Homework 3 – CHE 354

Mass, Momentum, and Mechanical Energy Balances (Frictionless)

TA: Jay Dileep
Problem 1: 1 03 Bu otherwise =
B = . ,

A reducing elbow is used to change the direction of water (density 1000 kg/m3) flow in a pipe
(see the diagram below). The water enters the elbow horizontally and is deflected at an angle of
---
--
𝜃 = 45o. The elbow also reduces the flow area from 150 cm² to 25 cm², causing the water to
accelerate. The elbow discharges water into the atmosphere. The height difference between the
inlet and outlet of the elbow is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water inside it is 50 kg.
Assume the momentum-flux correction factor is 1.03. Friction is negligible.
=

a. Find the net force (N) required to anchor the elbow in place and the angular direction of
this force. Follow the same convention used to define 𝜃, when stating the direction.
b. Repeat Part A., assuming now that 𝜃 = 110o.
c. Repeat Part A., assuming now that 𝜃 = 180o.
d. Plot the variation of the component forces in each of the two dimensions and the net force
as functions of 𝜃. Combine all three curves into a single graph. Consider the following
domain: 0𝑜 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180𝑜 .
e. Based on the results of Part D., calculate the angle of deflection (𝜃) of the reducing elbow
where the required net anchoring force is maximized in the given domain.

i =
30y/
M

V
Z

1@
X
 Ex = Bmusa-BmV ,
-

Righ .
+Eye-far 01)
=
X momentum

O
=
BmVz(g &
-

Bmvi-PigH-FAx =

F PMVzcusa-BmVi
-

Pigh

EFz = 0 = Brusing PaysinQ + W -E 2) Z

momentum

Fz = BMBSinQ + w

3) knowns

4)
P 1000 19/m3 Beauti Free
m =
30kg/s

A, 150cm2
. 0

A2

h =
= 25im2 ↓

40 cm
k2m2
= : 0025mt
=
B = 1 03
.
= +
#P2 =
atmospheric
So P 1 =
garge pressue

= V= 6) Find velocity
PAI

#Muss Balance Fr = Out

mi = m2 = 30ky/

= 02
V .
00252

v =
2m/s Vz = 12

1) Pluy in for Pigage

+
m2

·
Pl = G .
17m + 4m)980
Pg =
73967 .

4 =
-
73 9kPa
.
 F PMVzcusa-BmVi
-

Pigh

301 12 CSQ- 1 03 30k24s -

13957 4 s2 05m2 .

1 03
.
.
.
= :
.

(gm
5

8 cos-6 8
-

11 085
=
370
.

#" 370 8 asa .

-

1170 3 .

Fz = BMBSinQ + w

= 1 03.
·
301.g sing + 30kg · 9 .
81Xge

Fz 2943 Ke
S
=
370 . 8 gan 1 +

a) 0= 43

= -
908 12 N .
Fret:
Ex = 370 .
8cs(h3(N-11703N

Fz = 370 8 .
Sin(i5 (N + 249 3 . N = Y 361 5 .
N =

Muga
564 +

Fret =
1067 68W
.

b) == 110

Fret =
F
#x 370 8 asCI0(N-1 : 70 3N .
=) 1297 . 12 N
To
= .

Fz 370 8
Sin (10 (N A 249 3 N =Y 647 738W ,

Fret = 177986 N
=
.

c a
= 180
=

N = -1541 /
N Fret:
Ex = 370 . 8 SC18(N-1973 . .

=2942 +

Fz = 370 8
Sin .
(180) N A 249 3 . N => 299 3 .
N

fret =
1569 . 89 N
d)

es
o
max =

# 1170 3 " 0 -370 8 Sin

#
=
370 8 asa
·
-
. .

&= 0
/
0 = 370 8 cus
.

Fz 2943 Ke
S
=
370 . 8 gan 1 +
X= #z

Fra
Fz +

dFat
8-1178
= 0x =

32 .
+ 37 8 8sin2 +
. .
29432

=
13749320 137493sin2Q +

= X = 169
Take derivative ,
set tuaro
 Problem 2:
A circular jet of air (density 1.23 kg/m3), moving horizontally at 40 m/s with an effective
diameter of 30 mm, strikes a stationary flat plate which is inclined at 30o (see diagram below).
The air then splits and flows over the plate surface in two directions. The system is frictionless,
gravity effects can be neglected, and the flow is turbulent. Assuming the air velocity remains
constant after striking the plate, determine:
a. The force (FA) required to hold the plate stationary.
b. The proportions of inlet air mass flowing in each of the two directions.
c. Plot how the fraction of inlet air mass that splits into stream 2 varies with plate
inclination 𝜃. Consider the following domain: 0𝑜 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90𝑜 . Explain what the extreme
values (𝜃 of 0o and 900) represent physically.

Part I
I
2Fy =
Fa-mjV; sine

* No pressure since all outside

Fa =
mjv; sinQ

Pav;
mj =

Effective Panter :

D
=
puj

um

on 1 .

23 no

mi
kg
=
0 .
035 s
 FA = mjVjSing

03519 4 30
= . sin

Fa 0
7 N
=
.
=.

b)
EFX ma Vz-mg-mj cusa
= o
vj
=
·

my V- myVg =
mjV; As

0347 .
40 cas 38
My V-myVg
=

= 1 707 N
R2K-mgV
.

1 0302
= (3)
& me -

=
= m2 =.

m3
= ug =, 00233"

m
m =
14 . 8

C)

At allfut all gues t

it is stream &
·

zero,, so

At 90 , it
·

is
L so half gues to stream

and half to the otur Stream , hence .

5
 Problem 3:
Sluice gates are massive rectangular equipment used to regulate water (density 62.4 lbm/ft3) flow
in channels (see the figure below). A uniform flow is achieved in sections 1 and 2 that is subject
to hydrostatic pressure conditions. Assume that atmospheric pressure acts uniformly along the
full length of the flow (i.e., you may neglect the slight increase in surrounding air pressure after
the gate). Also, assume that equipment is in place to hold up the gate vertically. The flow
throughout the channel is turbulent when the gate is opened. NOTE: b represents the width of the
channel (and of the gate, both being the same) into the page, not the horizontal gate thickness.
During normal operation of the gate, the following dimensions are known: h1 = 23 ft, h2 = 7 ft,
and b = 11 ft.

a. Ignoring friction along the channel, calculate the force (lbf) required to prevent the gate
from being carried along HORIZONTALLY during normal operation.
b. Determine the maximum horizontal force (lbf) the gate would ever need to withstand.
Assume the upstream water depth (h1) remains stable.
c. Explain conceptually why the force calculated in Part A. is less than the maximum force
from Part B.

a) 2x Fw + P A , -BA2-m(Vz-v
,) E Momentu
=
,
= 0

Fant = -

Fu

Bearkli
# the
E

↓ A, V = Ac Va
W
Atmospher Atmospheric n . v = hak
&v
=
ththe
th, the
 + 23

=t
V = 10 .
25s

Vz = 33 . 68 ft/s

2 (x Fw + P A, m(Vz )
=
,
-

BAz -

-
v
, = 0
oh v
↓ ↓ T

Atmospheria m = 0 Q

Fgate = P1A1 -
PcAz-m(V2 - V , =
(62 yes) (11 +t) (23
.

. bh_ .
- m = 16181914g f t) (10 2575)
.

23
y efft -16183358
32
=
.

12

Faute 152000 I b
must
=

Fgule = 1706 0arce

b) mat horizontal Force

0 gue only slightly open
make he = ,

Vmax = Eight

=E
2 32 2 .

.
.
23

= 30 3S .

# Plug back for U oh v

T

m = 0Q

Fgate = P1A1 -
PcAz-m(V2 - V , =
(62 y3) (11 ++) (23) (305
.

. bh_ .
- m = 607887

=23. 2
38
.
2 .

. 3)

=
Fant 2 187 I b
must
:
= .
92

#gale
be
909000 =
c) - Part A is kner than B

flow dente still remaining

Part has
by ha C
-

A a portion of as seee

This limits the exit

veloly
-

Then Part B, Ha = 0 which maximizes velaity and needs a higher holding free

-
small gule If High etit = Mae face
Problem 4:

A horizontal cylindrical tank of radius 𝑟 = 1 m and length 𝐿 = 5 m, vented at the top to the
atmosphere, is to be drained. Side and end views of the tank are shown in the diagrams below.
The tank is filled all the way through with hydrofluoric acid (HF, density 1000 kg/m3, viscosity
0.6 cP), which is allowed to drain through an exit pipe of length 𝐻 = 1 m and cross-sectional
area 𝐴. Because of HF’s low viscosity, the flow can be approximated to be inviscid.

a. Determine the value of 𝐴 in m2 such that the tank can drain in one hour. Assume
turbulent flow through the drain pipe.
b. In an alternative case, high-viscosity sulphonic acid is being drained from an identical
tank using a pipe of the cross-sectional area found in Part A. Do you expect this
process to take less than, equal to, or greater than one hour? No calculations are
necessary. Explain your answer.

An alternative design for the storage tank would involve orienting it vertically with identical
dimensions. In this case, again the tank would be full all the way, vented to the atmosphere at the
top, and the draining process would occur through an orifice at the bottom of the tank (instead of
through a drain pipe).
c. Suppose that the objective is to drain the tank in one hour even in this new design.
What must the cross-sectional area 𝑎 (m2) of the orifice be? Assume the orifice is
much smaller than the tank and that turbulent flow occurs through the orifice.
Compare your result with Part A. and comment briefly.
d. Plot how the drainage time (hrs) in Part C. varies as a function of the orifice cross-
sectional area. Consider the following domain: 0.0005 m2 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 0.001 m2.
 a]-rs
(arsind)L Vi =
Sar Bemalli : Ve = Eigh

=&hah de
2rsnd
Lah d

side
3600

sid .
98.
de

A=. 000715m

b) If high viscosity :

It will be greater tran Ihr

-

Higher viscosity slang down exit velocity

Viscusity increases resistence + reduces

·

flow

1) th
hi
= th
H
A, V = AzVa
,
*

vz =) PCtr2) = par

-
Hrel-age

=
t =
Ft

see
-
d)
. 171
3 =
at