result)
print("Total Coins:", len(result))
A* Algorithm

def astaralgo(start_node,stop_node):

open_set = set(start_node)

closed_set= set()

g={}

parents = {}

g[start_node] = 0

parents[start_node] = start_node

while len(open_set) > 0:

n=None

for v in open_set:

if n==None or g[v] + heuristic(v) < g[n] + heuristic(n):

n=v

if n==stop_node or Graph_nodes[n]==None:

pass

else:
for(m,weight) in get_neighbors(n):

if m not in open_set and m not in closed_set:

open_set.add(m)

parents[m]=n

g[m] = g[n] + weight

else:

if g[m] > g[n] + weight:

g[m] = g[n] + weight

parents[m]=n

if m in closed_set:

closed_set.remove(m)

open_set.add(m)

if n==None:

print("path does not exist!")

return None

if n==stop_node:

path=[]

while parents[n]!=n:

[Link](n)

n=parents[n]

[Link](start_node)
[Link]()

print("Path found: {}".format(path))

return path

open_set.remove(n)

closed_set.add(n)

print("Path does not exist!")

return None

def get_neighbors(v):

if v in Graph_nodes:

return Graph_nodes[v]

else:

return None

def heuristic(n):

H_dist = {

'A' : 11,

'B' : 6,

'C' : 99,
'D' : 1,

'E' : 7,

'G' : 0,

return H_dist[n]

Graph_nodes = {

'A' : [('B',2),('E',3)],

'B' : [('C',1),('G',9)],

'C' : None,

'E' : [('D',6)],

'D' : [('G',1)],

astaralgo('A','G')

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