PATTERNS OF

DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC 4
Learning Objectives:
During and after the one-hour discussion, all of the
students should be able to achieve at least 80% of the
following:
1. (EN11/12RWS-IIIbf-3-3.8) distinguishes between
and among patterns of development in writing across
disciplines
a. narration e. comparison and contrast
b. description f. cause and effect
c. definition g. problem - solution
d. exemplification / h. persuasion
classification
Learning Objectives:
During and after the one-hour discussion, all of the
students should be able to achieve at least 80% of the
following:
2. cite the importance of good
paragraph development in reading and
writing; and,
3. write an essay using an
appropriate pattern of development.
In this lesson, you are to learn. . .
Kirszner & Mandell’s (2009)
EIGHT PATTERNS
OF DEVELOPMENT
IN WRITING
EIGHT PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
IN WRITING (6) Cause and Effect
(1) Narration (7) Problem-Solution
(2) Description (8) Persuasion
(3) Definition
(4) Exemplification
(5) Comparison and Contrast
(2) Description
When using this pattern of
development, we DESCRIBE how
something or someone looks, feels,
sounds, tastes. . .etc. Simply put, we
describe those we can perceive
using our five senses.
(2) Description
- We also use descriptions to
ELABORATE
the nature of people, places,
and phenomena and many
more.
(2) Description
- To add, we also use description
when talking about the location
of someone or something.
- For example, the sentence “Our
house is beside the church.”
- Most often that not, our
descriptions come from our points
of view.
(2) Description
When writing a descriptive essay,
bear in mind though that we should
always

SHOW, NOT
TELL.
 SHOW, NOT TELL.
Show don’t tell describes writing in
various forms with an emphasis on using
and showing actions in order to convey
the emotions you want readers to interpret,
which creates a better experience for
readers, instead of writing exposition
to tell what happened.
 SHOW, NOT TELL.
By showing the actions and
relationships and feelings instead
of just telling the reader what
happened, the writing comes off
deeper, and more meaningful.
SHOW, NOT TELL.
EXAMPLE “Crunching hit
“I heard footsteps my ears from
creeping behind behind,
me and it made accelerating the
the whole already rampant
situation pounding of my
scarier.” heart.”
TELL SHOW
SHOW, NOT TELL.
EXAMPLE I met her at the Town
Square, running in
for our usual hug that
“She was my best carried on for far too
friend. I could tell long as we gushed
her almost about our lives with
everything.” smiles lighting our
faces.

TELL SHOW
Why
SHOW,
NOT TELL?
 The entire point of
showing versus telling
in writing is to make a
stronger emotional
connection with your
readers and hook
them.
 The idea behind
this writing technique It’s about
is to put the reader in
creating
your shoes. Make
them feel, hear, and an experience
sense the situation as for the reader
you did. instead of just a
recount of
events.
 TECHNIQUES
TO USE TO
MAKE AN
EFFECTIVE
DESCRIPTION:
 There are lots of different ways you can make
your writing more descriptive. Here are a few of
the most common descriptive writing
techniques:
1. Metaphor 6. Onomatopoeia
2. Simile 5. Personification
3. Sensory Writing
4. Hyperbole
 With the given techniques
that we can use to take our
descriptive essays to the
next level, what can you say
about these techniques?
 of
speech
Figures of Speech
• Figure of speech is a word or phrase that possesses a
separate meaning from its literal definition. Figures of
speech are used to produce a rhetorical effect.
• Figurative language plays a major role in compelling
literary works.
• Figurative language is a contrast to literal language. Its
primary purpose is to force readers to imagine or intuit
what an author means with an expression or statement.
Multiple literary devices and elements are commonly used
in the category of figurative language.
• In creative works, some figurative language tools simply
increase the creativity of the writing.
 There are lots of different ways you can make
your writing more descriptive. Here are a few of
the most common descriptive writing
techniques:
1. Metaphor 6. Onomatopoeia
2. Simile 5. Personification
3. Sensory Writing/ Imagery
4. Hyperbole
1. Metaphor
A metaphor is a figure of speech that
uses one thing to mean another or to
suggest an analogy between two things.
Metaphors are often used in poetry and
literature to add depth and meaning to a
text. They can be used to make a point, to
add emotion, or to create a visual image
in the reader’s mind.
1. Metaphor
- A metaphor is a figure of speech that
describes an object or action in a way
that isn’t literally true, but helps explain
an idea or make a comparison.
- If we write a comparison between
two things and omit the word ‘like’
then we are using metaphor.
1. Metaphor
EXAMPLES
1. His heart is red, red rose.
2. The calm lake was a mirror.
3. Love is a battlefield.
4. The stars on her face shone
brighter than ever.
5. The flame that throbbed in his
chest went out.
2. Simile
- a figure of speech in
which like or as is used to make
a comparison between two ideas
that are basically dissimilar.
2. Simile
EXAMPLES
•Her eyes twinkled like stars.
•He is as busy as bee.
•You are as brave as a lion.
•He is as strong as an ox.
•Nutty as a fruitcake
•Slept like a log
3. Sensory Writing/ Imagery
- is the construction of
details used to create
mental images in the mind
of the reader through the
visual sense as well as the
sense of touch, smell,
taste or sound
3. Sensory Writing/ Imagery
Imagery is a literary device that refers to the use
of figurative language to evoke a sensory
experience or create a picture with words for a
reader.
By utilizing effective descriptive language and
figures of speech, writers appeal to a reader’s
senses of sight, taste, smell, touch, and sound, as
well as internal emotion and feelings.
3. Sensory Writing/ Imagery
EXAMPLES
VISUAL
• There were huge trees in the
thick and dark forest.
• It was dark and dim in the
forest
3. Sensory Writing/ Imagery
EXAMPLES

AUDITORY
• The rustling of the dried leaves were
crisp yet soothing and peaceful.
• The children were screaming loudly
in the fields it hurt my ears so bad.
3. Sensory Writing/ Imagery
EXAMPLES

S M E L L
• Her lingering scent tasted like sweet,
juicy oranges – tangy but refreshing.
• The earthy aroma of the coffee
wafted inside his dingy apartment.
3. Sensory Writing/ Imagery
EXAMPLES
T O U C H
• The girl ran her hand on
the soft satin fabric.
• The kitten’s fur is milky to
touch.
4. Hyperbole
• A hyperbole is a rhetorical device that is mainly
used to make something look and sound a lot
better than it actually is. In other words, it can be
said to be a form of exaggeration.
• Hyperbole is often a boldly overstated or
exaggerated claim or statement that adds
emphasis without the intention of being literally
true. In rhetoric and literature, hyperbole is often
used for serious, comic, or ironic effects.
4. Hyperbole
• The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines a
hyperbole as “a way of speaking or writing that
makes something sound better, more exciting,
more dangerous, etc. than it really is”.
EXAMPLES
•I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse.
•I’ve told you to clean your room a
million times!
4. Hyperbole
OTHER EXAMPLES
• If I can’t buy that perfect prom dress,
I’ll die!
• The car went faster than the speed of
light.
• His new car cost a bazillion dollars.
• Rory went on forever about the city
she lived in.
5. Personification
- the attribution of a personal nature
or human characteristics to something
nonhuman, or the representation of an
abstract quality in human form
- It is a figurative language technique
where an object or idea is given
human characteristics or qualities.
5. Personification
- done when non-humans (e.g.
animals, inanimate objects,
abstractions) are assigned
human characteristics and even
actions
5. Personification
- literally means
“the process of
making
something
human”
5. Personification
EXAMPLES
• Love is blind, the sun is beating
down on my back, time is a betrayer
– a villain, the wind is howling.
• The fire swallowed the entire forest.
• The wind howled outside her bedroom window.
• The grease jumped out of the pan.
• The wind was angry that night.
• The candle flame danced in the dark.
 What do you call
these words?
6. Onomatopoeia
- indicates a word that sounds like what
it refers to or describes
- mimic the natural sound of the object or
action
- it immerses you in the scene by
giving it a “soundtrack” to create a
heightened experience for the
reader
6. Onomatopoeia
EXAMPLES
• The buzzing bee flew away.
• The sack fell into the river with a splash.
• The books fell on the table with a loud
thump.
• He looked at the roaring.
• The rustling leaves kept me awake.
6. Onomatopoeia
OTHER EXAMPLES
6. Onomatopoeia
OTHER EXAMPLES
6. Onomatopoeia
OTHER EXAMPLES
1. When cats are crying miaow, miaow, it means they are
hungry.
[Link] soon as the mother heard the bell sing ding dong, she
excitedly ran to open the door.
[Link] he fell down, there was a ‘whoosh’ he caused a big
splash in the water which caused the other swimmers to get
up.
[Link] Mathew dropped his mobile, he heard a ‘crash’ that
made him cry immediately.
[Link] upon a time, Jeanie rubbed an old lamp and ‘poof’ a real
genie appeared in front of her.
 There are lots of different ways you can make
your writing more descriptive. Here are a few of
the most common descriptive writing
techniques:
1. Metaphor 6. Onomatopoeia
2. Simile 5. Personification
3. Sensory Writing
4. Hyperbole
Examples of
Descriptive
Paragraphs
 "My most valuable possession is an old,
slightly warped blond guitar―the first
instrument I taught myself how to play. It's
nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all
scuffed and scratched and fingerprinted. At the
top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each
one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning
key. The strings are stretched down a long, slim
neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years
of fingers pressing chords and picking notes.
The body of the Madeira is shaped like an
enormous yellow pear, one that was
slightly damaged in shipping. The blond
wood has been chipped and gouged to
gray, particularly where the pick guard
fell off years ago. No, it's not a beautiful
instrument, but it still lets me make
music, and for that I will always treasure
it."
 End of
discussion.
Thank you for
listening.
 Let’s test your skills!
Let’s have an activity!
Here’s what you’ll need to do.
1. Recall the time that you had
a trip to the beach, either with
friends and/or family.
2. In this activity, you’ll have to write a
Narrative-Descriptive Paragraph where
you tell us your experiences about that trip
while describing the beach, the food, the
people you are with, how you felt that time
and so on.
Here’s what you’ll need to do.
3. When writing, make sure to
SHOW NOT TELL.
4. Also keep in mind to use the techniques
we discussed on how to write a narrative
and descriptive paragraph.
5. Again, you work should only consist of a
paragraph – tho it should consist a
minimum of seven sentences. You are free
to go more if you prefer.
 Your work will be
rated using this analytic
rubric.