MODULE 1: THE TEACHER’S PHILOSOPHICAL AND VALUES
FORMATION
EXISTENTIAL QUESTIONS IN LIFE
•
THE EXISTENTIAL QUESTION IN SCHOOL
• WHY DO I TEACH?
• WHAT SHOULD I TEACH?
• HOW SHOULD I TEACH?
• WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE LEARNER?
• HOW DO WE LEARN?
PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
• ESSENTIALISM
• PROGRESSIVISM
• PERENNIALISM
• EXISTENTIALISM
• BEHAVIORISM
• LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY
• CONSTRUCTIVISM
•Why teach.
Teachers teach for learners to
ESSENTIALISM acquire basic knowledge, skills and value
-mastery of the subject -basic
to radically reshape society “but rathe
intellectual
knowledge that students need to become model citizens.”
•What to teach.
The emphasis is on academic content for a
students to learn the basic skills or the fundamental
r’s- reading ‘riting, ‘rithmetic, ‘right conduct- these are
essential to the acquisition of higher or more complex
skills needed in preparation for adult life.
• How to teach
Emphasize mastery of subject matter. Expected to be
intellectual and moral models of their students. They are seen as “fountain” of
information and as “paragon of virtue”.
PROGRESSIVISM
•Why teach.
Teachers teach to develop learners into becoming enlightened and
intelligent citizens of a democratic society. They teach learners to live life fully NOW
not to prepare them for adult life.
•What to teach.
Identified with need-based and relevant curriculum. ”Respond
to students’ needs and that relates to students’personal lives
and experiences.
PERENNIALISM
•Why teach.
Develop the students ‘ rational and moral’ powers.
ARISTOTLE- “If we neglect the students’ reasoning skills, we deprive them of the
ability to use their higher faculties to control their passion and appetites.
•What to teach.
Is a universal one on the view that all human beings possess the same
essential nature. Heavy on the humanities, on general education. It is not a
specialist curriculum but rather a general one.
•How to teach.
“Centered around teachers”. The teachers do not allow the students’
interests or experiences to substantially dictate what they teach.
EXTENTIALISM
•Why teach.
To help students understand and appreciate themselves as a unique individuals
who accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions”. Teacher’s
role is to help students define their own essence by exposing them to various paths
they take in life and by creating an environment in which they freely choose their own
preferred way.
•What to teach.
Students are given a wide variety of options from which to choose.
•How to teach.
Focus on the individual. Learning is self-paced, selfdirected. It includes a great
deal of individual contact with the teacher, who relates to each student openly and
honestly.
BEHAVIORISM
•Why teach.
Concerned with the modification and shaping of
students’behavior by providing for favorable environment. •What to
teach.
Teachers teach students to respond favorably to various stimuli in the
environment.
•How to teach.
Teachers “ought to arrange environmental conditions so that students can
make the responses to stimuli. They ought to provide appropriate incentives to
reinforce positive responses and weaken or eliminate negatives ones”.
LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY
•Why teach.
To develop the communication skills of the learner because the ability to
articulate, to voice out the meaning and values of things that obtains from his/her
experience of life and the world is the very essence of man. Teachers teach to
develop in the learner the skill to send messages clearly and receive messages
correctly.
• WHAT TO TEACH.
Learners should be taught to communicate clearlyhow to send clear, concise
messages and how to receive and correctly understand messages sent.
Communication takes place in three (3) ways- verbal, nonverval, and paraverbal.
Verbal component refers to the content of our message, the choice and
arrangement of our words. This can be oral or written.
Nonverval component refers to the message we send through our body
language while paraverbal components refers to how we say what we say-the
tone, pacing and volume of our voice.
•How to teach.
The most effective way to teach language, and communication is the
experiential way.
CONTRUCTIVISM
•Why teach.
Sees to develop intrinsically motivated and independent learners
adequately equipped with learning skills for them to be able to construct
knowledge and make meaning of them.
• What to teach.
The learners are taught how to learn. They are taught learning processes
and skills such as searching critiquing and evaluating information, relating these
piece of information.
•How to teach.
The teacher provides students with data or experiences that allow them to
hypothesize, hypothesize, predict, manipulate objects, pose questions, research,
investigate, imagine, and invent.
“PHILOSOPHY IS VITAL ONLY WHEN THE
QUESTION IS MINE AND SO IS THE
STRUGGLE TOWARDS ANSWERS.” W.LUIJPEN
Your philosophy of education is your “window” to the world and “compass” in life.
It reflected in your dealings with students, colleagues, parents, and
administrators. Your attitude towards problems and life as a whole has an
underlying philosophy.
