NEET DROPPER

NCERT LINE BY LINE

Botany
Plant Growth &
Development
One Shot By: Vipin Sharma Sir
 Topics to be Covered

1 15.1 Growth and Development

2 15.2 Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation

3 15.3 Plant Growth Regulators

4 15.4 Photoperiodism and Vernalisation

5 15.5 PYQs

Slide 2
 Growth

• Growth is the most fundamental and conspicuous, an irreversible permanent increase in size
of an organ or its parts or even of an individual cell, accompanied by metabolic processes (both
anabolic and catabolic), that occur at the expense of energy.

Slide 4
 Plant Growth is Indeterminate

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 Plant Growth is Measurable

• RAM of maize give rise to 17500 Cells per hour and size of a watermelon cell increases
up to 3,50,000 Times

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 Phases of Growth

Slide 7
❑ Phases of Growth

(i) Meristematic
• Rich in protoplasm, possess large conspicuous nuclei. Their cell walls are primary in nature, thin
and cellulosic with abundant plasmodesmatal connections.
• Represented by constantly dividing cells present at the root apex and shoot apex.

(ii) Elongation
• Increased vacuolation, cell enlargement and new cell wall deposition.

(iii) Maturation
• Maximal size in terms of wall thickening and protoplasmic modifications.

Slide 8
❑ Growth Rates

Arithmetic Growth Geometric growth

Following mitotic cell division, only one daughter Both the progeny cells following mitotic cell
cell continues to divide while the other division retain the ability to divide and continue
differentiates and matures. to do so.

Linear curve is Obtained Sigmoid or S-curve is Obtained

Lt = L0 + rt W1 = W0 ert
Lt = length at time ‘t’ W1 = final size (weight, height, number etc.)
L0 = length at time ‘zero’ W0 = initial size at the beginning of the period
r = growth rate / elongation per unit time r = growth rate
t = time of growth
e = base of natural logarithms

Slide 9
❑ Geometric Growth

• Growth occurs in geometric manner- 2, 4, 8, 16, 32.

• In most systems, it is shown by 4 phases:

(i) Lag phase: Growth starts at a slower rate in this phase of formation of cells.

(ii) Log phase or exponential phase: The growth rate increases rapidly and reaches to the
maximum. It is also called exponential phase.

(iii) Decline phase or deaccelerating phase: In this phase, the rate of growth gradually
declines because metabolic processes become slow.

(iv) Stationary or steady phase: As the cells enlarge, they gradually acquire permanent
shapes and forms. It is called stationary phase. All the four phases are collectively
called ‘grand period of growth’ and it shows S-shaped growth curve.

Slide 10
 Fig.: Growth curve-
1. Lag phase
2. Log phase
3. Decelerating phase
4. Stationary phase

Slide 11
Slide 12
❑ Conditions for Growth

• Turgidity of cells, oxygen, water, light, gravity, nutrients & optimum temperature are
required for normal growth of the plants.

Slide 13
 Differentiation, Dedifferentiation And Redifferentiation

Differentiation Dedifferentiation Redifferentiation

When particular cell starts When mature cells regain When dedifferentiated cell
to perform particular the capacity of division again lose the ability to
function and under divide
lose the ability to divide certain conditions

E.g., to form a tracheary Eg., formation of E.g., the same apical

element, the cells would meristems- meristem cells give rise to
lose their Protoplasm Interfascicular cambium xylem phloem,
and fibres, etc.
cork cambium from fully
differentiated
parenchyma
cells

Slide 15
 Topic: Development
• Sequence of changes that take place during its life cycle from germination of the seed to
senescence.

Fig.: Sequence of the developmental process in a plant cell

Slide 16
 Topic: Plasticity

• Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different
kinds of structures. This ability is called plasticity.

• Heterophylly due to phases of life: In cotton, coriander and larkspur, the leaves of the juvenile
plants and mature plants are different in shape.

• Heterophylly due to environment: Difference in shapes of leaves produced in air and those
produced in water, e.g., buttercup (Ranunculus).

Slide 17
 Topic: Plasticity

Slide 18
 Topic: Plant Growth Regulators
❑ Types of PGRs:
On the basis of chemical constituents On the basis of their
functions
Indole compounds: Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) Plant growth promoters:
Auxins, gibberellins and
Cytokinins
Adenine derivatives: Kinetin (N6-furfuryl-amino Purine) Plant growth inhibitors:
Abscisic acid
Carotenoid derivatives: Abscisic
acid (ABA)

Terpenes: Gibberellic acid (GA)

Gases: Ethylene (C2H4)

Slide 20
 Physiological Affects: Auxin

Slide 21
 Physiological Affects: Auxin

Slide 22
 Physiological Affects: GA

Slide 23
 Physiological Affects: Cytokinin

Slide 24
 Physiological Affects: ABA

Slide 25
 Physiological Affects: Ethylene

Slide 26
 Physiological Affects: Ethylene

Slide 27
❑ PGR ethylene could fit either of the groups, but it is largely acts as an
inhibitor.

PGRs Auxin Gibberellins Cytokinin Abscisic acid Ethylene

Discovery Charles Darwin E. Kurosawa By Skoog By three Discovered
and Francis identified and independent as a volatile
Darwin exposed gibberellins Miller researchers substance
grass coleoptile present in by Cousins
to unilateral a fungal pathogen
light& observed Gibberella fujikuroi
it to bend
towards light.

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 PGRs Auxin Gibberellins Cytokinin Abscisic acid Ethylene
Isolation F.W Went Infected rice They crystallized 3 kinds of Isolated from
successfully seedlings when a promoting active chemically ripened
isolated auxin from treated with substance ‘kinetin’ Identical inhibitors oranges
the sterile filtrates by culturing tobacco were discovered that hastens
Avena coleoptile of fungus stems in the which later the ripening
tips. nutrient medium on named as of
containing coconut abscisic acid stored
milk or yeast unripen
extract. Bananas
Example Natural: IAA and Gibberllins are a Natural: Zeatin Inhibitor-B, Ethephon
Indole butyric acid large family of abscission
(IBA) tetracyclic Synthetic: Kinetin II & Dormin
Synthetic: NAA dipterene acids.
(naphthalene
acetic acid) and
2, 4-D (2, 4-
dichloro-
phenoxyacetic).

Slide 29
 PGRs Auxin Gibberellins Cytokinin Abscisic acid Ethylene
Functio • Initiate rooting • Increase • Overcome • Inhibits • Promotes
ns in stem cuttings the length the apical seed senescence
of grapes dominance germination and
• Promote stalks. abscission of
flowering, e.g., in • Promote • Stimulates plant organs
pineapples. • Cause nutrient the closure
fruits like mobilization of • Highly
• Prevent fruit and apple to stomata effective in
leaf drop at early elongate fruit ripening
stages. and
improve its
shape.

Slide 30
PGRs Auxin Gibberellins Cytokinin Abscisic acid Ethylene
• Promote the • Delays leaf • Cell • Seed • Breaks seed
abscission of older senescence enlargement, dormancy. and bud
mature leaves and initiation of dormancy
fruits. • Speed up the interfascicular • Seed
malting cambium, dormancy by • Initiates seed
• Promotes apical process in brewing delay ABA helps to germination
dominance. industry of senescence. withstand
desiccation • Promotes root
• Induce • Promotes bolting • Promotes and other growth and root
parthenocarpy, e.g., (internode lateral shoot factors hair formation
tomatoes. elongation growth and unfavorable
just prior to adventitious for growth. • Initiate
• As herbicides 2, 4-D flowering) shoot flowering in
is widely used to kill formation. pineapples
dicotyledonous
weeds • Promotes
formation of
• Controls xylem female flowers
differentiation and in cucumbers
helps in cell division

Slide 31
 Points to Ponder

• Gibberellic acid (GA3) was one of the first gibberellins to be discovered.

• Auxin causes removal of shoot tips (decapitation) which usually results in the
growth of lateral buds. It is widely applied in tea plantations, hedge-making.

• ABA (stress hormone) generally acts as an antagonist to gibberellins.

Slide 32
 Photoperiodism

• It is the response of plants to periods of day/ night.

• Some plants require periodic exposure to light to induce flowering. Duration of dark period is
equally important for flowering.

• Misnomer

• According to the duration of light required to induce flowering, plants are classified into
3 types:

Slide 33
 Long day Plants Short day plants Day neutral plants

They require exposure They require exposure to There is no such correlation

to light for a period exceeding light for a period less than this between exposure to light
critical critical Period duration and induction of
Duration flowering response.

E.g., spinach, radish, etc. E.g., rice, cotton, Tobacco E.g., tomato, sunflower

Slide 34
 Vernalization

• It is the phenomenon of quantitatively or qualitatively dependent on exposure to low

temperature for flowering.

• It prevents precocious reproductive development late in the growing season and enables
the plant to have sufficient time to reach maturity.

• Example: Biennial plants such as sugar beet, cabbage, carrot, etc.

Slide 35
❑ Requirements of Vernalization:
(i) Meristematic cells
(ii) Oxygen
(iii) Supply of continuous low temperature for few days to weeks
(iv) Proper hydration: Seeds before giving cold treatment are soaked in water for some
time and then dried and given cold treatment.

Slide 36
 Points to ponder

Slide 37
 Seed Dormancy

• Certain seeds fails to germinate even when external conditions are favourable.
Such seeds undergoes a period of dormancy.

❑ Reasons causes seed dormancy are:

• a. Impermeable and hard seed coat

• b. Presence of chemical inhibitors, e.g., abscisic acid, phenolic acids, para-ascorbic acid
• c. Immature embryos
• Dormancy can be overcome through natural means and various man-made measure.

Slide 38
❑ Man-made measures include:

a. Breakage of seed coat barrier in some seeds by mechanical abrasions using sandpaper,
knives, etc.

b. Vigorous shaking

Slide 39
❑ Natural means include:

a. Mechanical abrasions by microbial action and passage through digestive tract of

animals.

b. Change in environmental conditions such as light and temperature.

c. Effect of inhibitory substances can be removed by subjecting the seeds to chilling

conditions or by application of certain chemicals like gibberellic acid and nitrates.

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