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Completes The Text Prac5ce:

1. Microbes that live in shallow lakes and ponds produce methane, a harmful greenhouse gas. Ecologist Ralf
Aben and his team wanted to see how different types of shallow-water plants might affect the amount of
methane that escapes into the atmosphere. Abenʼs team set up some water tanks with soil and microbes
from local ponds. Some tanks had a type of underwater plant that grows in the soil called watermilfoil.
Other tanks had either duckweed, a type of plant that floats on the water’s surface, or algae. Aben and
his team found that tanks with duckweed and algae released higher levels of methane than tanks with
watermilfoil did. This finding suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the presence of some kinds of underwater plants like watermilfoil helps prevent methane from
escaping shallow lakes and ponds.
B) shallow lakes and ponds release more methane than deeper bodies of water because shallow bodies
of water usually have more plants than deep bodies of water do.
C) shallow lakes and ponds are more likely to contain algae than to contain either watermilfoil or
duckweed.
D) having a mix of algae, underwater plants, and floa=ng plants is the best way to reduce the amount of
methane in shallow lakes and ponds.

2. In their book Smart Pricing, Jagmohan Raju and Z. John Zhang consider musicians’ use of the
nontradi=onal “pay as you wish” pricing model. This model generally offers listeners the choice to pay
more or less than a suggested price for a song or album—or even to pay nothing at all. As the authors
note, that’s the op=on most listeners chose for an album by the band Harvey Danger. Only about 1%
opted to pay for the album, resul=ng in earnings below the band’s expecta=ons. But the authors also
discuss musician Jane Siberry, who saw significant earnings from her “pay as you wish” online music store
as a result of many listeners choosing to pay more than the store’s suggested prices. Hence, the “pay as
you wish” model may ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) prove financially successful for some musicians but disappoin=ng for others.
B) hold greater financial appeal for bands than for individual musicians.
C) cause most musicians who use the model to lower the suggested prices of their songs and albums
over =me.
D) more strongly reflect differences in certain musicians’ popularity than tradi=onal pricing models do.

3. Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories about detec=ve Sherlock Holmes were published between 1887 and 1927.
They have inspired countless successful adapta=ons, including comic strips, movies, and a television
series Sherlock Hound, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, who is celebrated for his animated movies. Un=l
2014, these stories were copyrighted. The right to adapt was only available to those who could afford the
copyright fee and gain approval from the strict copyright holders of Doyle’s estate. Some journalists
predict that the number of Sherlock Holmes adapta=ons is likely to increase since the end of copyright
means that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Doyle’s original stories will become hard to find.
B) people will become more interested in detec=ve stories than they were in the 1800s.
C) producing adapta=ons will become easier and less expensive.
D) the former copyright holders of Doyle’s estate will return fees they collected.

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4. Astronomers inves=gated the Arabia Terra region of Mars because it appears to contain irregularly
shaped craters that may have been caused by massive volcanic explosions. In their inves=ga=ons of
Arabia Terra, the researchers found remnants of ash deposits in an amount and thickness that would
result from a massive volcanic erup=on. However, erosion and past resurfacing events could have
modified the surface of the planet. Therefore, ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the current makeup of the Arabia Terra region might not accurately reflect the volcanic ac=vity of
Mars’s past.
B) erup=ons from Mars’s volcanoes were likely not as massive as astronomers previously believed.
C) ash was most likely expelled from mul=ple different volcanoes on Mars’s surface.
D) the craters found in the Arabia Terra region were necessarily created by events other than volcanic
erup=ons.

5. In her 2021 ar=cle “Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera,” scholar Anne Garner
discusses John Johnson (1882–1956), a devoted collector of items intended to be discarded, including bus
=ckets and campaign pamphlets. Johnson recognized that scholarly ins=tu=ons considered his expansive
collec=on of ephemera to be worthless—indeed, it wasn’t un=l 1968, aser Johnson’s death, that Oxford
University’s Bodleian Library acquired the collec=on, having grasped the items’ poten=al value to
historians and other researchers. Hence, the example of Johnson serves to ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) demonstrate the difficul=es faced by contemporary historians in conduc=ng research at the Bodleian
Library without access to ephemera.
B) represent the challenge of incorpora=ng examples of ephemera into the collec=ons of libraries and
other scholarly ins=tu=ons.
C) lend support to arguments by historians and other researchers who con=nue to assert that
ephemera holds no value for scholars.
D) illustrate both the rela=vely low scholarly regard in which ephemera was once held and the later
recogni=on of ephemera’s possible u=lity.

6. By running computer simula=ons of the development of our solar system, André Izidoro, Rajdeep
Dasgupta, and colleagues concluded that the Sun may have been surrounded by three giant dust rings
before the planets started to form. The researchers suggest that the materials in the innermost ring
became the four planets closest to the Sun, the materials in the middle ring produced the rest of the
planets, and the materials in the outermost ring created the asteroids and other small bodies in the
region beyond Neptune. In one simula=on, the researchers delayed the ini=al forma=on of the middle
ring, causing oversized super-Earths to begin developing from the innermost ring. The researchers
therefore hypothesize that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the middle ring formed earlier in the solar system’s development than the ini=al simula=ons
suggested.
B) the =ming of the ini=al forma=on of the middle ring played an important role in determining the
eventual size of Earth.
C) if the forma=on of the outermost ring had occurred earlier in a simula=on, all the planets would have
become super Earths.
D) the innermost ring actually formed into all the planets in our solar system, not just the four closest to
the Sun.

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7. Some businesses believe that when employees are interrupted while doing their work, they experience a
decrease in energy and produc=vity. However, a team led by Harshad Puranik, who studies management,
has found that interrup=ons by colleagues can have a social component that increases employees’ sense
of belonging, resul=ng in greater job sa=sfac=on that benefits employees and employers. Therefore,
businesses should recognize that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the interpersonal benefits of some interrup=ons in the workplace may offset the perceived nega=ve
effects.
B) in order to maximize produc=vity, employers should be willing to interrupt employees frequently
throughout the day.
C) most employees avoid interrup=ng colleagues because they don’t appreciate being interrupted
themselves.
D) in order to cul=vate an ideal workplace environment, interrup=ons of work should be discouraged.

8. Marta Coll and colleagues’ 2010 Mediterranean Sea biodiversity census reported approximately 17,000
species, nearly double the number reported in Carlo Bianchi and Carla Morriʼs 2000 census—a difference
only partly aCributable to the descrip=on of new invertebrate species in the interim. Another factor is
that the morphological variability of microorganisms is poorly understood compared to that of
vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and algae, crea=ng uncertainty about how to evaluate microorganisms
as species. Researchers’ decisions on such maCers therefore can be highly consequen=al. Indeed, the two
censuses reported similar counts of vertebrate, plant, and algal species, sugges=ng that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Coll and colleagues reported a much higher number of species than Bianchi and Morri did largely due
to the inclusion of invertebrate species that had not been described at the =me of Bianchi and
Morriʼs census.
B) some differences observed in microorganisms may have been treated as varia=ons within species by
Bianchi and Morri but treated as indica=ve of dis=nct species by Coll and colleagues.
C) Bianchi and Morri may have been less sensi=ve to the degree of morphological varia=on displayed
within a typical species of microorganism than Coll and colleagues were.
D) the absence of clarity regarding how to differen=ate among species of microorganisms may have
resulted in Coll and colleagues underes=ma=ng the number of microorganism species.

9. Researchers recently found that disrup=ons to an enjoyable experience, like a short series of
adver=sements during a television show, osen increase viewers’ reported enjoyment. Suspec=ng that
disrup=ons to an unpleasant experience would have the opposite effect, the researchers had par=cipants
listen to construc=on noise for 30 minutes and an=cipated that those whose listening experience was
frequently interrupted with short breaks of silence would thus ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) find the disrup=ons more irrita=ng as =me went on.
B) rate the listening experience as more nega=ve than those whose listening experience was
uninterrupted.
C) rate the experience of listening to construc=on noise as las=ng for less =me than it actually lasted.
D) perceive the volume of the construc=on noise as growing soser over =me.

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10. In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used
agricultural techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems
that few of those farmers had actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of
several farmers of the same era independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people
had already invented, these facts most strongly suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly influenced by
Haudenosaunee prac=ces.
B) the crops typically cul=vated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States were not
well suited to Haudenosaunee farming techniques.
C) Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the northeastern United
States.
D) Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques
late in the nineteenth century.

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