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Physics Notes

Chapter 2.2 covers the thermal properties of materials, including temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, change of state, and thermal conductivity. It explains key concepts such as the formulas for calculating heat energy and the behavior of substances during phase changes. Additionally, it discusses thermometers and their types, along with common exam question themes related to these topics.

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71 views2 pages

Physics Notes

Chapter 2.2 covers the thermal properties of materials, including temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, change of state, and thermal conductivity. It explains key concepts such as the formulas for calculating heat energy and the behavior of substances during phase changes. Additionally, it discusses thermometers and their types, along with common exam question themes related to these topics.

Uploaded by

mishamasood.10
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2.

2: Thermal Properties and Temperature


Key Concepts:
 Temperature:
o A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
o Common scales: Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K).
o Conversion: T(K)=T(°C)+273.15T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15T(K)=T(°C)+273.15.
 Thermal Expansion:
o Most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled.
o Linear expansion: ΔL=αL0ΔT\Delta L = \alpha L_0 \Delta TΔL=αL0ΔT, where:
 ΔL\Delta LΔL: Change in length.
 α\alphaα: Coefficient of linear expansion.
 L0L_0L0: Original length.
 ΔT\Delta TΔT: Change in temperature.
o Applications: Gaps in railway tracks, overhead power lines.
 Specific Heat Capacity (c):
o The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
substance by 1°C (or 1 K).
o Formula: Q=mcΔTQ = mc\Delta TQ=mcΔT, where:
 QQQ: Heat energy (Joules).
 mmm: Mass (kg).
 ccc: Specific heat capacity (J/kg·K).
 ΔT\Delta TΔT: Change in temperature (°C or K).
o Water has a high specific heat capacity, making it useful as a coolant.
 Change of State:
o When a substance changes from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to another, energy is
absorbed or released without a change in temperature.
o Latent heat: The heat energy per unit mass required for a phase change.
 Specific Latent Heat of Fusion (L_f): Energy required to change 1 kg of
a substance from solid to liquid without a temperature change.
 Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization (L_v): Energy required to change
1 kg of a substance from liquid to gas without a temperature change.
o Formula: Q=mLQ = mLQ=mL, where:
 QQQ: Heat energy (Joules).
 mmm: Mass (kg).
 LLL: Specific latent heat (J/kg).
 Thermal Conductivity:
o A measure of how well a material conducts heat.
o Metals are typically good conductors; non-metals and gases are poor conductors
(insulators).
o Applications: Insulation in buildings, cooking utensils.
 Thermometers:
o Devices used to measure temperature.
o Types:
 Liquid-in-glass thermometer: Uses the expansion of a liquid (e.g.,
mercury, alcohol) to measure temperature.
 Thermocouple: Measures temperature based on the voltage difference
between two different metals joined at one end.
o Important properties: Sensitivity, range, linearity.
Common Exam Question Themes:
 Calculations involving specific heat capacity and latent heat.
 Explaining the design and function of different types of thermometers.
 Describing and explaining the effects of thermal expansion in everyday contexts.
 Comparing the thermal conductivities of different materials and their practical
applications.

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