Communication Engineering (Credits 3+1)

SECTION-A
Amplitude modulation: (10)
Communication System, Signal-to-noise Ratio, Channel bandwidth, The need for
modulation, Mathematical analysis of AM, Generation and demodulation of AM,
Properties of AM signals, DSB-SC, generation and demodulation of DSB-SC signals,
mathematical analysis of single-sideband system, generation and demodulation of
SSB signal, vestigial sideband modulation, Coherent reception, Costa’s receiver,
Quadrature amplitude modulation, Homodyne and heterodyne receiver structures,
characteristics of a super-heterodyne receiver, selectivity, sensitivity, fidelity, image
frequency and its rejection, Frequency division multiplexing.
Angle Modulation:(9)
Instantaneous frequency, Frequency and phase modulation, mathematical analysis,
narrowband FM, frequency multiplication, Wideband FM, the spectra of FM signals,
transmission bandwidth requirement for FM, generation of FM and PM signals,
demodulation of FM and PM signals along-with mathematical analysis, Immunity of

ECE 4th Sem

angle modulation to non-linearities, Pre emphasis and de emphasis, The phase locked
loop: linear and nonlinear models, The second order PLL, Nonlinear effects in FM
systems.
Pulse Modulation:(4)
The need for sampling, the sampling process, Nyquist sampling theorem, Practical
sampling, aperture effect and its analysis, band-pass sampling, PAM, PWM, PPM.
SECTION-B
Digital pulse modulation:(8)
Quantization Process, midrise and midtread quantizers, PCM, Time-division
multiplexing, quantization noise, companding, A-law and 𝜇-law companding, Delta
modulation, Adaptive delta modulation, Linear prediction, Differential PCM, Vocoders
and video compression.
Noise in communication systems:(7)
The receiver model and figure of merit of a communication receiver, Noise in
baseband systems, Noise in AM, DSB-SC, SSB systems, threshold effect, Noise in
frequency modulation and phase modulation systems, FM threshold reduction, Noise
in PCM.
Baseband pulse transmission:(7)
Line codes, PSD and Bipolar Signaling, Pulse Shaping, ISI, Criterion for zero ISI,
Controlled ISI, Differential Encoding, Baseband data transmission in white Gaussian
noise, Probability of error, Band-limited nature of channels, baseband M-ary
Transmission.
 Advanced Microcontrollers & Applications (Credits 3+1)

SECTION A
Introduction to Embedded System: (9)
Define basic concept of embedded system, Explain Characteristics of embedded system,
Operating System (OS): Types of OS, Types of Mobile OS, Characteristics of Real Time
Operating System, Compare different Operating Systems used for embedded system
designing.
8-bit Microcontrollers Architecture (Atmega 8, AVR): (12)
Microcontroller Types: PIC, AVR, ARM: features and applications, Compare different micro
controllers used for embedded system designing, AVR microcontroller: Types , Architecture
and functional diagram, Internal Architectural, Block diagram of controller (Atmega 8), pin
diagram, Configuration of Two 8-bit and One 16-bit Timers and Counters, channel ADC
Working, Essential Peripheral circuits: Crystal Circuit, Power supply, Oscillator Circuit, Initial
programming configurations of Atmega8: port, counter, timer, Bootloader Circuit, ISP of
Atmega 8 and Tmega8 and ATmea328
SECTION B
Open Source Embedded Development Board (Arduino): (10)

ECE 4th Sem

Overview of open source embedded development board (Arduino), Explain working of open
source embedded development board using block diagram, Identify pins of embedded
development board, circuit diagram of open source embedded Hardware, features of open
source tool used for programming a development board, programming of embedded
development board, Interface Serial Port with embedded development board, Basic Circuit
of embedded development Board
Interface Digital and Analog I/O Devices (Arduino Interfacing): (10)
Concept of input and output port of embedded development board (Arduino Interfacing
Concept), Interfacing of Digital I/O devices with program (Digital I/O Interfacing), Interfacing
of Analog I/O devices program (Analog I/O Interfacing ), Interfacing of Keypad with
programming (Keypad Interfacing). Interfacing of Serial port with programming (Serial Port
Interfacing), Interfacing of DC motor with programming, Interfacing of 16x2 LCD with
programming
Embedded system Applications (Arduino): (4)
Functional blocks of Line follower Robot using Arduino, functional blocks of accelerometer
based gesture control robot, functional blocks of home automation using RF control.
 Analog Electronic Circuits (Credits 3+1)
SECTION-A
Multistage or Cascaded Amplifiers(6)
Classification of Multi-stage Amplifier, Types of coupling, Effect of cascading on voltage
gain, Current gain, Phase, Input and output impedances and bandwidth Analog of
cascaded or multistage amplifiers, Miller Theorem, Darlington pair, Bootstrap Circuits.
Transistor at high frequency and it hybrid pi CE model
Feedback Amplifiers(6)
Concept of feedback, Positive and negative feedback, Voltage and current feedback, Series
and shunt feedback, Effect of feedback on performance characteristics of an amplifier.
Differential amplifiers(6)
Differential Amplifiers Basic of Differential Amplifier, Transistorized differential Amplifier,
Configurations of Differential Amplifier, Analysis of Dual Input Balanced Output Differential
Amplifier, Constant Current Bias, Current Mirror Circuit.
Operational Amplifier(4)
Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp, Schematic symbol, Characteristics and performance
parameters of ideal Op-Amp, Open loop configurations: Differential, Inverting & Non-

ECE 4th Sem

Inverting.
SECTION-B
Practical Op-Amp:(4)
Offset voltage analysis and compensation, input bias and offsetcurrent
analysis and compensation, Change in Input offset voltage and Input offset current
withtime, Temperature and supply voltage, Common mode configuration and Common
mode rejection Ratio, Frequency response, slew rate.
Op-amp Applications(7)
DC and AC amplifiers, Peaking amplifiers, Summing, Scaling and Averaging amplifiers,
Differential amplifier, Instrumentation amplifiers, V to I and I to V converters,
Differentiator and integrator, A to D and D to A converters, Log and antilog amplifiers,
Sample and hold circuits.
Active Filter, Oscillators(6)
Active filters, Essentials of Oscillator, Types of Oscillator, Sinusoidal Oscillator, Schmitt
Trigger Circuits
Non-Linear Wave Shaping(6)
Clipping circuits (diode & transistor), Diode comparators, Transistor differential
comparator, Operational amplifier comparator, clamping circuits, Practical clamping
circuit, clamping circuit.
 Probability and Random Processes (Credits 3)

SECTION-A
Introduction(3)
The communication process, The layered approach, block diagram of a general
communication system, A brief history of communications
Representations of signals(5)
Review of low pass and band pass filters, The communication channel as a filter, Low
pass and band pass signals, Hilbert transform, Complex baseband representation of
band pass signals, Band pass systems, phase and group delay, sources of information.

Random variables and processes(15)

Probability theory, classical and axiomatic definition of probability, Bayes theorem,
conditional and joint probability, Random variables, PDF,CDF and their properties,
conditional and joint PDFs for several random variables, Standard
distributions(Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Gaussian, Rayleigh), Derivation of the

ECE 4th Sem

Poisson distribution, statistical averages, moments and characteristic functions,
Random processes, Ergodicity and stationarity, mean, correlation and covariance
functions, PSD of a random process and its properties, Transmission of a random
process through an LTI system, Gaussian process, Central limit theorem.
SECTION-B
Noise(9)
Noise, classification and characterization of noise, Noise temperature, noise figure,
narrowband noise and its representations, stochastic model of radio link channel, The
requirement of a minimum working SNR, Link budgeting, FRIIS equation and system
design for given SNR requirements.
Elements of Information Theory(13)
Information, Measure of Information, Entropy, source encoding theorems, fixed
length and variable length codes, Coding efficiency, Huffman coding, lossless and lossy
coding, Discrete memoryless channels, Mutual information and channel capacity,
Channel coding theorem, Capacity of a Gaussian channel and Shanon’s channel
capacity theorem.
 Electromagnetic Theory (Theory): (Credits 3)

SECTION-A
Electrostatics & Steady Magnetic Field(7)
Introduction, Gauss’s law, Divergence theorems, Stoke’s Theorem, Poisson’s equation
and Laplace’s equation, Electrostatics energy, The Electrostatics uniqueness theorem,
Theories of magnetic field, Faraday’s law, Ampere’s law, Magnetic vector
potential,Analogies between Electric and magnetic fields.
Maxwell’s equation (4)
Derivation of Maxwell’s equations in their integral and differential forms, Maxwell’s
equations in free space and in harmonically varying fields, Physical Interpretation and
Boundary Conditions.
Plane waves in Dielectric and Conducting Media (11)
Uniform plane wave: properties, relation between E and H; Conductors and Dielectrics:

ECE 4th Sem

Wave equations, wave propagation, Intrinsic impedance, skin effect, Poynting Theorem
and Electromagnetic vector, application to energy radiation, Velocities of propagation,
Electromagnetic wave polarization, Reflection and transmission of the wave at a
boundary (Perfect conductor, perfect dielectric, perfect insulator), Poynting Theorem:
Application to energy radiation
SECTION-B
Transmission lines (7)
Basic principle, Equivalent circuit, Primary constants, Transmission line parameters,
Transmission line equations, input impedance, relation between infinite and finite line,
standing wave ratio and power.
Guided Waves (6)
Waves between parallel planes, TEM waves, Field analysis of T.M. & T.E. wave,
Characteristics of T.M. & T.E. Waves.
Wave Guides(10)
Rectangular and Circular waveguides: T.M. & T.E. Modes, Impossibility of TEM wave in
waveguides, Solution of the Field equations (Rectangular and Circular), Wave impedance
and characteristic impedances, Attenuation factor and Q of waveguides, Cavity
Resonator.
 Network Analysis (Credits 3+1)

PART-A
Circuit Concepts:(7)
Charge, Drift Velocity, Current, Current density, Voltage, Energy, Power,
Basic Circuit, ohm’s law, Resistance and resistivity, Conduction and Conductivity, Open
circuit and short circuit, Series and parallel combination of resistors, Current division and
voltage division, Inductors and capacitors, Energy stored in inductors and capacitors, Energy
sources and source transformation, Review of network theorems.
Networks functions. (7):
Concept of complex frequency, Transform impedance and transform circuits, Network
functions for the one port and two port, Calculation of network functions, Poles and Zeros
for Network functions, Restrictions on Poles and Zeros, Locations for Driving Point and
Transfer functions, Time domain behaviour from Pole and Zero plot, Stability of networks
functions.
Two Port Network(7):

ECE 4th Sem

Relationship of Two port variables, Short Circuit Admittance and Open
circuit Impedance parameters, Transmission and hybrid parameters, Interrelation between
different two port parameters, T-Networks, π-Networks and lattice networks, Network
Topology and Graph Theory.
PART-B
Passive Filters(7):
Classification of filters, characteristic impedance and propagation constant of pure reactive
network, Ladder network, T–section, Pi–section, terminating half section, Pass bands and
stop bands, Design of constant–K, m–derived filters, Composite filters Introduction.
Active Filters(5):
All-pass filter, low pass filter, Butterworth filter, high pass filter, band pass filter, band reject
filter, notch filter.
Transmission lines(12): Types and fundamental of transmission lines, Equations of
transmission lines, Transmission line with load impedance, Input Impedance of a
transmission line terminated with load impedance, Voltage and current at any point: on a
transmission line, when the receiving end is open circuited, when the receiving end is short
circuited, Input impedance of low-loss transmission line, Infinite transmission line,
Characteristic Impedance, Propagation constant, Definitions: wavelength, group and phase
velocity, Input Impedance of open and short circuited lines, Reflection constant, Standing
wave ratio.