C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Prueba 2 repaso
[64 marks]
1. EXE.2.SL.TZ0.2
An Alpine village uses an electric tram system to transport visitors from
a lower station up to an upper station at the village. The length of the
tramline is 3.0 km and the gradient of the tramline is a constant 10°.
The tram has a weight of 5.0 × 104 N and can carry a maximum of 75
passengers of average weight 710 N.
The energy is supplied to each tram through a single overhead cable
with a resistance per unit length of 0.024 Ω km−1. The tram rails are used
for the return path of the current. The return path and the connections
from the cable to the electric motor in the tram have negligible
resistance.
The power supply maintains a constant emf of 500 V between the rails
and the cable at the upper station.
Assume that the current through the motor is constant at 600 A and that
the motor efficiency is always 0.90 for the entire range of voltages
available to the tram.
(a)
A tram is just leaving the lower railway station.
Determine, as the train leaves the lower station,
[[N/A]]
(a.i)
the pd across the motor of the tram,
[2]
Markscheme
Resistance of cable = 0.072 Ω ✓ Pd is (500 − 0.072 × 600) = 457 V ✓
(a.ii)
the mechanical power output of the motor.
[2]
Markscheme
Power input = 457 × 600 = 274 kW ✓ Power output = 0.9 × 274 = 247
kW ✓
(b)
Discuss the variation in the power output of the motor with distance
from the lower station.
[2]
Markscheme
The pd across the motor increases as the tram travels up the track ✓ (As
the current is constant), the power output also rises ✓
(c)
The total friction in the system acting on the tram is equivalent to an
opposing force of 750 N.
For one particular journey, the tram is full of passengers.
Estimate the maximum speed v of the tram as it leaves the lower
station.
[4]
Markscheme
Total weight of tram = 75 × 710 + 5 × 104 = 1.03 × 105 N ✓ Total force down
track = 750 + 1.03 × 105 sin (10) = 1.87 × 104 N ✓ Use of P= F × v ✓ (v =
247 000 ÷ 1.87 × 104)= 13 m s−1 ✓
(d)
The tram travels at v throughout the journey. Two trams are available so
that one is returning to the lower station on another line while the
other is travelling to the village. The journeys take the same time.
It takes 1.5 minutes to unload and 1.5 minutes to load each tram. Ignore
the time taken to accelerate the tram at the beginning and end of
the journey.
Estimate the maximum number of passengers that can be carried up to
the village in one hour.
[4]
Markscheme
Time for run = s/v = 3000 ÷ 13.2 = 227 s ✓ 3 minutes loading = 180 s So
one trip = 407 s ✓ And there are 3600/407 trips per hour = 8.84 ✓ So 8
complete trips with 75 = 600 passengers ✓
(e)
There are eight wheels on each tram with a brake system for each
wheel. A pair of brake pads clamp firmly onto an annulus made of
steel.
The train comes to rest from speed v. Ignore the energy transferred to
the brake pads and the change in the gravitational potential energy
of the tram during the braking.
Calculate the temperature change in each steel annulus as the tram
comes to rest.
Data for this question
The inner radius of the annulus is 0.40 m and the outer radius is 0.50 m.
The thickness of the annulus is 25 mm.
The density of the steel is 7860 kg m−3
The specific heat capacity of the steel is 420 J kg −1 K−1
[4]
Markscheme
Work leading to volume = 7.1 x 10−3 m3 ✓ Work leading to mass of steel =
55 .8 kg ✓ Kinetic Energy transferred per annulus
1 2
mv 5 Ek 1.1× 10
5
= 2 1 1.03 ×10 = 110 kJ ✓ Δ T = = =4.7 K ✓
= × ×132 mc 55.8 × 420
8 16 9.81
(f)
The speed of the tram is measured by detecting a beam of microwaves
of wavelength 2.8 cm reflected from the rear of the tram as it
moves away from the station. Predict the change in wavelength of
the microwaves at the stationary microwave detector in the station.
[2]
Markscheme
Δλ v
Use of ≈ ✓ 1.2 nm ✓
λ c
2. EXE.2.HL.TZ0.2
A geophone is an instrument designed to measure the movement of
ground rocks.
When the ground moves, the magnet-spring system oscillates relative to
the coil. An emf is generated in the coil. The magnitude of this emf is
proportional to the speed of the magnet relative to the coil.
(a.i)
State the movement direction for which the geophone has its greatest
sensitivity.
[1]
Markscheme
Vertical direction / parallel to springs ✓
(a.ii)
Outline how an emf is generated in the coil.
[2]
Markscheme
The magnetic field moves relative to the coil ✓ As field lines cut the coil,
forces act on (initially stationary) electrons in the wire (and these move
producing an emf) ✓
(a.iii)
Explain why the magnitude of the emf is related to the amplitude of the
ground movement.
[3]
Markscheme
The springs have a natural time period for the oscillation ✓ A greater
amplitude of movement leads to higher magnet speed (with constant time
period) ✓ So field lines cut coil more quickly leading to greater emf ✓
(a.iv)
In one particular event, a maximum emf of 65 mV is generated in the
geophone. The geophone coil has 150 turns.
Calculate the rate of flux change that leads to this emf.
[2]
Markscheme
−Δ ( N Φ ) ΔΦ
Use of ε = ✓ =¿ ¿ 0.43 mWb s−1 ✓
Δt Δt
(b)
Suggest two changes to the system that will make the geophone more
sensitive.
[4]
Markscheme
Any two suggestions from: Increase number of turns in coil ✓
Because more flux cutting per cycle ✓ Increase field strength of
magnet ✓
So that there are more field lines ✓ Change mass-spring system so that
time period decreases ✓
So magnet will be moving faster for given amplitude of movement ✓
The geophone is mounted on the ground at point Z and an explosion is
produced at point W some distance away. Sound from the explosion
travels to the geophone via the clay layer in the ground.
Diagram not to scale
The speed of sound in clay is 3.00 km s−1; the speed of sound in
sandstone is 4.70 km s−1
(c.i)
Show that, when sound travels from clay to sandstone, the critical angle
is approximately 40°.
[2]
Markscheme
n ¿
c s
3.0
4.7 ( )
=1.57 ✓ Critical angle ¿ sin−1
1
1.57
=39.6 ❑∘ ✓
(c.ii)
The angle between the clay–air surface and path 1 is 80°.
Draw, on the diagram, the subsequent path of a sound wave that travels
initially in the clay along path 1.
[2]
Markscheme
ray shown reflected back into the clay (and then to Z) at (by eye) the
incidence angle ✓ ray shown refracted into the sandstone with angle of
refraction greater than angle of incidence (by eye) ✓
Another explosion is produced at X. The sound from this explosion is
detected twice at the geophone at Z. Some sound travels directly from
X to Z through clay along path 2. Other sound travels through clay via Y
along path 3.
The vertical thickness of the clay layer is d. The distance XZ is 80.0 m.
The time between the arrival of the sounds due to the path difference is
6.67 ms.
(d)
Calculate d.
[4]
Markscheme
distance difference ¿ ¿ m ✓ ½ distance difference ¿ 9.9 m so YZ ¿ 49.9 m ✓
(√ ( ) ) √
2
XZ
d= YZ2− = 49.92 −402 ✓
2
29.8 m ✓ OR Recognises situation as (almost) 3:4:5 triangle ✓
30 m (1 sf answer only accepted in this route) ✓
3. 24M.2.HL.TZ1.9
An object attached to a spring oscillates with simple harmonic motion in
a horizontal plane. The graph shows how the kinetic energy of the object
varies with the displacement x.
(a)
State the amplitude of the motion.
[1]
Markscheme
6 «cm» ✔
Examiners report
A few candidates thought the answer was 20mJ, the majority realised that
the amplitude was measured on the horizontal axis.
(b)
Draw, on the axes above, the variation with x of the potential energy
stored in the spring.
[1]
Markscheme
parabolic graph passing through (0, 0) and (±6, 20) ✔
A good quality parabola optimally passing through (4.2,10) by eye scores
[1]
Examiners report
Many correct diagrams were seen and few V shapes.
(c)
Explain how many times during one oscillation the kinetic energy of the
object and the potential energy stored in the spring are equal.
[2]
Markscheme
«EK =EP »2 points per half oscillation «on the graph» ✔ « every position is
reached twice during an oscillation so EK =EP » four times ✔
Reference to 2 times for MP1 and 4 times for MP2.
This can be seen as a ‘walk through’ of the four places per oscillation where
KE=PE, for MP1 and MP2
Examiners report
Candidates who saw that the graphs represented just a half oscillation
scored both marks.
(d)
The mass of the object is 0.15 kg.
[[N/A]]
(d.i)
Show that the period of the oscillations is about 0.7 s.
[3]
Markscheme
1
Use of E T = mω2 A 2
2
1
OR 20 × 10−3 = × 0.15 × ω 2 × 0.0602 ✔
2
ω = 8.6 «rad s−1» ✔
2π
T=« =»0.7 «s» ✔
ω
1 2,
Answer should be to 2sf or better. Other pathways possible e.g; E = kA
2
√
2E m k = 11.11 (MP2). and T = 0.73
so k = 2 (MP1) from which T = 2 π
A k
(MP3)
Examiners report
Most candidates scoring full marks began with an expression relating E, k
and A from which k hence T could be calculated. Some were able to
calculate k but could not proceed further.
(d.ii)
Calculate the maximum force exerted on the object by the spring.
[2]
Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
( )
2
2π
amax = 8.62 × 0.06 OR × 0.060 «= 4.44 m s−2 » ✔
0.73
Fmax = 0.15 × 4.44 = 0.67 «N» ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
( )
2
2π
k = 8.62× 0.15 OR × 0.15 «= 11.1 N m−1» ✔
0.73
Fmax =11.1 × 0.060 = 0.67 «N» ✔
MP1 find a or k MP2 F=ma/F=kx Award [2] for BCA
Examiners report
Some candidates made almost nothing of this and those who did were split
evenly between an approach involving F=ma, having calculated a, and an
alternative involving a calculation of k then using F=kx.
4. 23N.2.HL.TZ1.5
The table shows some of the energy levels for a hydrogen atom.
(a)
Discuss one difference between an atom in an excited state and an
atom in an ionized state.
[1]
Markscheme
Excited state - electron bound to atom/nucleus/proton OR Ionised state –
electron free from/not bound to atom ✔
Examiners report
For students who weren’t sure about what ‘excited ’and ‘ionised ’mean it
was tempting to try to use the numbers given in the table to answer this.
Many concluded that an excited atom has energy whereas an ionised one
doesn’t.
(b)
Explain how electromagnetic radiation is emitted from a hydrogen atom
in an excited state.
[2]
Markscheme
Electron/atom loses energy OR electron/atom moves to a lower energy
state ✔
by emitting a/one photon ✔
Examiners report
This was well answered.
(c)
When radiation of wavelength 6.6 × 10−¿7 m is incident on cold
hydrogen gas some of it is absorbed by the gas.
[[N/A]]
(c.i)
State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum of this radiation.
[1]
Markscheme
visible «light» ✔ Accept orange/red light
Examiners report
The most popular region given was ultraviolet.
(c.ii)
Determine the initial and final states of the hydrogen atom that are
involved in this absorption.
[3]
Markscheme
hc hc −19
Use of E= OR energy change ¿ « »3.0 × 10 « J » ✔ conversion to
λ λ
eV giving 1.88 OR 1.89 «eV» ✔
transition is from 2 to 3 ✔ ‘Use of’ requires a substitution NOT just a
statement of a formula
A bald statement of 1.88 OR 1.89 <<eV>> scores MP1 and MP2.
Examiners report
This calculation was generally done well and of those that completed it,
most recognised the correct transition. At SL more students stated the
levels in reverse order.
5. 23N.2.HL.TZ1.8
The diagram shows a point source of sound S on the edge of a
horizontal turntable that rotates about a vertical axis. The sound is
detected using a small stationary frequency meter placed 0.78 m from
the axis of the turntable. The turntable has a radius of 0.28 m. The linear
speed of S is much less than the speed of sound.
The graph shows the variation of the detected frequency with rotation
angle θ for one revolution of the turntable.
(a.i)
State, on the diagram, the position of S for which the detected
frequency is at a maximum. Label this position A.
[1]
Markscheme
about 11 o’clock position on turntable ✔ In the region shown
Examiners report
Some labelled A on the graph which did not gain a mark, but most placed it
in the correct region on the diagram.
(a.ii)
Outline why this maximum frequency shift does not occur when θ =
90° or when θ = 270°.
[2]
Markscheme
maximum frequency shift occurs when velocity of source relative to
frequency meter is maximum ✔
<<maximum velocity of source is>>when S moves directly towards
frequency meter ✔
Examiners report
Many got the right idea here but struggled to explain what they meant.
(b)
Determine the angular speed of the turntable. The speed of sound is
330 m s−1. State an appropriate unit for your answer.
[5]
Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
10.5 v s v
Δ f =¿10.5 «Hz» ✔ Range 10 – 11 Hz = s ¿ 7.9 <<m s >> v s=¿
−1
440 330
v
7.9 «ms−¿ 1» ✔ Range 7.5 – 8.3 m s−¿1 ω=¿« =¿»28 ✔ Range 27 – 30
r
rad s−¿ rad s ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2 Observed frequency ¿ 450.5 OR 430
1 −1
<<Hz>> ✔ Range 450 – 451 OR 429 – 431 Use of f' ¿ f (v/v±us) ✔ us ¿ 7.7
<<m s−¿1>> ✔ Range 7.5 – 8.0 omega <<¿ v/r>> ¿ 28 ✔ Range 27 – 30
rad s−¿ 1 ✔
Examiners report
This was very well done. There were many students who were able to
score all 5 marks, with most using the calculation laid out in Alternative 2 in
the markscheme. Common slips included using the wrong version of the
formula and multiplying v by r in step 4.
© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2025
