Steel making (MM1501)
Assignment- #2 Due date: 20/11/2024
Common Data for question numbers 1-3
During deoxidation of liquid steel by ferromanganese (60% manganese) at 1600oC, the oxygen
content of the steel is brought down to 0.02 wt% from initial content of 0.04 wt%. The initial
manganese content of the liquid steel is 0.1 wt%. Activity of MnO in the slag may be assumed to
be 0.9. Assume Henry’s law for dissolved species.
Equilibrium constant for the reaction MnO Mnwt % Owt % , is given by:
log K Mn
11070
4.526
T
QUESTION 1:
Calculate the stoichiometric amount of manganese required. Correct answer: 0.6875 kg/tcs
QUESTION 2
Calculate the equilibrium wt% of manganese in the bath. Correct answer: 1.86 wt%
QUESTION 3
Calculate the total amount of ferromanganese required per ton of hot metal for deoxidation of the
bath to the required level Correct answer: 30kg/ton of steel
QUESTION 4:
In a vacuum degassing process of steel, MgO is being used as ladle lining and the temperature is
1850 K. Assess whether decomposition of MgO under vacuum (0.1 torr pressure) through reaction
(1) is possible or not. Ignore interaction coefficients.
Given:
1
MgO s Mg g O2 g (1)
2
G O1 6.085 105 1.005T log T 112.84T J / mole
QUESTION 5:
With reference to question 4, now consider that the MgO lining is in contact with liquid steel
containing 0.2 wt% C and 0.001 wt% O. Assess whether decomposition of MgO in contact with
carbon steel under vacuum (0.1 torr pressure) is possible or not. Ignore interaction coefficients.
Given:
1
MgO s Mg g O2 g (1)
2
G O1 6.085 105 1.005T log T 112.84T J / mole
1
O2 g O (2)
2
6120
log K 2 0.15
T
C O CO g (3)
1160
log K 3 2
T
QUESTION 6: for degassing
Consider argon purging of liquid steel in a ladle at 1600oC through bottom tuyeres. The gas bubbles
coming out contain 10% CO, 5% N2, 5% H2 and rest Ar. Assuming the gas to be at equilibrium
with molten steel at the exit, calculate the hydrogen content of steel. The steel contains 1% C, 2%
Mn and 0.5% Si.
Given: eHC 0.06, eMn
H 0.002, e H 0.027, e H 0
Si H
1905
log K H 2.409 Where the unit of h is ppm.
T
Correct Answer: 4.601 ppm
Common Data for question numbers 7-9
In a RH degassing process, it is intended to lower H2 content from 4 to 1.5 ppm in 15 mins by re-
circulation of molten metal. Assume equilibrium in the vacuum chamber. T = 1577oC, Wsteel= 50
tons, Pressure inside vacuum chamber = 10-4 atm. Composition of steel: C-0.05%, Cr- 5%, Ti-
0.5%
Given : eHC 0.04; eHCr 0.005; eHTi 0.22
log K H
1905 Where hH expressed in ppm.
2.409
T
QUESTION 7:
Derive the mass balance equation correlating re-circulation rate (R) to the hydrogen content in the
bath.
QUESTION 8:
Calculate the equilibrium hydrogen content Correct answer: 0.29 ppm
QUESTION 9:
Calculate the rate of recirculation Correct answer: 3.73 tons/min
Common Data for question numbers 10-11
For ladle desulphurization of liquid steel,
Given: Temperature=1650oC, slag is CaO-Al2O3 having 55 wt% CaO, Wt% of Al. in metal=
0.05%, Steel weight= 150 tonnes, Slag weight= 2 tonnes, Initial wt% S in steel=0.01%,
Equilibrium slag-metal sulphur partition ratio (Ls,e)=500.
QUESTION 10:
Calculate wt% sulphur in steel after desulphurization, assume slag-metal equilibrium.
Correct Answer: 0.0013%
QUESTION 11:
Calculate initial desulphurization rate, assume initial S in slag as 0.1% and kS, emp as 2×10-3 per sec
Correct Answer: 1.96 ×10-5 wt% S/sec
QUESTION 12:
Calculate the mixing time in a gas stirred 1 m deep ladle operated with gas flow rate of 0.2
Nm3/min/ton at temperature 1850K. Correct Answer: 47 secs
Common Data for questions 13-16
Cored wire of dimension outer diameter- 13 mm and casing thickness- 0.68 mm is added in the
steel bath at a speed of 200 cm/sec for 60 sec and it is found that final calcium level in the tundish
of 140 tonne capacity is 16 ppm. Composition of CaSi powder filled inside the cored wire is given
as:
Element Percentage Density (gm/cc)
Ca 31 1.54
Si 58 2.33
Fe 10 7.87
Al 1 2.70
QUESTION 13:
Calculate the effective density of the CaSi Powder. Correct answer: 2643 kg/m3
QUESTION 14:
Calculate total mass of the CaSi powder per meter length of the cored wire.
Correct answer: 0.281 kg/m
QUESTION 15:
Calculate the total amount of calcium added in the molten steel bath. Correct answer: 10.45 kg
QUESTION 16
Calculate the calcium recovery percentage assuming calcium level in the molten bath before
calcium treatment as zero. Answer: 21.44 %
QUESTION 17:
Calculate the molar “Ca/Al” ratio of an inclusion containing 50 wt% CaO, 5 wt% SiO2 and rest
Al2O3. Correct Answer: 1.01
QUESTION 18:
Liquid steel contains 0.002 wt% O. Vanadium is added in the ladle at 1557 °C to make a product
containing 1 wt% V. To what extent, the oxygen content of the liquid steel must be lowered to
prevent the oxidation of V.
Correct Answer:
0.00173 wt%
QUESTION 19:
Molten steel is termed from a ladle through a 5 cm diameter nozzle at its bottom. If the volume of
the molten steel in the initial stage is 2 m3 and the linear velocity of discharge is 90 cm/s. Calculate
the time required to complete empty of ladle. Correct Answer: 18.86 min
QUESTION 20:
Calculate the rising velocity of a 1.5 lm slag particle, rising through stagnant liquid steel at 1600
°C, given slag density is 3000 kg/m3 , the density of liquid steel is 7600 kg/m3 and viscosity is 7
cP. (Given g = 9.81 m/s2 ) Correct Answer: 8:06x10-7 m/s
Common data for questions 21-24
Consider 50% solidification of liquid steel isothermally at 1500oC. Assume Scheil’s law of
segregation and steel composition as. C-0.1%, Mn-1%, Si-0.1%, O-45 ppm, N-160 ppm and H-7
ppm. Equilibrium partitioning co-efficient Ke for N, H, O and C are 0.28, 0.32, 0.02 and 0.13
respectively. Consider density of liquid steel as 6.98 gm/cc. 1 kgf/m2 = 9.678×10-5 atm.
Given:
# Reaction Equilibrium Unit K Vs T relationship Values of h at
relation of h 1600oC
1mm Hg 1atm
1
H
1
H2 g hH K H . p1/H 2 2
ppm
log K H
1905
2.409
0.77 24.65
2 T
2 1
N N2 g hN K N . p1/N 2
2
ppm
log K N
518
2.937
14.1 457.55
2 T
3 1
O O2 g hO KO . pO1/ 2
2
wt%
log K O
6120
0.15
82.0
2 T
4 O CO g
C hO hC KCO . pCO ppm
log KCO
1160
6.0
0.47 at 480.5
T hc = 500
ppm
1 mm Hg = 1torr = 9.87×10-4 atm
QUESTION 21:
Calculate the partial pressure of nitrogen gas in steel. Correct Answer: 0.357 atm
QUESTION 22:
Calculate the partial pressure of hydrogen gas in steel. Correct Answer: 0.269 atm
QUESTION 23:
Calculate the partial pressure of CO gas in steel. Correct Answer: 0.730 atm
QUESTION 24:
Assess whether gas bubble will form at a depth of 1 m? Correct Answer: no gas bubble form
