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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Movement detection of living beings or any other object might be interesting in numerous
domains, like security systems, radars, the locations of industrial robots, depth of snow banks,
liquid levels in reservoirs and automatic guidance systems. Majority of these applications
require that the objects detection device to be non-invasive and not disturb the normal work
environment, living beings or other devices in the detection's area. This includes the choice of
detached vectors for transporting the necessary information, with a high degree of immunity to
other various factors except the state of movement. The objects detection device may be passive,
but in this case, the moving organisms or objects must have a particular property that can be
discovered. However, this condition limits the domain of the device applicability, but offers the
feature of high discretion for detector. In active detection devices, a transmitter and a receiver
detect the objects in a manner that does not affect the path of the process being monitored and
does not impose any special restrictions for the detected objects.
Measuring the distance in the narrow areas or dangerous regions that contains chemical or
radioactive solution can be problematic sometimes. The tape measure is not suitable for this
kind of distance measurement because the place is not appropriate or for any other reason.
Various mechanisms have been suggested and developed for contactless distance measurements,
while each method has their own features and disadvantages. Infrared or optical sensors present
good accuracy but a poor distance measurement domain. On the other side, laser or microwave-
based systems offer the possibility of a large range measurement of distance, with a rather weak
resolution.
At most, the use of ultrasonic sensing technology (ultrasonic sensor) is the most inexpensive and
reliable method for measurement of the distance. Ultrasonic sensors are useful in various
applications areas under which other sensors (such as infrared or vision-based sensors) fail to
give accurate results or operate such as poor lighting conditions or the presence of many
transparent

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objects like windows or glass doorways. The ultrasonic sensor operates using the echo location
principle. A pulse of ultrasonic wave is created and transmitted by the ultrasonic sensor in a
specific area and if there is any object in its path, the ultrasonic wave will be reflected. By

calculating the time difference between the pulses transmitted and received, the distance to the
detected object can be located. An effective measurement depends on the reflection of the
waves from the targets to the ultrasonic sensor. There are different influences that affect the
reflection such as wind speed, random noises and the change of temperature. The dimensions of
the target also effect on the reflection and target detection, as explained below:
Surface: The target which has hard, smooth surface reflects large wave than soft surface. A soft
target has a weak echo and the accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor will decrease.
Distance: The reflected signal decreases as the distance between the target and the ultrasonic
sensor increases.
Angle: Objects tilting degree ultrasonic waves are affected by the reflection method of the
object. The echo is gained only from regions normal to the sensor otherwise no echo will be
detected due to the scattering of the signal as it is reflected from the object.
Size: A large target has bigger surface area to reflect the wave than a small target.
There are many great applications of ultrasonic sensing technique since its inception, such as
obstacles detection for guidance in mobile robotics applications, home security systems,
measuring water or liquid level in tanks, distance measurement and objects proximity detection
systems. These innumerable smart applications have made it easy to solve different technical
issues quickly and less expensive without compromising stability, safety and quality. Many
examples on that are present in academic literature as can be seen in the following review. In
Singh et al. presented a security system for buildings and homes to detect the movement of the
human body and produce a necessary alarming message using ultrasonic sensor. Dey et al.
designed and implemented in smart walking stick for visually impaired people that uses
ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 to detect obstacles in the blind person's path and uses the buzzer as
an alert. A smart collision avoidance system has been proposed as a prototype in which uses
ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection to
avoid vehicle accidents and provides maximum safety to the drivers. Gupta et al. in addressed
the utilization of ultrasonic sensing capability for water depth measuring. Distance measurement

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using ultrasonic sensing technology have seen good interest in terms of researches and studies in
the few
past years. For instance, the design of distance measurement system was presented in based on
ultrasonic sensor and S3C2410 microcontroller, temperature compensation module was added
to the design to improve the accuracy. In two separate modules of ultrasonic transmitter and

receiver were attached to a P89C51RD2 microcontroller development board to determine

distance from 5 cm to 50 cm. A combination of three different sensors with a microcontroller
type PIC16F877A was implemented in to design an intelligent system for many applications, the
ultrasonic sensor is one of these sensors, which functioned to determine a distance to the targets.
In ultrasonic sensor was interfaced to a microcontroller type peripheral interface controller
(PIC) to measure distances up to 2.5 m, ultrasonic distance detector would give an light emitting
diode (LED) Indication when the object is too near around less than 10 cm. In a parallax
ultrasonic sensor module was mounted on a mobile robot called Pro-Bot 128 to determine
distances from 20 mm to 200 mm. A spartan 3e field programmable gate array (FPGA) board
was used with an ultrasonic sensor in to detect obstacles with a distance from 20 cm to 100 cm at
a room temperature.
A cheap and popular HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor interfaced to the AVR ATmega16
microcontroller was used for objects detection and to compute distance up to 2,5m, the computed
distance is displayed via a liquid crystal display (LCD). While in MATLAB was used to
implement a graphical user interface (GUI) show object detection information and measured
distance. In it has been proved that the use of Arduino Uno microcontroller coupled with the
ultrasonic sensor type HC-SR04 is able to detect objects inside an angle of 180 degrees and at
distances between 2 centimeters and 4 meters with acceptable accuracy. In other similar
work Dutt designed an object detection and distance measurement system which fully linked
to the objectives of our study. It also uses HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor with Arduino Uno
microcontroller to detect the objects and uses a computer screen for displaying the sensed data
graphically through Processing Development Environment software. However, this system is
unable to transmit the sensed data or information wirelessly over long distances.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1. Introduction:
Bats are wonderful creatures. Blind from the eyes but the vision is sharper than humans,
Ultrasonic ranging is the technique used by bats. Ultrasonic sensor provides an easy way in
distance measurement. The sensor is perfect for distance measurements between moving or
stationary objects. Ultrasonic Sensor measures the distance of the objects in air through non-
contact technique. These distance measurement sensors connect with all common types of
automation and telemetry equipment. Machinery and processes in a wide range of industries
use distance measurement sensors where size or position feedback is required. The echo
time response of ultrasonic sensor detector is based on time of travel after trigger pulse to
the surrounding objects is non-linear and depends on the reflectance characteristics of the
object surface. Ultra-Sonic sensors are widely used for distance measurement purposes.
They offer low cost and a precision of less than 1 cm in distance measurements of up to 6m.
However, the most popular method used in these measurements is based on the time of
flight (TOF) measurement. This TOF is the time elapsed between the emission and
subsequent arrival after reflection of an Ultrasonic pulse train travelling at the speed of
sound. This causes large response times for a single measurement.

2.2. Proposed System Overview:

Objects detecting sensors are one of the most basic type of sensors that engineers use. There are
several methods to make cheap object sensors. These simple sensors are made using a IR Rx /Tx
pair or Normal LED and LDR pair. These sensors may be useful for simple requirement but they
have the following drawback:

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1. Can’t say anything about the real distance of objects.
2. Give different result for different colored objects.
3. Need calibration (like setting up a variable resistor).

To solve this problem initially IR Range Finder modules were used but they had small range.
Later to solve all these problems ultrasonic range finder module was used. These modules use
ultrasonic

sound waves inaudible to human. These modules consist of ultrasonic transmitter that emits
ultrasonic waves, the waves after striking the objects gets reflected back and is detected by the
ultrasonic receiver. By measuring the time taken in the whole process we can detect the distance
of the object from the sensor.
Ultrasonic sensor can detect the object in the range of 400cm which makes it the ideal for
distance measurement application.
These are used in several areas: -
1. Speed check in roads
2. Driverless cars to detect obstacles.
3. Radars for robotics.
4. Fuel level in the tank.

2.3. Problem Statement:

A low-cost distance measurement system using ultrasonic sensor which works good in
different light condition and has the capability to detect the both distance and location of the
object. This project aims to develop a compact electronic model which could detect an
object in front of it and measure the distance at which the object lies and indicate the same
using a analog meter using deflecting scale.

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.1. Components Used:
1. Arduino UNO
2. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
3. Servo motor
4. A to B Male type peripheral USB cable
5. Jumper wires
6. Bread Board
3.2. Arduino (UNO):
3.2.1 Introduction: - Arduino refers to an open-source electronics platform or board and the
software used to program it. An Arduino board can be purchased preassembled or, because the
hardware design is open source, built by hand. A pre-assembled Arduino board includes a
microcontroller, which is programmed using Arduino programming language and the Arduino
development environment. Arduino programming language is a simplified from of C/C++
programming language based on what Arduino calls "sketches," which use basic programming
structures, variables, and functions. These are then converted into a C++ program.
3.2.2 Hardware: - Arduino is open-source hardware. Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel
8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560)
with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. We have Arduino with AT mega 328.

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3.2.3 ATmega328: - The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the
megaAVR family.
3.2.4 Specification: - The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 kB ISP
flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with
compare modes,
internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial
interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF
packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable

power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device achieves throughput
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.

3.2.5 Key Parameters: -

3.1 Table for Key Parameters:

Parameter Value
CPU type 8-bit AVR
Performance 20 MIPS at 20 MHz
Flash memory 32 kb
SRAM 2 kb
EEPROM 1 kb
Pin count 28-pin PDIP, MLF, 32-pin
TQPF, MLF
Maximum operating frequency 20 MHz
Number of touch channels 16
Hardware Q Touch Acquisition No
Maximum I/O pins 23
External interrupts 2
USB interface No

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USB speed ---

3.2.6 Features: -

 Microcontroller: ATmega328
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz

3.2.7 Pin diagram: -

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Fig 3.1: - Arduino Pin diagram

Fig 3.2: - Arduino UNO

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3.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

3.3.1 Introduction: - The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor is an inexpensive device that is
very useful for robotics and test equipment projects. This tiny sensor is capable of measuring the
distance between itself and the nearest solid object.
The HC-SR04 can be hooked directly to an Arduino or other microcontroller and it operates on 5
volts. This ultrasonic distance sensor is capable of measuring distances between 2 cm to 400 cm.
It is a low current device so it’s suitable for battery powered devices.

3.3.2 Working: -
Ultrasonic distance sensors use pulses of ultrasonic sound (sound above the range of human
hearing) to detect the distance between them and nearby solid objects. The sensors consist of two
main components:
 An Ultrasonic Transmitter – This transmits the ultrasonic sound pulses, it operates at 40 KHz
 An Ultrasonic Receiver – The receiver listens for the transmitted pulses. If it receives them it
produces an output pulse whose width can be used to determine the distance the pulse
travelled.
The HC-SR04 has the following four connections:
 VCC – This is the 5 Volt positive power supply.
 Trig – This is the “Trigger” pin, the one driven to send the ultrasonic pulses.
 Echo – This is the pin that produces a pulse when the reflected signal is received. The
length of the pulse is proportional to the time it took for the transmitted signal to be
detected.
 GND – This is the Ground pin.

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Fig 3.3: - Ultrasonic Sensor Arrangement

The device operates as follows:

1) A 5-volt pulse of at least 10 ms (10 microseconds) in duration is applied to the Trigger

pin.
2) The HC-SR04 responds by transmitting a burst of eight pulses at 40 KHz. This 8-pulse
pattern makes the “ultrasonic signature” from the device unique, allowing the receiver to
discriminate between the transmitted pattern and the ultrasonic background noise.
3) The eight ultrasonic pulses travel through the air away from the transmitter. Meanwhile
the Echo pin goes high to start forming the beginning of the echo-back signal.
4) If the pulse in NOT reflected back then the Echo signal will timeout after 38 mS (38
milliseconds) and return low. This produces a 38 mS pulse that indicates no obstruction
within the range of the sensor.
5) If the pulse IS reflected back the Echo pin goes low when the signal is received. This
produces a pulse whose width varies between 150 uS to 25 mS, depending upon the time
it took for the signal to be received.
6) The width of the received pulse is used to calculate the distance to the reflected object.
Remember that the pulse indicates the time it took for the signal to be sent out and
reflected so to get the distance you’ll need to divide your result in half.

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Fig 3.4: - No Object detected by Ultrasonic Sensor

Fig 3.5: - Object detected by Ultrasonic Sensor

The illustration below shows the dimensions of the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor as well
as the effective angle of operation. As you can see the sensor is most accurate when the object to
be detected is directly in front of it but you do get a response from objects within a 45 degree
“window”. The documentation recommends confining that window to 30 degrees (15 degrees on
either side) for accurate readings.

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Fig 3.6: - Dimensions of Ultrasonic Sensor

3.4 Servo Motor

3.4.1 Definition: - A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise
control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor
coupled to a sensor for position feedback.
3.4.2 Mechanism: - A servomotor is a closed loop mechanism that uses position feedback to
control its motion and final position. The input to its control is a signal (either analogue or
digital) representing the position commanded for the output shaft.
The motor is paired with some type of to provide position and speed feedback. In the simplest
case, only the position is measured. The measured position of the output is compared to the
command position, the external input to the controller. If the output position differs from that
required, an error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate in either direction, as
needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the positions approach, the error
signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.

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Fig 3.7: - Servo Motor

3.5 A to B Male type peripheral USB cable: -

Here is a diverse range of Arduino USB Cable types like micro, USB A/B, Mini B suitable
for Arduino UNO, Mega, and other Arduino boards. This cable is used to interface any of the
Arduino board with your computer, you can also connect your USB printer, scanner, and
more to your computer. These cables Transmits data at high speeds with the error-free, high-
performance transmission. You can select any of the cables according to which two devices
have to connect. The USB port serves two purposes: First, it is the cable connection to a
computer which allows you to program the board. The USB cord will also provide power for
the Arduino if you're not using the power port (described below).

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Fig 3.8: - USB Cable

3.6 Jumper Wires: -

Jumper wires are used for making connections between items on your breadboard
and your Arduino’s header pins. Use them to wire up all your circuits!

Fig 3.9: - Jumper wires

3.7 Bread Board: -

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A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These holes let
you easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build and test an early
version of) an electronic circuit, like this one with a battery, switch, resistor, and an LED
(light-emitting diode).

Fig 3.10: - Bread Board

3.8. Block Diagram Representation: -

Fig 3.11: - Block Diagram

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3.9. Practical Working Representation: -

 The project uses a pair of ultrasonic transducers comprising of 1 transmitter and 1
receiver.
 The transmitter can deliver 40 KHz ultrasonic sound while the maximum receiver is
design to accept only 40KHz sound waves.
 Whenever an obstacle obstructs the signals of ultrasonic transmitter it reflects
the signal towards the ultra-sonic receiver.
 The program is so written in MC to calculate the distance getting from ultrasonic
module.
 The distance measurement which is seen on LCD displays the distance in CMS.

Fig 3.12: - Connection Diagram

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CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1. Arduino IDE: -
4.1.1 Introduction: - Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often
referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the
physical board.
4.1.2 Programming Language used: -
First, the Arduino compiler/IDE accepts C and C++ as-is. In fact many of the libraries are written
in C++. Much of the underlying system is not object oriented, but it could be. Thus, "The arduino
language" is C++ or C.
4.1.3 Getting started with Arduino IDE: -
1. Open Arduino 1.0.3

Fig 4.1: - Arduino IDE

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2. Go to file menu and select new page.

3. Write program.
4. Compile
5. Upload program to Arduino.

4.2 Processing IDE:

4.2.1 Introduction: -
Processing (programming language) Processing is an open-source computer programming
language and integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media
art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching non-programmers the
fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context.

4.2.2 Processing Software: -

Word processing software is used to manipulate a text document, such as a resume or a report.
You typically enter text by typing, and the software provides tools for copying, deleting and
various types of formatting.

4.2.3 Getting Started: -

1. Open processing IDE
[Link] to file menu and create new page.
3. Write the code.
4. Run.

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Fig 4.2: - IDE Processing Window

4.3 How processing IDE communicate with Arduino IDE?

The Arduino IDE and the Processing IDE will communicate with each other through serial
communication. The Processing IDE has a serial library which makes it easy to communicate
with the Arduino.

Fig 4.3: -Communicating with Arduino IDE

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CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Schematic Diagram: -

Fig 5.1: -Schematic Diagram

5.2 Implementation: -

[Link] distance measurement system is used to measure the distance between two object
precisely.
In this particular project we are using an ultrasonic sensor to measure the distance and we placed
the ultrasonic sensor on the top of a servo motor to rotate it at a range of 15 degree to 165 degree.
So, by this angle range up to 400cm distance the ultrasonic senses can locate and measure the
distance of any object.

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2. Now for the hardware port first we take a male-to-male jumper wire and connect it with 5V
pin and connect the other end to the positive rail of breadboard.
Next we take another male to male jumper wire and connect it to the ‘GND’ pin of Arduino and
we connect the other port to negative rail of the breadboard.
After that we connect ‘Vcc’ and ‘GND’ pin of both ultrasonic sensor and servo motor to the
positive and negative rail of the breadboard respectively. Next we connect the trigger pin of
ultrasonic sensor to ‘pin 9’ of Arduino board and we connect pin of ultrasonic sensor to ‘pin 11’
of Arduino board and we connect the data pin of servo motor to ’pin 12’ of Arduino board. And
hence the connection of Arduino is completed.
Next, we write the code on Arduino IDE and burn it to the Arduino board.
3. We use ‘processing 3.3.7’ software. It is mainly programming language and environment built
for the electronics art and graphics used design.
We use this software to locate the object on the computer screen. And print the distance of the
object measured by the ultrasonic sensor.
4. We use ‘processing IDE’ to write the code processing IDE similar to the ‘Arduino IDE’. And
the ‘processing IDE’ communicate through serial communication with the ‘Arduino IDE.’
5. For the communication process we send the data received from ultrasonic sensor to the serial
monitor with the same additional characters. These data in the serial monitor will be later
received by the ‘processing IDE’ and hence the communication between Arduino IDE and
processing IDE is completed.
6. Now we can see the distance of the object at which angle it is located as well as the location of
the object in the monitor.

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CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The system prototype with the dual Arduino boards and XBee modules, servo motor, ultrasonic
sensor and buzzer was tested in real time. The materials such as wood, aluminum and glass (due
to their popularity in many applications) were chosen as obstacles or objects to validate the
proposed system operations. The above-mentioned prototype was tested in different scenarios
regarding positioning of the sensor node and sink node and the distance that can be covered
using XBee modules. In addition to that many tests have been performed to measure the distance
and angle of targets in the system’s sensing area and determine the exact location of these
objects. The tests were achieved by placing a set of targets on different distances and angles from
the proposed system. Some of these tests are explained below: The sensing node with the
ultrasonic sensor fixed on the servo motor is shown at the back of the picture, while the sink
node is shown at the front of the picture with a personal computer acting as the main control unit
and a display screen in the same time as shown in Figure 6.1 (a). A blue shape representing the
fixed target was placed at 8 cm away from the sensing node in the first test as can be seen in
Figure 6.1 (a). The red points displayed on the GUI represent the target at a distance 8 cm from
the ultrasonic sensor with some error as shown in Figure 6.1 (b).

Fig 6.1. (a) One fixed target at 8 cm distance. (b) The monitor screen in case target at 8 cm

In the second test, the same target that used in the test 1 was used but now at 27 cm away from
the system as shown in figure 6.2 (a). From Figure 6.2 (b) it can be seen that the target on the

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designed GUI and the measured distance is 27 cm, which shows that the system successfully
detected the change in the distance.

Fig 6.2.(a) One fixed target at 27 cm distance. (b) The monitor screen in case target at 27 cm

The targets was fixed at different angles to the right and the left of the sensor and the ultrasonic
sensor detected them successfully as shown in the Figure 6.3 (a) and (b) and Figure 6.4 (a) and
(b) respectively.

Fig 6.3.(a) One fixed target at 29 cm distance (b) The monitor screen in case target at 29 cm

Fig 6.4. (a) One fixed target at 36 cm distance (b) The monitor screen in case target at 36 cm

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In the third test, two fixed targets were used as shown in Figure 18 (a). The ultrasonic sensor is
located in the back of the picture with two different objects in front of it at different distances.
The objects are shown by two series of continuous dots that define the shape, distance and angle
of the targets as represented on the computer screen graphically in Figure 18 (b).

Fig 6.5. (a) Two fixed targets at different distances (b) The monitor screen in case target at different distances

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CHAPTER 7
7.1 ADVANTAGES: -
 Not affected by color or transparency of objects.
 Can be used in dark environments.
 Low-cost option.
 Not highly affected by dust, dirt, or high-moisture environments
 In civil and mechanical field for precise and small measurements.

Fig 7.1. Car parking System Fig 7.2. Low-Cost System

7.2 APPLICATIONS: -

 Used to measure the obstacle distance.

 This system used in automotive parking sensors and obstacle warning systems.
 Used in terrain monitoring robots.
 Car wash stations
 Self-driving vehicles
 It can be used in car backing system, water level of the tank.

Fig 8.1. Water level tank application

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 Conclusion: -

In this Report, a simple working of distance measurement and object detection system using
Zigbee technology and ultrasonic sensing technology is explained detailed. This system can
monitor a particular area and detect the location, direction and distance of the object that comes
its way and convert it into a model that can be visually represented. This system was developed
by using XBee chip which enabled the transmission of the information wirelessly, giving the
system the ability to monitor an area away from the control room. Many tests were conducted on
the designed system with one or more than one object at different distances and orientations, the
tests included a moving object also.
The readings were in close margin to reality and the obtained error proved to be negligible. The
employment of XBee module for the transmission of sensed data between the system nodes
presented advantage such as security and low power consumption to the system while covering a
wider range as compared to other communication technologies. In addition to that Zigbee
protocol and XBee module allows the implementation of several nodes at different locations
which can be further developed or modified according to the arising needs.
The proposed system can be used in robotics systems to avoid obstacles and collisions,
automated guided vehicles, finding the depth or level of any medium and measuring general
distances, etc. Moreover, the proposed system can be used in areas that are inaccessible to
humans and also in areas where there is a risk to their lives. We can enhance the proposed system
in the future by increasing the range of objects detection, by utilizing a fully 360 degrees
rotational servo motor and also by mounting surveillance webcam to it which turns on when an
object is detected. Further modifications, the proposed system could be a mobile robot system
capable of avoiding obstacles or detecting objects and measuring the distance at the same time.
Internet of things technology serves well in such applications. It can be integrated into the
proposed system, and so the sensed data can be monitored using a smartphone remotely.

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Although it is outside the scope of the research work, it also looks like a possible extension in the
future.

The following can be concluded from the above Report-:

1. The system can calculate the distance of the object without errors.
2. The system can locate the object.
3. The system provide low cost and efficient solution.

8.2 Future scope: -

1. We can use humidity sensors in future to measure distance in different environment.

2. Using ultrasonic sensor with better specification we can increase the distance measurement
range.
3. This system is used in driverless car to detect obstacle
4. The ultrasonic sensors are broadly used in diverse industries, including food & beverages,
chemicals, medical, automotive, agriculture, wastewater management, and more.
5. Owing to an increase in integrating automation into manufacturing and other industries, the
use of industry 4.0 is contributing heavily towards the growth of the ultrasonic sensor market.
6. Moreover, the use of sensors in autonomous vehicles and other vehicles with ADAS features
to measure the range during parking is giving other opportunities to the automotive industry for
growth.
7. The automakers globally are observing substantial demand for smart devices in their vehicles.
8. The automotive and semiconductor industry, are continually focusing on improving
technologies, negotiating prices of raw materials, and finally integrating the cars with robust
technologies.
9. The surging adoption of advanced ADAS systems is impacting positively on the ultrasonic
sensor.
10. ADAS is an emerging automation trend to offset human errors with the help of ultrasonic
sensors as it is a crucial element.

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