1

1 A device for measuring gas pressure is connected to a gas supply as shown in the diagram.

300

250
242
connection to
gas supply 200

h
150

100

82

50
mercury
mm scale
0

(a) Determine the difference h between the mercury levels shown in the diagram.

h = .......................................... mm [2]

(b) The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of mercury.

Determine the pressure of the gas supply.

pressure of gas supply = ........................ mm of mercury [1]

[Total: 3]

2 Water is dripping from a tap into a measuring cylinder.

The water drops fall from the tap at equal time intervals.

A student uses a stop-watch to measure the time taken for the tap to produce 200 drops. The
diagram shows the time reading on the stop-watch.
 2

1 s
min s 100

03 : 46. 50

(a) Determine the time, in seconds, for the tap to produce 200 drops.

time = .............................................. s [2]

(b) Determine the average time interval between one drop starting to fall and the next drop starting
to fall.

time interval = .............................................. s [2]

[Total: 4]

3 The diagram shows a simple pendulum swinging backwards and forwards between P and Q. One
complete oscillation of the pendulum is when the bob swings from P to Q and then back to P.

A student starts two stopwatches at the same time while the pendulum bob is swinging.

The student stops one stopwatch when the pendulum bob is at P. He stops the other stopwatch
when the pendulum bob next is at Q.
 3

The diagram shows the readings on the stopwatches.

(a) Use the readings on the two stopwatches to determine the time for one complete oscillation
of the pendulum.

time = .............................................. s [2]

(b) The method used by the student does not give an accurate value for one complete oscillation
of the pendulum.

Describe how the student could obtain an accurate value for one complete oscillation of the
pendulum.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 6]
 4

4 A device has a light-emitting diode (LED) that flashes briefly at regular intervals.

Describe how to determine accurately the average time for each interval, using a stopwatch.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

5 A student is studying elephants.The diagram shows an elephant.

(a) The student measures the elephant and records the values, as shown in the table.

Complete the table by adding a suitable unit for each measurement. Choose the units from
those shown in the box.

2 2 2
m kg cm mm g m cm mg mm

measurements value unit

mass of elephant 4000

height of elephant 3.0

average area of an elephant’s foot 0.125

[2]

(b) Using information from the table in (a):

 5

(i) calculate the weight of the elephant

weight = .............................................. N [3]

(ii) calculate the pressure the elephant exerts on the ground when it is standing on four
feet. Include a unit.

pressure = .............................................. [4]

[Total: 9]
 6

6 A model train is travelling along part of a model railway track.

The graph is a speed-time graph for this model train as it travels along part of the track.

Determine the total distance travelled by the train on this part of the track.

distance = ........................... m [4]

[Total: 4]

7 The diagram shows an object of mass 2.0 kg on a bench. This object is connected by a cord, passing
over a pulley, to an object of mass 3.0 kg.

card
cord
pulley 2.0 cm 2.0 kg object

F
bench

3.0 kg object
 7

2
The 2.0 kg object is released from rest and accelerates at 4.0 m / s .

The 2.0 kg and 3.0 kg objects have a constant acceleration.

(a) Show that the speed of the objects 0.80 s after release is 3.2 m / s.

[2]

(b) A card, of width 2.0 cm, is fixed to the 2.0 kg object. As the 2.0 kg object moves to the left, the
card passes through a beam of light that is perpendicular to the card.

Using the speed given in (a), calculate the time taken for the card to pass through the beam
of light.

time = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 4]
5
8 An aeroplane of mass 2.5 × 10 kg lands with a speed of 62 m / s, on a horizontal runway
at time t = 0. The aeroplane decelerates uniformly as it travels along the runway in a straight line
until it reaches a speed of 6.0 m / s at t = 35 s.

(a) Calculate the deceleration of the aeroplane in the 35 s after it lands.

deceleration = .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate the resultant force acting on the aeroplane as it decelerates.

force = .............................................. [2]

 8

(c) Calculate the momentum of the aeroplane when its speed is 6.0 m / s.

momentum = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

9 A car accelerates from rest at time t = 0 to its maximum speed.

The graph is the speed-time graph for the first 25 s of its motion.

The mass of the car is 2300 kg.

(a) For the time between t = 0 and t = 5.0 s, determine the acceleration of the car.

acceleration = .............................................. [2]

 9

(b) For the time between t = 0 and t = 5.0, determine the resultant force acting on the car.

resultant force = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 4]

10 A boat is moving at constant speed.

(a) On the axes, sketch a distance-time graph for the boat.

[1]
 10

(b) The boat is (a) is moving due west at a speed of 6.5 m / s relative to the water. The water is
moving due south at 3.5 m / s.

In the space below, draw a scale diagram to determine the size and direction of the resultant
of these two velocities. State the scale used.

scale ..............................................

size of resultant velocity = ...............................................

direction of resultant .............................................. [4]

[Total: 5]
 11

11 The diagram shows the speed–time graphs for two cars, A and B.

18.0

car B
16.0

speed
m/s 14.0
car A
car A

12.0

10.0

car B
8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0
0 10 20 30 40
time / s

Calculate the distance moved by car B from time = 0 to time = 30.0s.

 12

distance = .............................................. m [3]

[Total: 3]

12 The diagram shows a cliff edge with water below it.

A ball falls over the edge of the cliff. The mass of the ball is 160 g. The height of the cliff is 115 m.

(a) Calculate the vertical speed of the ball as it hits the water. Air resistance can be ignored.

speed = .............................................. [3]

(b) Calculate the vertical momentum of the ball as it hits the water.

momentum = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 5]

13 The diagram shows a train.

 13

The total mass of the train and its passengers is 750 000 kg. The train is travelling at a speed of
84 m / s. The driver applies the brakes and the train takes 80 s to slow down to a speed of 42 m / s.

(a) Calculate the impulse applied to the train as it slows down.

impulse = .............................................. [3]

(b) Calculate the average resultant force applied to the train as it slows down.

force = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 5]

14 The diagram shows an athlete crossing the finishing line in a race. As she crosses the finishing
line, her speed is 10.0 m / s. She slows down to a speed of 4.0 m / s.
 14

(a) The mass of the athlete is 71 kg. Calculate the impulse applied to her as she slows down.

impulse = .............................................. [3]

(b) Define impulse in terms of force and time.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The athlete takes 1.2 s to slow down from a speed of 10.0 m / s to a speed of 4.0 m / s.

Calculate the average resultant force applied to the athlete as she slows down.

force = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

15 The diagram shows a shooting competition, where air rifles fire soft metal pellets at distant targets.

When an air rifle is fired, it exerts an impulse of 0.019 N s on the pellet.

–4
The pellet has a mass of 1.1 × 10 kg.
 15

(a) Determine the speed with which the pellet leaves the rifle.

speed = .............................................. [2]

(b) Determine the kinetic energy of the pellet as it leaves the rifle.

kinetic energy = .............................................. [3]

[Total: 5]

16 The diagram shows a model fire engine. Its brakes are applied.

0.80 kg of water is emitted in the jet every 6.0 s at a velocity of 0.72 m / s relative to the model.

(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the water that is ejected in 6.0 s.

momentum = .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the model because of the jet of water.

force = .............................................. [2]

 16

[Total: 4]
3
17 A bowl contains 500 cm of water at a temperature of 5.0 °C. The bowl of water is placed in a freezer
for several hours. When the bowl is removed from the freezer, it contains ice at a temperature of
3
–18.0 °C. The density of water is 1000 kg / m .

(a) Calculate the mass of water in the bowl when it is placed in the freezer.

mass = .............................................. [2]

(b) The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The specific heat capacity of ice is
5
2100 J / (kg °C). The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 3.3 × 10 J / kg.

Calculate the energy given out as the water cools from 5.0 °C to ice at –18.0 °C.

energy = .............................................. [5]

[Total: 7]

18 The diagram shows a wind turbine.

 17

The wind blows at a speed of 16 m / s towards the turbine blades. In one second, a volume of
3
24 000 m of air passes through the circular area swept out by the blades. The density of air is
3
1.3 kg / m .

(a) Calculate the mass of air that passes through the circular area swept out by the blades in 1.0 s.

mass= .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate the kinetic energy of the mass of air that passes through the area swept out by the
blades.

kinetic energy = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 4]

19 The diagram shows the top view of a rectangular paddling pool of constant depth. The pool is filled
with sea water.
 18

3
(a) The volume of the sea water in the pool is 264 m .

Calculate the depth of the pool.

depth = .............................................. [3]

5
(b) The mass of the sea water in the pool is 2.70 × 10 kg.

Calculate the density of the sea water. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

density = .............................................. [2]

(c) Calculate the pressure due to the sea water at the bottom of the pool.

pressure = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

20 The diagram shows a cylinder immersed in a liquid.

The upper face of the cylinder is at a depth of 2.7 cm below the surface of the liquid.

The pressure due to the liquid at the upper face of the cylinder is 560 Pa.
 19

(a) Calculate the density of the liquid.

density = .................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain why the cylinder does not float in this liquid.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

21 A bottle contains some oil.

(a) The mass of the oil and the bottle is 678 g. The mass of the empty bottle is 318 g.

Calculate the mass of the oil.

mass = .............................................. g [1]

(b) Some of the oil from (a) is poured into measuring cylinder A. The rest of the oil is poured into
measuring cylinder B, as shown in the diagram.

(i) State the volume of oil in measuring cylinder B, as shown in the diagram.
3
volume = .............................................. cm [1]
 20

(ii) Calculate the total volume of oil.

3
volume = .............................................. cm [1]

(iii) Calculate the density of the oil.

3
density = .............................................. g / cm [3]

[Total: 6]

22 A quantity of gas is trapped by a piston in a cylinder with thin metal walls. The piston is free to move
without friction within the cylinder.

The diagram shows the cylinder and piston.

gas

cylinder

piston

The cylinder is placed inside a freezer.

5
The air in the freezer is at atmospheric pressure, which is 1.0 × 10 Pa.
−3 2
The area of the piston in contact with the air in the freezer is 2.4 × 10 m .

(a) Calculate the force exerted on the piston by the air in the freezer.

force = .......................................................... [2]

 21

(b) When the cylinder is first placed into the freezer, the temperature of the gas in the cylinder
decreases and the air pushes the piston into the cylinder.

Calculate the work done on the piston by the air in the freezer as the air pushes the piston a
distance of 0.021 m into the cylinder.

work done = ................................................. [2]

[Total: 4]
 22

23 The diagram shows two vertical, cylindrical tubes and a cylindrical magnet all held in a vacuum.

cylindrical
magnet

plastic tube copper tube

(not to scale)

One tube is made of plastic and the other tube is made of copper. The two cylindrical tubes have
identical dimensions.

The magnetic field of the small, cylindrical magnet is extremely strong.

Initially, the magnet is at rest at the top of the plastic tube.

The magnet is released and it falls through the plastic tube without experiencing a resistive force.
The magnet takes 0.67 s to fall to the lower end of the plastic tube.

The mass of the magnet is 0.012 kg.

Calculate the kinetic energy of the magnet when it reaches the lower end of the plastic tube.

kinetic energy = .............................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

24 Water is held behind a dam in a hydroelectric power scheme.

The water is released from the dam and falls a vertical height of 410 m at a rate of 480 kg / s.
 23

(a) Calculate the rate at which energy is transferred by the falling water.

rate of energy transfer = .............................................. [3]

(b) The power scheme supplies a current of 270 A at a voltage of 6000 V.

Calculate the efficiency of the power scheme.

efficiency = .............................................. % [3]

[Total: 6]

25 The kinetic energy of air passing through a wind turbine every minute is 720 000 J. The electrical
output of the turbine is 9.0 A at a potential difference (p.d.) of 240 V.

Calculate the efficiency (%) of the wind turbine.

efficiency = .............................................. % [5]

[Total: 5]
3
26 A U-shaped tube of constant cross-sectional area contains water of density 1000 kg / m . Both
sides of the U-tube are open to the atmosphere.

Diagram A shows that the water levels in the two sides of the tube are equal.

Diagram A Diagram B
 24

5
The atmospheric pressure is 1.00 × 10 Pa.

The left-hand side of the tube is now connected to a gas supply using a length of rubber tubing.
This causes the level of the water in the left-hand side of the tube to drop by 0.200 m, as shown in
diagram B.

(a) Calculate the pressure of the gas supply. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

pressure = .............................................. [3]

(b) Diagram C shows that the gas supply is now connected to a cylinder that contains a piston.

Diagram C
 25

The pressure of the gas moves the piston to the right.

2
(i) The area of the piston in contact with the gas is 0.025 m .

Calculate the resultant force on the piston.

resultant force = .............................................. [2]

(ii) The pressure of the gas causes the piston to move a distance of 0.50 m to the right.

Calculate the work done by the gas from the supply on the piston.

work done = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

27 The diagram shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a thermometer.
 26

The power of the heater is 50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial temperature
of the sand is 20 °C. The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes. The temperature is recorded until
the temperature stops increasing. The highest temperature recorded by the thermometer is 33 °C.

(a) Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.

energy = .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer to (a) and the
data in the question.

specific heat capacity = .............................................. [3]

(c) Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be different from the value calculated in
(b).

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

28 The diagram shows a boat stored in a shed. The boat is suspended from the ceiling of the shed
by two ropes.

ceiling
60° 60°

ropes
T T

boat

The tension T in each of the ropes is 75 N.

 27

(a) Draw a vector diagram to determine the resultant of the forces exerted by the two ropes on
the boat. State the scale you used.

scale = ..............................................

magnitude of resultant force = ..............................................

direction of resultant force = .............................................. [4]

(b) Determine the mass of the boat.

mass = .............................................. [1]

[Total: 5]

29 The diagram shows a uniform rod of wood suspended from a pivot.

 28

(not to scale)

The rod is held stationary by a horizontal force F acting as shown.

The mass of the rod is 0.080 kg.

(a) Calculate the weight W of the rod.

weight = .............................................. [1]

(b) Calculate the moment of W about the pivot.

moment = .............................................. [2]

(c) Calculate the moment of F about the pivot.

moment = .............................................. [1]

(d) Calculate the force F.

force = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

30 The diagram shows a vehicle that is designed to travel on snow.

 29

snow-tracks

The vehicle has four snow-tracks.

The weight of the vehicle is 4000 N.

(a) Calculate the mass of the vehicle.

mass = .............................................. kg [3]

2
(b) The area of each snow-track in contact with the ground is 2.0 m . Each snow-track supports
a quarter of the weight of the vehicle.

Calculate the pressure that each snow-track exerts on the ground. Include the unit in your
answer.

pressure exerted by each snow-track = ...................................... unit ........... [4]

[Total: 7]

31 The mass of a textbook is 1300 g.

Calculate the weight of the textbook.

weight = .............................................. N [3]

 30

[Total: 3]

32 Diagram A shows gas trapped in the sealed end of a tube by a dense liquid.

The scale marked on the sealed end of the tube is calibrated to read the volume of gas trapped
3
above the liquid surface. Diagram A shows that initially the volume V1 of the gas is 60 cm .
5
The pressure of both the atmosphere and the trapped gas is 1.0 × 10 Pa.

Diagram A Diagram B

More of the dense liquid is poured into the open end of the tube. The level of the liquid surface in
both the sealed and the open ends of the tube rises as shown in Diagram B. The temperature of
the trapped gas and atmospheric pressure both remain constant.
3
(a) In the sealed end of the tube, the volume V2 of the trapped gas is 50 cm . In the open end of
the tube, the liquid surface is 15 cm above the new level in the sealed tube.

Calculate the pressure p2 of the trapped gas.

pressure p2 = .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate the density of the liquid in the tube.

density = .............................................. [2]

 31

[Total: 4]

33 A cube of side 0.040 m is floating in a container of liquid. The diagram shows that the surface of
the liquid is 0.028 m above the level of the bottom face of the cube.

The pressure of the air above the cube exerts a force on the top face of the cube. The valve is
closed.
3
(a) The density of the liquid in the container is 1500 kg / m .

Calculate:

(i) the pressure due to the liquid at a depth of 0.028 m

pressure = .............................................. [2]

(ii) the force on the bottom face of the cube caused by the pressure due to the liquid.

force = .............................................. [2]

(b) The valve is opened and liquid is pumped into the container. The surface of the liquid rises a
distance of 0.034 m.

The cube remains floating in the liquid with its bottom face 0.028 m below the surface of the
liquid.
 32

(i) Calculate the work done on the cube by the force in (a)(ii).

work done = .............................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest one reason why this is not an efficient method of lifting up the cube.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 7]

34 The diagram shows a mercury barometer. The tube containing the mercury is vertical.

The height h indicates a value of the atmospheric pressure.

5
(a) On a particular day the atmospheric pressure is 1.02 × 10 Pa. The density of mercury is
3
13 600 kg / m .

Calculate the value of h indicated by the barometer.

h = .............................................. [2]
 33

(b) The tube containing mercury is now tilted so that it makes an angle of 10° with the vertical.
After tilting, there continues to be a space above the mercury in the tube.

State and explain whether the vertical height of mercury in the tube is smaller, the same, or
greater than the value calculated in (a).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

35 The diagram shows a mercury barometer. The tube containing the mercury is vertical.

The height h indicates a value of the atmospheric pressure.

Another mercury barometer in the same room at the same time shows a lower value of h than the
barometer in the diagram.

Suggest and explain a reason for the lower value.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

36 A student suspends a spring from a clamp stand and measures the length l0 of the spring.

The diagram shows the apparatus.

 34

l0

(not to scale)

The student then suspends loads of different weights from the spring and measures the length of
the spring for each load. He then plots a graph of the length of the spring against weight.

This is the graph that the student plots.

0.80

length / m

0.60

0.40

0.20

0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
weight / N

(a) Using the graph, determine the initial length l0 of the spring.

l0 = ................................................. [1]
 35

(b) State what is meant by the limit of proportionality and, using the graph, determine the weight
of the load that causes this spring just to reach the limit of proportionality.

limit of proportionality ........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

weight = ............................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Using the graph, determine the spring constant of this spring.

spring constant = ......................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

37 A rock climber, of total mass 62 kg, holds herself in horizontal equilibrium against a vertical cliff.
She pulls on a rope that is fixed at the top of the cliff and presses her feet against the cliff.

The diagram shows her position.

rope

cliff

0.90 m

60°

rock climber
1.2 m
centre of mass
(not to scale)
 36

(a) The climber’s centre of mass is 0.90 m from the cliff.

Calculate the moment about her feet due to her weight.

moment = ..................................................... [2]

(b) The line of the rope meets the horizontal line through her centre of mass at a distance of 1.2 m
from the cliff, as shown in the diagram. The rope is at an angle of 60° to the horizontal.

Determine the tension in the rope.

tension = ...................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

38 The diagram shows an object of mass 2.0 kg on a bench. This object is connected by a cord, passing
over a pulley, to an object of mass 3.0 kg.

card
cord
pulley 2.0 cm 2.0 kg object

F
bench

3.0 kg object

2
The 2.0 kg object is released from rest and accelerates at 4.0 m / s .

Calculate the upward force F exerted by the cord on the 3.0 kg object.

force F = .............................................. [3]

 37

[Total: 3]

39 The diagram shows water in a river moving parallel to the river bank at 4.0 m / s and a canoe travelling
in the river.

river bank

canoe travels at 2.5 m / s

38° relative to the water
water moving at 4.0 m / s

river bank

The canoe travels at 2.5 m / s relative to the water and heads at an angle of 38° to the river bank.

Draw a scale diagram to determine the canoe’s resultant velocity and state the scale you used.

scale ..............................................

magnitude of resultant velocity ..............................................

direction of resultant velocity (angle from the river bank) .............................................. [4]

[Total: 4]
 38

40 The diagram shows a uniform metre rule PQ in equilibrium.

The distance PQ is 100 cm. The mass of the metre rule is 0.12 kg and its weight is W.

(a) On the diagram, draw and label:

1. an arrow to show the force W acting on PQ at the centre of mass

2. an arrow to show the force R acting on PQ at the pivot.

[2]

(b) By taking moments about the pivot, calculate F.

F = .............................................. [4]

(c) Calculate R.

R = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 8]