MODULE 1 MODULE 2
Pearson Product Moment of The Spearman’s Correlation
Correlation (r) is the most commonly Coefficient, represented by ρ or by rS,
used measure of relationship. It is is a nonparametric measure of the
calculated to show linear relationship strength and direction of the
between two variables. You could use association that exists between two
a Pearson’s correlation to understand ranked variables. It determines the
whether there is an association degree to which a relationship is
between exam performance and monotonic. A monotonic relationship
time spent revising. You could also is a relationship that does one of the
use a Pearson's correlation to following: (1) as the value of one
understand whether there is an variable increases, so does the value of
association between depression and the other variable; or (2) as the value of
length of unemployment. one variable increases, the other
variable value decreases.
The Pearson correlation coefficient, r,
can take a range of values from +1 to -1. There are two methods to calculate
A value of 0 indicates that there is no Spearman's correlation depending on
association between the two whether: (1) your data does not have
variables. A value greater than 0 tied ranks or (2) your data has tied
indicates a positive association; that ranks. The formula for when there are
is, as the value of one variable no tied ranks is:
increases, so does the value of the
other variable. A value less than 0
indicates a negative association; that
is, as the value of one variable
increases, the value of the other where di= difference in paired ranks
variable decreases. and n= number of cases.
Coefficient, r The formula to use when there are tied
Strength of Association ranks is:
Positive. Negative
Small. .1 to .3. -0.1 to -0.3
Medium. .3 to .5. -0.3 to -0.5
Large. .5 to 1.0. -0.5 to -1.0
where i= paired score. regression, in which one finds the line
The Spearman correlation coefficient, that most closely fits the data
ρ, can take values from +1 to -1. according to a specific mathematical
A ρ of +1 indicates a perfect association criterion. Simple linear regression is a
of ranks statistical method that allows us to
A ρ of zero indicates no association summarize and study relationships
between ranks and between two continuous
ρ of -1 indicates a perfect negative (quantitative) variables:
association of ranks.
The closer ρ is to zero, the weaker the One variable, denoted x, is regarded as
association between the ranks. the predictor, explanatory, or
independent variable.
ACTIVITY
The other variable, denoted y, is
History Algebra regarded as the response, outcome, or
Score Rank Score Rank dependent variable.
35 6 30 5
23 3 33 6
47 8 45 8
17 2 23 4
10 1 8 1
43
9
7
0
49
12
9
2
MODULE 4
At-test is a type of inferential statistic
6 0 4 0 used to determine if there is a
significant difference between the
28 4 31 7 means of two groups, which may be
related in certain features. The t-test
is one of many tests used for the
MODULE 3 purpose of hypothesis testing in
In Statistics regression analysisis a statistics.
set of statistical processes used in t-Test can be classified as:
estimating the relationships ● t-Test for Independent Sample
between a dependent variable (often Means
called the 'outcome variable') and one ● t-Test for Dependent Sample
or moreindependent variables (often Means
called 'predictors'). The most common t-Test for Independent Sample Means
form of regression analysis is linear is used for observed difference
between two sample means that are
not correlated with each other. This
test is used specifically to determine
if an observed difference between
the averages of two groups is
statistically significant.
t-Test for Dependent Sample Means
is a precise test which means that this
test is better to detect difference, if it
exists, between population means
through its samples. This happens
because the standard error of the
difference between the sample means
is relatively smaller. However, it is
limited. Its use is limited to scores that
are correlated as.
MODULE 5
The Z-test of one sample mean is
used to determine if an obtained MODULE 6
sample mean or average of scores (or One-way analysis of variance or
values) is but a random sample from one-way ANOVA is an F test. The letter
a population with a given or f is named in honor of Fisher, one of
hypothesized or expected population the pioneers in statistics. One-way
mean. ANOVA is used when your research
calls for comparison of the means f
A sample mean is defined as an two or more groups.
average computed from raw scores
which are randomly sampled from a
well-defined population of scores.
MODULE 7
The population mean is defined as the Statistical software are specialized
average computed from all the raw computer programs which help you
scores obtained from the target to collect, organize, analyze,
population of respondents, subjects, interpret and statistically design
or items. data.
When to use Z-Test?
1. Use the z-test when N > 30 to There are two main statistical
compare the mean of a particular techniques which help in statistical
sample of the population. data analysis: descriptive statistics
and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics organize data
from a sample using indexes.
Inferential statistics draw a
conclusion from data that is a
random variant.
Statistics are crucial for organizations.
They provide factual data which is
critical in detecting trends in the
marketplace so that businesses can
compare their performance against
their competitors.
Benefits of statistical analysis
● Statistical analysis allows
businesses to make crucial
decisions about projects.
● It helps identify trends in the
marketplace that can determine
whether a project is right to
invest in or not.
● Business statistics help project
future trends for better
planning.
● If you are considering risk
factors for specific project that
your company wants to roll out
then statistics are necessarily.
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