Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

TETRAHEDRON GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Tangi, Cuttack-754022

RAY OPTICS 2ND Year (2020-21)

REFRACTION OF LIGHT: This constant is caled refractive index of me-

The phenomenon of change in path/direc- dium-2 w.r.t. medium-1 and denoted by 1 μ 2 ,
tion of light as it passes obliquely from one sin i 1
transparent to another is called refraction so  μ2 .
sin r
of light. Refractive index of a medium:
Refractive index of a medium for a light of given
wavelength is defined as the ratio of velocityof
light in vacuum to the velocity of light in the me-
dium.

Note: c
IO- Indicident ray of light Refractive index, μ 
V
OR- Refracted ray of light
Note: Refractive index of a medium w.r.t. vacuum is
NON  - Normal at the point of incidence called its absolute refractive
i=Angle of incidence
c vac  
r=Angle of recraction. μ 
V med  
N.B. Change in velocity in medium-2 causes
chang in direction of light in it. vac
μ 
* When light travels from optically rarer to med
denser medium it bends towards the nor- Relative Refractive Index:
mal, i.e., r<i. The relative refractive index of medium-2 w.r.t.
* When light passes from optically denser medium-1, is defined as the ratio of velocity of
to rarer medium it bends away from the light in medium-1 to the velocity of light in me-
normal. i.e., r>i. dium-2.
* When a ray of light passes along the opti- V1
i.e., μ 2  V
1
cal normal it moves undeviated, i.e., i=r=0.
2
Laws of refraction:
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the
normal to the interface at the point of inci-
dent all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence
to the sine of angle of refraction is a con-
stant for a give pair of media and a single
colour of light.
sin i Note:Refractive index of a medium w.r.t. a given sur-
Mathematically,  constant (Snell’s law)
sin r roundings depends on
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(a) Nature of medium.
(b) Nature of surrounding medium.
(c) Wavelength of light used and
(d) Temperature of the medium.
[Link] index of a medium is a unitless factor
which determines the extent of refraction of light
in that medium.
PRINCIPLE OF REVERSIBILITY OF LIGHT:
If the path of ray of light, after it has suffered no.
of reflections or/and refractions is reversed, it * For the light ray going from medium-1 to me-
retraces its path exactly.
sin i
dium-2, μ 2  sin r
1

* For the light ray going from medium-2 to me-

sin r1
dium-3, μ 3  sin r
2

* For the ray going from medium-3 to medium-1,

sin r2
3
μ1 
sin i
Hence, 1 μ 2  2 μ 3 3 μ1  1
Considering light passing from medium-1 to
1
medium-2. (i.e., i=angle of incidence) 1 μ3
2 μ3   2
μ 3 
sin i
1
μ 2  μ1
3 1
μ2
1
μ2 
sin r a
μg μg
Considering light passing from medium-2 to me- w μ g  a ,
w
μg  .
μw μw
dium-1, (i.e., r=angle of incidence)
sin r Note: μ g  3 2  1.5
2
μ1 
sin i
μ w  4  1.33
sin i sin r 3
Then μ 2  μ1 
1
2
 1
sin r sin i μ vacuum  1
1 μ 2 2 μ1  1 Refractive Index in Terms of Real Depth and
Apparent Depth:
1 1 Apparent depth of an object placed in a denser
1 μ 2  2 or
2
μ1  1 ,
μ1 μ2 medium is smaller than the real depth (shown in
the diagram).
1
i.e.,
glass
μ air  air
μ glass
* Thus refractive index of medium-2, w.r.t. me-
dium-1 is the reciprocal of the refractive index
of medium-1, w.r.t. medium-2.
Refractions Through Three Different Media:
Let a ray of light passes from air to water to glass
and to air again.

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

By Snell’s Law:
sin i
w
μa 
sin r
sin AOB AB OB BI
w μa   
sin AIB AB BI BO
Since B is close to A (as both the rays BC & AD
enter the eye) BI ~ AI and BO~ AO
1 AO
a μ w  w

μa AI
Real depth Critical angle ic :
or refractive index, μ w  Apparent depth The angle of incidence in the denser medium for
which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium
Real depth is 90o is called critical angle of the denser me-
Thus, aparent depth 
Refractive index dium.
Here, apparent depth is less than the real depth,
because refractive index of a medium is greater
than that of air.
Normal Shift (=Apparent Shift):
The distance through which an object appears
to be raised in a denser medium is called normal
shift.
Normal shift=Real depth-Apparent depth.
AO
d  AO  AI  AO 
 Total Internal Reflection:
The phenomenon in which a ray of light at an
 1
d  AO1   angle of incidence greater than the critical angle
  from denser to rarer medium is totally reflected
in to the denser medium, is called total internal
 1
d  t 1   reflection.
 
Note: The value of d depends on t (thicknesss of me-
dium) and  (refractive index of the medium).
The higher the value of  , greater the apparent
shift.
Refraction through a rectangular transparent
medium and lateral shift:
Lateral shift of light ray is the perpendicular dis-
tance between the incident and the emergent rays,
when an obliquely incident ray is refracted
through a transparent slab of parallel faces. Required Conditions for Total Internal Reflec-
tion:
t sin i  r  1. Light must travel from optically denser to opti-
Lateral shift, x 
cos r cally rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must
 cos i 
x  t sin i 1   be greater than the critical angle.
Also, 
 
 2  sin 2 i  1 
2


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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

Expression for refractive index μ  of a medium (b) Mirage:

in terms of critical angle: Mirage is an optical illusion observed in desert
or over hot extended surfaces. Mirage trappes
due to total internal reflection of light. A person
in a desert sometimes sees an inverted image of
a tree which gives an impression of pond of wa-
ter.

sin i 2 1
 μ1  1
sin r μ2
When i  ic , r=90o.
1
Then sin ic  1 μ
2
(c) Shining of test tube in water:
Where ic  critical angle If an empty test tube is partly immersed in water
in a tilted position, a viewer marks the tube as
and 1 μ 2 =refractive index of denser medium  
shining due to total internal reflection of light.
(say)
1
 
sin ic
Difference between total internal reflection and
reflection of light by a plane mirror:
1. In reflection of light by a plane mirror a small
part of light is absorbed and rest part is reflected
but in case of total internal reflection entire light
is reflected (without any absorption).
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels
from denser medium to rarer medium at an angle
of incidence greater than critical angle where as
reflection of light by a plane mirror occurs when
light is incident from any medium. (d) Optical fibre:
Applications of total internal reflection: An optical fibre is a hair-thin long strand of qual-
(a) Sparkling of diamond: ity glass or quartz. surounded by a glas coating
of slightly lower refractive index.
Critical angle of diamond is small ic  24.4 
* It is used as a guided medium for transmitting
as a result light rays entering the crystal suffer optical signals.
multiple total internal reflections and hence col- * It makes use of total internal reflection of light.
lected inside. So a piece of diamond dazzles when Light incident on one end of fibre goes inside &
seen in the direction of emerging light. suffers total.

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

(e) Total reflection prism:

An isoscale prism made of crown glass having
refracting angle 90o is called a total reflecting
prism. (i.e., a 45o-90o-45o prism).
Note: Critical angle of glass is about 42o.
Total reflecting prism may be used.
(i) To deviate the rays through 90o

45
o In the NOC , i is the exterior angle, therefore,
i  
45o Similarly in the NIC ,  is the exterior angle,
so,   r  
o
90 o
45 r    
Since rays are paraxial,  ,  and  are small
in their value.
(ii) To deviate the rays through 180o NM NM
  tan     P is close to M
OM OP
NM NM
90o   tan   
MI PI
45o 45o
NM NM
45o o
45
  tan   
MC PC
Snell’s law, 1 sin i   2 sin r
As i and r are small (i.e., sin i ~
 i and sin r ~
r)
(iii) To erect the inverted image without deviation
 1i   2i
 1       2    
 NM NM   NM NM 
 1     2   
 OP PC   PC PI 

 1 1   1 1 
 1     2   
 OP PC   PC PI 
(A) Refraction of light at a convex spherical 1 2  2  1
surface:   
OP PI PC
a. Light from rarer medium to denser medium
and image formed is real: Putting values, QP  u
Supposing a light ray ON from a point object PI  v
“O” is incident at an angle i. e., After refraction PC   R
at the surface it bends towards the normal CN
1 2  2  1
at an angle of refraction r. Another ray OP is  
incident normally on the convex surface at P and u v R
passes undeviated. The two refracted rays meet 2 1  2  1
at I. So I is the real image of O.   
v u R
If 1st medium is vacuum/air, 1  1 and  2   ,
 1  1
  .
v u R
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(b) Light from rarer to denser medium and the
 1  1
image is virtual:  
Supporting a light ray ON from a point object v u R
‘O’ is incident at an angle i. After refraction at (B) Refraction of light at a concave spherical
the surface the refracted ray bends from the nor- surface
mal CN at an angle of refraction r. Another ray (a) Light from densermidium and the image is
OP goes undeviated. The two refracted rays vir- real:
tually meet at I so that a virtual point image I is Supposing a light ray ON from a point object
formed on the axis. ‘ O’ is incident at an angle, i. After refraction at
the surface the refracted ray bends away from
the normal CN at an angle of refraction, r. An-
other ray OP goes undeviated the two refracted
rays meet at I producing a real point image at I.

In the NOC , i    
In the NIC , r    
Since rays are poraxial,  ,  and are small in
In the NOC     i or i    
their values
In the NIC , r    
NM NM
  tan    Since rays are paraxial,  ,  ,  are small in
MO PO
their values.
NM NM
  tan    NM NM
MI PI So,   tan   
MO PO
NM NM
  tan    NM NM
MC PC   tan   
MI PI
Snell’s law, 1i   2 r
NM NM
 1       2       tan   
MC PC
 NM NM   NM NM  Snell’s law  2 sin i  1 sin r
 1     2   
 PO PC   PI PC  As i and r are small, i.e., sin i ~
 i and sin r ~
r,
1 2  2  1 above equation takes the form,  2i  1r
  
PO PI PC   2      1    
Putting values, PO  u
 NM NM   NM NM 
PI  v  2     1   
 PC PO   PI PC 
PC   R
2 2 1 1
1     1    
 2   2 PC PO PI PC
u  v  R
1 2 1   2
2 1  2  1   
   PI PO PC
v u R
 1  2   2
If the 1st medium is vacuum/air, 1  1 and Putting values,   1
V u R
 2   , above equation can be written as
1 2 1   2
  
V u R
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

If second medium (rarer medium) is air/vacuum, 2 1 1 2

   
i.e., 1  1 and  2   above equation PO PI PC PC
Putting values,
1  1 
becomes,   2 1 1 2
V u R   
u V R R
(b) Light from denser medium and the image is
virtual: 1 2 1   2
 
Supposing a light ray ON from a point object V u R
‘O’ is incident at an angle i. After reraction at If the 2nd medium (rarer medium) is air/vacuum,
the concave surface, the refracted ray bends away
i.e., 1  1 &  2   , above equation be-
from the normal CN at an angle of refraction r.
Another ray OP goes undeviated. The two re- comes,
fracted rays virtually intersect and hence produce 1  1  1
 
a virtual point image I on the axis. V u R
Lens
It is a homogenous transparent medium bounded
between two spherical surfaces.

In the NOC , i     Principal Foci:

In the NIC , r     First Principal Focus (F):
It is a point situated on the principal axis of the
Since rays are paraxial,  ,  and  are small
lens such that a beam of light starting from it (in
in their values. case of convex lens) or directed towards it (in
NM NM case of a cancave lens) becomes parallel to the
So,   tan   
principal axis, after refraction through thelens.
MO PO
NM NM
  tan   
MI PI
NM NM
  tan   
MC PC
Snell’s law  2 sin i  1 sin r
sin i 1
as sin r  
2

As i and r are small, sin i ~

 i and sin r ~
r,
above equation takes the form,
 2i  1r
  2      1    
 NM NM   NM NM 
 2     1   
 PO PC   PI PC 
2 2 1 1
   
PO PC PI PC

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

Second principal F :

It is a point situated on thhe principal axis of the
lens such that a beam of light coming parallel to
principal axis meets (in case of convex lens) or
appears to meet (in case of a concave lens) after
refraction through the lens.

An incident ray OM from a point object ‘O’ in

the rarer medium, is refracted at the 1st surface
and to go along MNI1. A second ray from ‘O’
moves along the axis.
If the second surface ADC were absent the two
refracted rays would meet at I1, forming a real
image I1 in the medium of refractive index  2 ,
So for the refraction at the 1st surface, ABC we
can write
2 1  2  1
  .....(i)
V1 u R1
For the second refracton (ADC), I1 acts as a
virtual object in the medium of refrative index of
 2 and I is the image formed in the medium of
Focal Length:
f=distance of focus from the optical centre (C) refractive index 1 . Therefore the relation be-
of the lens. tween the object distance (V1) image distance
Note: (V) and the radius of curvature R2 can be writ-
* Focus of a concaverging lens is real one while ten,
the focus of diverging lens is virtual. 1 2 1   2
* Usually second focal length of a lens is called the   .....(ii)
V V1 R2
focal length of the lens.
* On the basis of above said consideration, a con- Adding equations (i) and (ii)
vex lens has positive focal length where as a 1 1  2  1 1   2
  
concave lens has negative focal length. V u R1 R2
Lens maker’s formula:
This formula relates the focal length of a lens to 1 1 
  2  1   
the refractive index of lens material and radii of
 R1 R2 
curvature of its two surfaces.
Mathematically, it is noted as 1 1   2  1 1 
    1  
1 1 1  V u  1  R1 R2 
   1  
f  R1 R2 
1 1 1 1 
Derivation of lens maker’s formula:     1  
V u  R1 R2 
Supposing a thin lens of refractive index  2 is

placed in a medium of refractive index 1 . Say where   
2

1
R1 and R2 are the radii of currature of the lens.
If the object is placed at infinity u ~
   the im-
age is formed at focus, V ~ f  , then the equa-
tion takes the form,
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

(d) Rays of light make small angle with principal

1 1 1 
   1   axis.
f  R1 R2  Derivation of lens formula:
This is the lens maker’s formula. (A) Convex lens producing real image:
Note:- Radius of curvature is positive or negative de- Supposing an object AB is placed before a
termined by sign convention. convex lens of focal length f. A real image
N.B. For a glass lens (g) in air , AB is formed by refraction of light through
the lens.
1 1 
1
fa

 a  g  1    
 R1 R2  Lens
A
For a glass lens in a transparent liquid, M
Object
B
 1 1 
1
fl

 l  g  1    B F C F
 R1 R2 
Image
(f)
(u) (v)
A
f
 l 
 a
g 1   a
g 1  l   g  1
a

 a
a

fa l
g 1 a
g  g  a l
1 The  ABC and  ABC are similar..
a
l
AB CB
l  a  g  1
a
So  .....(i)
 fl  a AB CB
  g  a l  f a The  MCF and  AB F are similar
Special Cases:
AB FB
(i) If the refractive index of the liquid is less than So 
that of the lens material, focal length of the lens MC CF
changes but nature of lens does not change. Since MC=AB and FB  CB  CF , above
(ii) If the refractive index of the liquid is equal to equation can be written as
that of lens material the focal length of the lens AB CB  CF
becomes infinity (Ex. flint-glass lens in carbon  .....(ii)
AB CF
disulphide).
From the above two equations,
(iii) If the refractive index of the liquid is greater than
that of the lens material the nature of lens CB CB  CF

changes, i.e. a covex lens behaves as divergins CB CF
and a concave lens behaves as converging.
v v f
Thin lens formula: Putting values, 
It is a relation conneting focal length of a lense u f
(f), distance (u) ang image distance (v).  vf  uv  uf
1 1 1 vf  uv uf
Mathematically,     
v u f uvf uvf uvf
Sign Convention:
1 1 1
Sign conventions used for refraction through   
lenses are similar to those used for reflection of u f v
light by spherical mirrors, excepting the words
1 1 1
lense (in place of spherical mirror) and optical   
centre (in place of pole). v u f
Assuptions: (B) Convex lens producing vitual image:
All relations derived for refraction through lense Supposing an object AB is placed before a
hold good, basing on the following assuptions. convex lens of focal length f between its optical
(a) The source is point one. enter and focus. A virtual image AB is formed
(b) The aperture of lens is small. by refraction through the lens.
(c) lencs is thin.
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

The  ABC and  ABC are similar..

AB CB
So  .....(i)
AB CB
The  MCF and  ABF are similar..
AB FB
So, 
MC CF
Since MC=AB and FB  CF  CB , above
equation can be written as
The  ABC and the  ABC are similar AB CF  CB
 .....(iii)
AB CB AB CF
So  .....(i) From the above two equations.
AB CB
The  MCF and the  ABF are similar CB CF  CB

CB CF
AB FB
So   v  f   v 
MC CF Putting values, 
u f
Since MC=AB and FB  CB  CF above
equation can be written as v f v
 
AB CB  CF u f
 .....(ii)
AB CF  vf  uf  uv
From the above two equations,
vf uf uv
CB CB  CF   
 uvf uvf uvf
CB CF
Putting values, 1 1 1
  
u v f
v v f

u f 1 1 1
  
 vf  uv  uf v u f
 vf uv uf Linear magnifications (M):
   The linear magnification produced by a lens is
uvf uvf uvf
defined as the ratio of the size of the image
1 1 1 formed by the lens to the size of the object.
  
u f v height of image
M
1 1 1 height of object
  
v u f h2
M
(C) Concave lens producing virtual image: h1 .....(i)
Supposing an object AB is placed before a
concave lens. A virtual image AB is formed
by refraction of light through the lens.

(a) Linear magnification (M):

In terms of u and v.
The  ABC and the  ABC similarly..
10
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

AB CB The image is

So, 
AB CB (i) between F and 2F
(ii) real
 h2 v (iii) inverted
Putting values, h   u
1 (iv) diminished
(b) Object at 2F
h2 v

h1 u
v
So, M  .....(ii)
u
(b) M in terms of u and f lens equation is as,
1 1 1
 
v u f The image is
(i) real
u u u (ii) inverted
  
v u f (iii) same size
(iv) at 2F
1 u
 1  (c) Object between 2F and F
M f
1 u
  1
M f
f u

f
f
M  .....(iii)
f u
The image is
(c) M in terms of v and f (i) beyond 2F
1 1 1 (ii) real
Lens equation is as   (iii) inverted
v u f
(iv) magnified
v v v (d) Object is at F:
  
v u f
v
 1 M 
f
v
M  1
f
f v
M .....(iv)
f
Note: Magnification of real image is negative while The image is
that of virtual image is opositive. (i) at infinity
Nature of images formed by convex lenses: (ii) real
(a) Object is placed beyond 2F: (iii) inverted
(iv) magnified

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

(e) Object between F and optical centre (C) * The thin lens (lens-1) bends light to smaller ex-
tent, making large focal lenth and hence smaller
power.
1
P1 
f1

The image is
(i) behind the object
(ii) vertual
(iii) erect
* The thick lens (lens-2) bends light to larger ex-
(iv) magnified
tent, making smaller focal lenggth and hence larger
Nature of image formed by concave lens:
power.
1
P2 
f2
P2  P1 and f 2  f1

1 1 1 
P    1  
f  R1 R2 
* Equivalent focal length of two co-axial lenses in
a combination is given as
The image is
(i) infront of object (between F and C)
(ii) virtual
(iii) erect
(iv) diminished
POWER OF A LENS:
Power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its
1
focal length P 
f
S.I. unit of power of lens is dioptre (=D)
Note:
* Power of a lens of 1 m focal length is 1 dioptre.
1 1 1 d
100   
f f1 f 2 f1 f 2
* Power of a lens, P  dioptre if f is in cm.
f
 Power of combination, P  P1  P2  dP1P2
* Power of a converging lens is +ve while that of
diverging lens is –ve. Where, f1 & f 2 are individual focal length of
N.B. Power of a lens is a measure the extent of con- lenses separated by a distance d.
vergence or divergence of light rays falling on it. For two lenses in contact (i.e., d=0),
1 1 1
 
f f1 f 2
 Equivalent power, P  P1  P2
For n-lenses. in contact (i.e., d=0),
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

1 1 1 1 1 Angle of minimum deviation δm  :

Where f  f  f  f  .....  f
1 2 3 n The minimum value of angle of deviation suffered
 Equivalent power,, by a ray of light on passingg through a prism is
P  P1  P2  P3  .....  Pn called the angle of minimum deviation.
Derivation of formula for μ :
REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM:
From the quadrilateral AQNR,
(Formula for refractive index of prism):
Let ABC is a principal section of a transparent A  QNR  180
prism of refracting angle A and refractive index From the triangle QNR r1  r2  QNR  180
μ . The figure shows the path of a light ray suf-
fering refraction through the prism.  A  r1  r2 .....(i)
From the triangle MQR,
δ  MQR  MRQ
 i  r1   e  r2 
δ  i  e  r1  r2  .....(ii)
δ ie A
i  e  A  δ .....(iii)
When the prism is in the position of minimum de-
viation, a ray of light passes symetrically (parallel
to the bases) through the prism so that
Angle of deviation δ  : i  e , r1  r2 and δ  δm
It is the angle between the incident ray, PQK and Using these conditions in equation (i),
the emergent ray MRS. δ  KMS . A  r1  r2  r  r  2r
In this diagram,
A
i=angle of incidence at Q r  .....(a)
r1=angle of refraction at Q 2
r2=angle of incidence at R Using these condition for minimum deviation in
e=angle of refraction at R=angle of emergence. equation (iii)
A  BAC  refracting angle of prism. i  i  A  δm
Note: A  δm
Angle of deviation δ depends on the angle of i  .....(b)
2
incidence i. For a given prism and a particu-
sin i
lar colour of light, angle of deviation first From Snell’s law,  
sin r
decreases upto a minimum value δm  and
then increases. The variation in the value of δ sin A  δm
 
with i is shown by the graph. A
sin
2
Deviation by a prism of small angle:
Supposing a light ray is incident at a small angle i
so that the angles r1 , r2 and e are small.

13
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

For the refraction at Q, Angle of deviation of a light ray,   A  1

sin i i so that  R  A R  1 and  V  AV  1
 
sin r1 r1 Here V   R because V   R
 i  r1 For crown glass,  R  1.515 and V  1.533
For the refraction at R, Mean deviation: Deviation of the mean colours (yel-

sin e

e low in solar spectam)   A  1
sin r2 r2 Angular dispersion:
 e  r2 The angular separation between two extreme
colours of light (violet and red) in the spectrum is
Hence the deviation prodced by the prism,
called as angular dispersion.
δ  i  e   A  Angular dispersion,
  r1  r2   A   V   R .....(i)
 A  A  AV  1  A R  1
 δ  A  1   AV   R  .....(ii)
Dispersion: Dispersive power (w):
The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its It is defined as the ratio of angular dispersion to
component colours on passing through a refract- the mean deviation.
ing medium is called dispersion. AV   R 
w
V   R
* The pattern of coloured bands obtained due to as w 
A  1 
dispersion of white light (can be collected on a
screen) is called a spectrum. V   R
w 
 1
Note: In solar spectrom, yellow colour is considered
as the mean connector
V   R
So w    1
Y

If refractive index for mean for mean colour is

Cause of dispersion: Y   R
not given, Y  .
According to Cauchy’s formula, refracctive in- 2
dex of a medium is smaller for larger wavelength Scattering of light:
of light as The phenomenon in which light is deflected from
b c its path due to interaction with particles of the
 a   ..... medium through which it passes is called scatter-
 3
2
ing.
Where a, b, c, ..... are constants
A white light ray is composed of some colours/
wavelengths and hence the constituent colours Elastic or Rayleigh Scattering
of light deviate by different angles. Scattering
Inelastic scattering

(A) Elastic Scattering:

When the size ‘a’ of scattering particle is much
smaller than the wavelength ‘  ’ of light, there is
no exchange of energy between the incident light
and the scattering particles, consequently there
is no change of frequency or wavelength of scat-
tered light. This type of scattering is elastic scat-
tering.
14
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

(B) Inelastic Scattering: Ray Diagram:

When the size of scattering particles is much
greater than the wavelength of incident light (i.e.,
a>>  ) there is a interchange of energy between
the scattering particles and incident light. So the
scattered light has frequency & wavelength dif-
ferent from that of incident light. This type of scat-
tering is called incelastic scattering.
Rayleigh’s Law of Scattering:
The intensity of light of wavelength  present in AB- A small object placed between O and F at
a distance x.
the scattered light is inversely propertional to the
AB -The virtual & magnified image of AB at
fourth power of  .
the distance of distinct vision (D)
1 AB  -Object considered at the position of im-
Mathematically, I  ,
4 age
Thus scattered intensity is larger for shorter wave-   AOB  Angle subtended by the object
length of light. at the eye
Blue colour of sky:   AOB  Angle subtended by the image at
As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the the eye.
particles (mostly nitrogen and oxygen molecules) Magnifying Power (M):
of air absorb some amount of sunlight and re- The magnifying power of a simple microscope is
emit it. The free particles/gas molecules scatted defined as the ratio of the angles subbtended by
light in all directions. the image and the object at the eye, when both
1 are at the least distance of distinct vision.
* According to Rayleigh’s law, I  . So light at
4  tan 
short wavelength (blue) end of the solar spec- M   and  are small
 tan 
trum is scatted to the largest extent. That is why
the sky appears blue. AB OB AB OB
 
* Thus the blue colour of the sky is due to consid- AB OB AB OB  AB  AB
erable light of shorter wavelength (blue colour)
being scatted by air particles. OB   D
 
Redish Colour at sunrise and sunset: AB  x
At the sunrise and sunset light rays have to
M  D Where x=object distance
traverse larger thickness of the atmosphere (than x
when the sun is overhead at noon). By Rayleigh’s Let f=focal length of the lens.
law the wavelength in the blue region are almost v   D , because the image is formed at the
scattered away by the air particles. Higher wave- near vision.
lengths in the red region are least scattered and Using thin lens formula
able to reach our eyes. Hence the sun appears
1 1 1
almost redish at sunrise & sunset.  
Simple Microscope (Magnifying Glass): v u f
A single microscope is a convex lens used to see 1 1 1
the magnified an distinct images of short distant Then  
D x f
very small objects.
Principle: 1 1 1
  
When an object is placed (at a given distance) x D f
between optic centre and principal focus of a
convex lens, a virtual erect and magnified image D D
  1
of the object is formed at the distance of distinct x f
vision.

15
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

3. Magnifying glasses are used in science laborato-

D ries to see the slides, vernier sodles etc.
M  1
f 4. They are used by the detective departments to
Thus shorter the focal length of the convex lens, match finger prints
the greater is its magnifying power. Co mp ou n d M i cro s cop e:-
N.B. A compount microscope is an optical device
Simple microscope for image at infinity: used to see magnified and district images of tiny
When an object is placed at the focus of a con- objects.
vex lens its image is formed at infinity which is Construction:-
comfortable to see the image by the relaxed eye. It consists of two convex lenses of short focal
lengths, arranged co-axially at the ends of two
sliding metal tubes. The distance between the
lenses can be varied.

Magnifying Power (M):

It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended
by the image (situated at infinity) at the eye to the
angle formed by the object, (situated at the dis-
tance of distinct vision).

Objective:-
It is a convex lens of very short focal length f0
and small aperture. It faces the object.
Eye lens:-
 tan  It is a convex lens of comparatively larger focal
M 
 tan  length fe and larger [Link] faces the eye of
h f observer.
 AB- Object of height h1 placed, at a distance u0,
h D
slightly larger than f0.
D AB - Real image (of AB) of height h2 , formed by the
M 
f objective, placed between E and Fe .
Note: The magnification is 1 which is less than that AB -Virtual & magnified image (of AB ) by the eye
 D lens, formed at near vision.
for the image at near vision  M  1   , but   Angle subtended at the eye by the object,
 f 
when considred at the distance of distinct.
no strain on the eye, i.e., eye is relaxed to see the   Angle subtended at the eye by the image,
image at infinity.
when at the distance of distinct vision.
Uses of simple microscopes:-
Magnifying Power (M)
1. Watch repairers and jewellers use simple
Magnifying power of a compound microscope
magnigiers to see the minute parts.
is defined as the ratio of the angle substended at
2. Magnifiers are used to see the printed letters in
the eye by the final image to the angle subtended
books, textures of fibres or threads of clothes,
at the eye by the object, when both are at the
engravings, details of stamp etc.
least distance of distinct vision.

16
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

 tan  h2 / ue h2 D Telescope:-
M     A telescope is an optical device to form distinct
 tan  h1 / D h1 ue
images of long distant large objects-
 M0  Me
Astronomical telescope:-
h2 V0 It is a refracting or reflecting telescope used to
Here. M 0  h  u see heavenly bodies, like, stars, planets, satel-
1 0
lites etc.
The eye piece acts as simple microscope , so Construction:-
D It consists of two coaxial coverging lenses fitted
M e  1
fe to the two ends of two sliding tubes.
Objective:-
V0  D  It is a convex lens of large focal length and much
M  1   .............(a)
u0  fe  larger aparture. It faces the distant objects.
Eyepiece:-
If the object AB is placed very close to the focus It is a convex lens comparatively smaller focal
F0 of the objective, i.e. u0   f 0 , the image length and samll aperture. It faces the eye of
observer.
AB is formed close to the eye, i.e. V0  L A) Astronomical telescope forming image at the
(length of the microscope tube). least distance of distinct vision
L  D Image formation(Ray diagram)
So, M   f 1  f  .............(b) A parallel beam of light from a distant object AB
0  e 
is incident on the objective so that a real image
Compound microscope forming image at AB is formed at its focal plane. This image is
infinity:- placed within the focus of the eyepiece so that a
In this case the image AB , made by the objec- magnified final image AB is formed.
tive is formed at the focus of the eye lens. So,
the final image AB is formed at infinity..

Magnifying power (M)

The magnifying power of a telescope is defined
Magnification due to objective, as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by
h2 L the final image, formed at the distance of distict
M0   vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the
h1  f 0
object at infinity, when seen directly,
Magnification due to eye piece, Here AOB   and AEB   
D Magnifying power,
Me 
fe  tan  AB / BE OB
M  M  
Total magnification of the final image by the mi-  tan  AB / OB BE
croscope,
In this case OB   f 0
L D BE  ue
M  M 0  Me   
f 0  f e 
 f0
Thus magnifying power of a compound micro- M 
ue
scope is large when both f 0 and f e are small.
17
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

Again for the eyepiece

f0
u  ue and V   D M 
fe
1 1 1
As   Therefore for larger magnifying power f 0  f e .
V u f
The negative sign indicates that the image is real
1 1 1 and inverted.
 
 D  ue f e Note:-
The aperture of the objective is larger to gather
1 1 1 1 f  sufficeint light from the distant objects.
   1  e 
ue f e D f e  D  The aperture of the eyelens is taken small so that
the whole light through the telescope may enter
 f0  fe  the eye for distinct vision.
Hence, M  f 1  D 
e  
Note:- For longer magnification f 0  f e . The nega- *****
tive sign indicates that the final image is inverted
and real.
B) Astronomical telescope forming image at in-
finity (Normal adjustment)
When a parallel beam light from a distant object
is incident on the objective of an astronimical tele-
scope it forms a real, diminished image AB at
its focal plane. The position of the eyelens is so
adjusted that the image AB lies exactly at its
focus Fe . Threfore the final image is formed at
infinity.

Magnifying power(M)
It is defined as the ratio of the angle sutended at
the eye by the final image to the angle subtended
at the eye by the object seen directly, when the
image both the image and the object are at infin-
ity.
Here, AOB   and AEB  
 tan 
Magnifying power, M  
 tan 
  and  are small
AB / BE OB
 
AB / OB BE
Putting values as OB   f 0 and BE   f e ,

18
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

LONG QUESTIONS from denser to rarer medium is totally reflected

in to the denser medium, is called total internal
7 MARKS EACH
reflection.
1. What is critical angle? Derive the rela- Discussion:
tion connecting the refractive index and * When the angle of incidence in the denser me-
critical angle. Give the meaning of to-
dium is larger than the critical angle i.e., i  ic ,
tal internal reflection. Write the con-
light instead of going to rarer medium returns to
ditions required for this phenomenon.
the same denser medium.
Notes on mirage and optical fibre.
Ans. Critical angle ic :
The angle of incidence in the denser medium for
which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium
is 90o is called critical angle of the denser me-
dium.

Required Conditions for Total Internal Reflec-

tion:
1. Light must travel from optically denser to opti-
cally rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must
be greater than the critical angle.
Mirage:
Expression for refractive index μ  of a medium
It is an optical illusion which is formed due
in terms of critical angle:
to total internal reflection. In desert or
over an extended hot surface, a person sees
the illusion of water at some distance ahead
to him. The inverted images of the objects
are formed due to total internal reflection.

sin i 2 1
 μ1  1
sin r μ2
When i  ic , r=90o.
1
Then sin ic  1 μ
2

Where ic  critical angle

Optical fibre:
and 1 μ 2 =refractive index of denser medium  
(say)
1
 
sin ic
Total Internal Reflection:
The phenomenon in which a ray of light at an
angle of incidence greater than the critical angle

19
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

* It is a hair thin very long quality glass of and to go along MNI1. A second ray from ‘O’
larger refraction index, covered by a thin moves along the axis.
If the second surface ADC were absent the two
cladding of material of smaller refractive
refracted rays would meet at I1, forming a real
index.
* It acts as a guided medium for transmis- image I1 in the medium of refractive index  2 ,
sion of optical signals due to total internal So for the refraction at the 1st surface, ABC we
refletions. can write
2 1  2  1
  .....(i)
2. Derive the lens maker’s formula for V1 u R1
a double convex lens. State the as- For the second refracton (ADC), I1 acts as a
sumptions made and the conventions virtual object in the medium of refrative index of
of signs used.  2 and I is the image formed in the medium of
Ans. Assumptions made in the derivation of lens
refractive index 1 . Therefore the relation be-
maker’s formula:
(i) The lens used is thin. tween the object distance (V1) image distance
(ii) The object is a point object placed on the prin- (V) and the radius of curvature R2 can be writ-
cipal axis. ten,
(iii) The aperture of the lens is small. 1 2 1   2
  .....(ii)
(iv) All the rays are paraxial. V V1 R2
Sign convention used for lens maker’s formula:
Adding equations (i) and (ii)
(i) All distances are measured from the optical cen-
tre of the lens. 1 1  2  1 1   2
  
(ii) The distances measured in the direction of inci- V u R1 R2
dent light are positive.
(iii) The distances measured in the opposite direc- 1 1 
  2  1   
tion of incident light are negative.  R1 R2 
Lens maker’s formula:
This formula relates the focal length of a lens to 1 1   2  1 1 
the refractive index of lens material and radii of     1  
V u  1  R1 R2 
curvature of its two surfaces.
Mathematically, it is noted as 1 1 1 1 
    1  
1 1 1  V u  R1 R2 
   1  
f  R1 R2  
where   
2
Derivation of lens maker’s formula: 1
Supposing a thin lens of refractive index  2 is
If the object is placed at infinity u ~
   the im-
placed in a medium of refractive index 1 . Say
age is formed at focus, V ~ f  , then the equa-
R1 and R2 are the radii of currature of the lens. tion takes the form,

1 1 1 
   1  
f  R1 R2 
This is the lens maker’s formula.

An incident ray OM from a point object ‘O’ in

the rarer medium, is refracted at the 1st surface
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

3. What is thin lens formula? Derive 1 1 1

it for both convex and concave   
v u f
lenses.
(B) Convex lens producing vitual image:
Ans. Thin lens formula:
Supposing an object AB is placed before a
It is a relation conneting focal length of a lense
convex lens of focal length f between its optical
(f), distance (u) ang image distance (v).
enter and focus. A virtual image AB is formed
1 1 1 by refraction through the lens.
Mathematically,  
v u f
Derivation of lens formula:
(A) Convex lens producing real image:
Supposing an object AB is placed before a
convex lens of focal length f. A real image
AB is formed by refraction of light through
the lens.

Lens
A
M
Object The  ABC and the  ABC are similar
B
B F C F AB CB
Image So  .....(i)
(f) AB CB
(u) (v)
A The  MCF and the  ABF are similar
AB FB
So 
The  ABC and  ABC are similar.. MC CF
AB CB Since MC=AB and FB  CB  CF above
So  .....(i) equation can be written as
AB CB
The  MCF and  AB F are similar AB CB  CF
 .....(ii)
AB CF
AB FB
So  From the above two equations,
MC CF
CB CB  CF
Since MC=AB and FB  CB  CF , above 
equation can be written as CB CF
Putting values,
AB CB  CF
 .....(ii) v v f
AB CF 
From the above two equations, u f
CB CB  CF  vf  uv  uf

CB CF  vf uv uf
  
v v f uvf uvf uvf
Putting values, 
u f 1 1 1
  
 vf  uv  uf u f v
vf  uv uf 1 1 1
     
uvf uvf uvf v u f
1 1 1 (C) Concave lens producing virtual image:
  
u f v Supposing an object AB is placed before a

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

concave lens. A virtual image AB is formed mum deviation.

by refraction of light through the lens. Ans. Variation of  with i :
Angle of deviation δ depends on the angle of
incidence i. For a given prism and a particu-
lar colour of light, angle of deviation first
decreases upto a minimum value δm  and
then increases. The variation in the value of δ
with i is shown by the graph.

The  ABC and  AB C are similar..

AB CB
So  .....(i)
AB CB
The  MCF and  ABF are similar..
AB FB
So, 
MC CF
Since MC=AB and FB  CF  CB , above
equation can be written as
AB CF  CB Formula for refractive index of prism :
 .....(iii) Let ABC is a principal section of a transparent
AB CF
prism of refracting angle A and refractive index
From the above two equations. μ . The figure shows the path of a light ray suf-
CB CF  CB fering refraction through the prism.

CB CF
 v  f   v 
Putting values, 
u f
v f v
 
u f
 vf  uf  uv
vf uf uv
  
uvf uvf uvf
1 1 1 Angle of deviation δ  :
  
u v f It is the angle between the incident ray, PQK and
the emergent ray MRS. δ  KMS .
1 1 1 In this diagram,
  
v u f i=angle of incidence at Q
r1=angle of refraction at Q
4. Discuss the variation of the angle of r2=angle of incidence at R
e=angle of refraction at R=angle of emergence.
deviation with that of the angle of
A  BAC  refracting angle of prism.
incidence for a ray of light passing
through a prism. Derive an expres- Angle of minimum deviation δm  :
sion for the refractive index of the The minimum value of angle of deviation suffered
by a ray of light on passingg through a prism is
material for a prism in terms of the called the angle of minimum deviation.
angle of prism and the angle of mini-
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

Derivation of formula for μ : sliding metal tubes. The distance between the
From the quadrilateral AQNR, lenses can be varied.
a) Image at the distance of distinct vision:
A  QNR  180 

From the triangle QNR r1  r2  QNR  180

 A  r1  r2 .....(i)
From the triangle MQR,
δ  MQR  MRQ
 i  r1   e  r2 
δ  i  e  r1  r2  .....(ii)
δ ie A
i  e  A  δ .....(iii)
When the prism is in the position of minimum de-
viation, a ray of light passes symetrically (parallel
to the bases) through the prism so that
i  e , r1  r2 and δ  δm Objective:-
It is a convex lens of very short focal length f0
Using these conditions in equation (i),
and small aperture. It faces the object.
A  r1  r2  r  r  2r Eye lens:-
A It is a convex lens of comparatively larger focal
r  .....(a) length fe and larger [Link] faces the eye of
2
observer.
Using these condition for minimum deviation in
AB- Object of height h1 placed, at a distance u0,
equation (iii)
slightly larger than f0.
i  i  A  δm AB - Real image (of AB) of height h2 , formed by the
A  δm objective, placed between E and Fe .
i  .....(b)
2
AB -Virtual & magnified image (of AB ) by the eye
sin i lens, formed at near vision.
From Snell’s law,     Angle subtended at the eye by the object,
sin r
when considred at the distance of distinct.
sin A  δm   Angle subtended at the eye by the image,
 
A when at the distance of distinct vision.
sin
2 Magnifying Power (M)
Magnifying power of a compound microscope
5. With the help of a ray diagram, ex- is defined as the ratio of the angle substended at
plain the construction and working the eye by the final image to the angle subtended
at the eye by the object, when both are at the
of a compound microscope. Write
least distance of distinct vision.
an expression for its magnifying
power.  tan  h2 / ue h2 D
M    
Ans. Compo un d microscop e  tan  h1 / D h1 ue
A compount microscope is an optical device  M0  Me
used to see magnified and district images of tiny
h2 V0
objects. Here. M 0  h  u
Construction:- 1 0

It consists of two convex lenses of short focal The eye piece acts as simple microscope , so
lengths, arranged co-axially at the ends of two

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

D images of long distant large objects-

M e  1
fe Astronomical telescope:-
It is a refracting or reflecting telescope used to
V0  D  see heavenly bodies, like, stars, planets, satel-
M  1   .............(a)
u0  fe  lites etc.
Construction:-
If the object AB is placed very close to the focus It consists of two coaxial coverging lenses fitted
F0 of the objective, i.e. u0   f 0 , the image to the two ends of two sliding tubes.
Objective:-
AB is formed close to the eye, i.e. V0  L It is a convex lens of large focal length and much
(length of the microscope tube). larger aparture. It faces the distant objects.
L  D Eyepiece:-
So, M   f 1  f  .............(b) It is a convex lens comparatively smaller focal
0  e 
length and samll aperture. It faces the eye of
Compound microscope observer.
b) Image at infinity: A) Astronomical telescope forming image at the
In this case the image AB , made by the objec- least distance of distinct vision
tive is formed at the focus of the eye lens. So, Image formation(Ray diagram)
the final image AB is formed at infinity.. A parallel beam of light from a distant object AB
is incident on the objective so that a real image
AB is formed at its focal plane. This image is
placed within the focus of the eyepiece so that a
magnified final image AB is formed.

Magnification due to objective,

h2 L
M0  
h1  f 0
Magnification due to eye piece, Magnifying power (M)
D The magnifying power of a telescope is defined
Me  as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by
fe
the final image, formed at the distance of distict
Total magnification of the final image by the mi- vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the
croscope, object at infinity, when seen directly,
L D Here AOB   and AEB   
M  M 0  Me   
f 0  f e  Magnifying power,
Thus magnifying power of a compound micro-  tan  AB / BE OB
M  M  
scope is large when both f 0 and f e are small.  tan  AB / OB BE
6. What is an astronomical telescope? Give its In this case OB   f 0
construction. With the help of ray diagrams, BE  ue
explain its working for the image at least
distance of distinct vision and at infinity.  f0
M 
Deduce the expression for magnifying power ue
in each case. Again for the eyepiece
Ans. Telescope:-
A telescope is an optical device to form distinct
24
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

u  ue and V   D
f0
1 1 1 M 
As   fe
V u f
Therefore for larger magnifying power f 0  f e .
1 1 1
  The negative sign indicates that the image is real
 D  ue f e and inverted.
1 1 1 1 f 
   1  e  ***
ue f e D f e  D 

 f0  fe 
Hence, M  f 1  D 
e  
Note:- For longer magnification f 0  f e . The nega-
tive sign indicates that the final image is inverted
and real.
B) Astronomical telescope forming image at in-
finity (Normal adjustment)
When a parallel beam light from a distant object
is incident on the objective of an astronimical tele-
scope it forms a real, diminished image AB at
its focal plane. The position of the eyelens is so
adjusted that the image AB lies exactly at its
focus Fe . Threfore the final image is formed at
infinity.

Magnifying power(M)
It is defined as the ratio of the angle sutended at
the eye by the final image to the angle subtended
at the eye by the object seen directly, when the
image both the image and the object are at infin-
ity.
Here, AOB   and AEB  
 tan 
Magnifying power, M  
 tan 
  and  are small
AB / BE OB
 
AB / OB BE
Putting values as OB   f 0 and BE   f e ,

25
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

So, BF=PF .....(4)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 OR 3 From equation (3) & (4)
MARKS EACH) We have, PF=CF .....(5)
Radius of curvature is given by,
1. What are the laws of reflection of light? R=PC
Ans. (i) The angle of incidence is equal to the =PF+FC
angle of reflection, i.e., i  r =2PF=2f
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and
the normal at the point of incidence, all lie  R2f .....(Proved)
in the same plane. Similarly we can prove for convex mirror
3. Distinguish between Convex mirror &
Concave mirror.

Convex Mirror Concave Mirror

[Link] is a spherical 1. It is a spherical
mirror of which the mirror of which
inner hollow the outer bulging
surface is silvered. surface is silvered.
[Link] takes 2. Reflection takes
2. Prove that for a cancave mirror the ra- place by outer place by inner
dius of curvature is twice the focal bulging surface. hollow surface.
length. [Link] is always 3. Image is formed in
formed behind the front or back of
Ans. mirror. the mirror.
[Link] virtual image 4. Both virtual & real
is formed. images are formed.

4. Write two uses of Cancave mirror.

Ans. a. Shaving & Makeup mirror.
b. Used as reflectors of head lights of
automobiles.
c. Used as opthalmoscope by doctors.
5. Write 2 uses of Canvex Mirrors.
Ans. a. Rear view mirror used by drivers.
b. Street light reflectors.
Consider a ray of light AB parallel to the 6. What do you mean by linear magnifi-
principal axis. After reflection the re- cation? Write the expression for
flected ray passes through focus. The line magnification for
joining (B) to the centre of curvature (C) (i) a concave mirror
is called normal. (ii) a convex mirror
According to the first law of reflection. Ans. Linear or Transverse magnification:
ABC  CBF .....(1) It is the ratio of height of the image (h2)
Since AB| |PC to the height of the object (h1), measured
 ABC  CBF .....(2) along perpendicular to principal axis.
From equation (1) & (2) we have
 CBF  BCF
 CF  BF (in  BCF) .....(3)
Since aperature of the spherical mirror is
very small

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

h2 I
Now equation 1 becomes,
Mathematically, M  h  O h1  u
1 
h2 v
Concave Mirror:
h2  v
 
h1 u

v
 M
u
M in terms of u & f:
1 1 1
The mirror formula is given by v  u  f
Multiplying ‘u’ on both side of the above
equation.
u u
ABP  AB P 1 
v f
AB PB
  .....(1) u u u f
AB PB   1 
Applying appropriate sign convention v f f

AB   h1 , AB  h2 , PB  u , PB  v v f

 
Hence equation 1 becomes, u f u
h1 u u f
   M
 h2  v v f u
h2  v M in terms of v & f:
 
h1 u 1 1 1
The mirror is given by v  u  f
v
 M Multiplying ‘v’ on both sides of above
u
equation
Convex Mirror:
v 1
1 
u f
v v v f
  1 
u f f
v f v
 
u f

f v
 M
f
7. Define longitudial magnification. De-
ABP  AB P duce relation between linear (M) & lon-
AB PB gitudinal magnification M .
  .....(1)
AB PB Ans. Longitudinal magnification of defined as
Applying sign convention, AB   h1 , the ratio between size of image and size
of object, measured in a direction paral-
AB   h2 , PB  u , PB  v
lel to principal axis.
27
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

dv Ans. f  ? , m  3 (real image), u  14 cm

mathematically, M  
du f
m
Relation between M and M : f u
The mirror formula is given by, f
3
1 1 1 f  14
 
v u f  3 f  42  f
Defferentiating both sides,  4 f  42
     
d v 1  d u 1  d f 1
 42
 f   10.5cm
 1.v dv 1u dv  0 [ f is constant]
2 2
4
 dv du 11. An object is placed at the centre of cur-
  2 0 vature of a concave mirror. Where will
v2 u
its image be obtained? What is the mag-
 dv du
  2 nification of image?
v2 u
2
dv v2  v 
  2   
du u  u
 M1 M 2
 Longitudinal magnification=–(linear
magnification)2
8. An object is placed 0.15m from a con-
vex mirror of radius of curvature 0.90
m. Calculate the position of image & Ans. The image is also at the centre of curva-
magnification. ture magnification of curvature magnifi-
1 2 1 cation of image m=–1.
Ans.  
v R u
 R 2 12. A concave mirror of focal length ‘f’ pro-
2 1 duces an image ‘n’ time the size of the
  object. If the image is real, find out the
0.90  0.15
object distance?
2 1 1 3 4 Ans. m  n , focal length=–f, u=?
   
0.90 0.15 0.45 0.45
f
0.45 m
Therefore v   0.1125m f u
4
f
 v 0.1125  n 
Magnification, M  u   0.15  0.75  f u
f
9. What happens to the focal length of  n 
the spherical mirror. If put in water. f u
Ans. Focal length of the spherical mirror is   nf  f  nu
independent of surrounding mediu. i.e.,  n  1 f  nu
focal length doesn’t change.
10. Find out the focal length of a concave  n 1
 u   f
mirror producing an image on a  n 
screen 3 fold magnified if the object is
at 14 cm from the mirror.

28
 Ray Optics
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

 n 1  Ans. The refractive index of a medium for a

 The object distance is  n  f light of given wavelength may be defined
 
13. Show that in a plane mirror image as the ratio of the speed of light in
distance is same as the object distance. vacuum to its speed in that medium.
1 1 1
Ans. Mirror formula v  u  f c Normal

1 1 1
   [F=  for plane mirror]
v u  i
1 1 Vacuum
  0
v u
1 1
  Medium
v u
r
 v  u
 v u (Proved)
v
14. Find the total number of images for
two plane mirror inclined by an
angle, i.e., Refractive index
(i) 15o (ii) 30o (iii) 45o (iv) 60o speed of light in vacuum

360 360 speed of light in medium
Ans. n  if is odd
  c

360 360 v
n  1 if is even Physical Significance:
 
1. The value of refractive index gives infor-
360 mation about the direction of bending of
(i) n  1  24  1  23 images
15 refracted ray. It tells whether the ray will
360
bend towards or away from the normal.
(ii) n  1  12  1  11 images 2. The refractive index is a measure of the
30
speed of light in that medium.
(iii)   45 17. Distinguish between absolute refractive
360 index and relative refractive index of a
n  1  8  1  7 images material. Write a relation between
45
15. State the laws of refraction of light these refractive indices.
Ans. First law: The incident ray, the refracted
ray and the normal to the interace at the
point of incidence all lie in the same
plane.
Second law: The ratio of the sine of the angle
of incidence and sine of the angle of
refraction constant of a given pair of
media.
sin i 1
Mathematically,   2 , a constant.
sin r
16. Define refractive index of a material.
Give its physical significance.
29
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
change when light passes from a rarer
ABSOLUTE RELATIVE to a denser medium?
REFRACTIVE REFRACTIVE Ans. When light passes from a rarer to a
INDEX INDEX denser medium, wavelength of light
Refractive index of Relative refractive
a medium with index of second changes but frequency remains un-
respect to vacuum is medium with respect changed.
called absolute to first medium is 22. What is the speed of light in medium
refractive index. defined as the ratio
c of the velocity of
whose refractive index is 3/2. Given
 light in 1st medium speed of light in air is 3×108 m/s.
v
to the velocity of Ans. v  ? ,   3 2 , c  3108 m s
light in 2nd medium.
v c 3 3  108
Relation 1 2  1
v2   
v 2 v
2
18. What is the cause of refraction of v  3  108  2 108 m s
3
light?
23. Find the velocity of light in water if
Ans. Light travels with different speeds in
the velocity of light in vacuum is 3×108
different media. The bending or
refraction of light occurs due to the m/s. Given R.I. μ  of water is 4/3.
change in speed of light as it passes from c
Ans.  2 
1
one medium to another. v
19. Why does a ray of light bend towards
normal as it passes from air to glass? c 3 108
v   2.25  108 m s
 43
sin i c
Ans. We know that,    24. R.I of glass is 1.5 and that of water is
sin r v
As the speed of light in air is greater than 1.3. Find the refractive index of glass
that in glass. i.e., c>v w.r.t. water.
so sin i  sin r or i  r  g 1.5
Ans.
w
g    1.1
Hence a ray of light bends towards the  w 1.3
normal as it passes from air to glass. 25. State the principle of reversibility of
20. For the same angle of incidence, the
1
angle of refraction in three different light. Hence prove that μ 2  2 μ .
1

media A, B and C are 15o, 25o and 35o 1

respectively. In which medium will Ans. Principle of reversibility:

the velocity of light be minimum? It states that if a ray of light after suffering
sin i c a no. of reflections or refractions has it’s
Ans. As    path reversed, it will retrace itself back to
sin r v
the source along the same path.
sin r
v .c
sin i
For a given angle of incidence, v sin r ,
v A 0 sin 15 , vB 0 sin 25 , vC 0 sin 35
But sin15o<sin25o<sin35o
 v A  vB  vC
i.e., velocity of light is minimum in
medium A.
21. Do the frequency and wavelength

30
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

N
P
Normal ray
Incident ray
i

O Air
Glass
Glass
i i-r
r Glass
L slab
d L

Consider a ray, travelling in medium-1 Air N1 B

strikes the interface xy. The ray changes its i
path after refraction. If the path of the ray
is reversed by placing a mirror normal to N2
its path. According to Snell’s law, Emergent ray
when the ray goes from medium-1 to
meium-2.
Lateral shift is the perpendicular distance
sin i 1 between incident ray and emergent ray.
 2 .....(1)
sin r From BOL
For the revered ray,
BL d
sin r 2 sin i  r   
 1 .....(2) BO BO
sin i
 d  BO sin i  r  .....(1)
Multiplying equation (1) and (2).
From BON1
sin i sin r 1
   2 2 1 .....(1)
sin r sin i ON1 t
cos r  
OB OB
 11 2 2 1
t
1  OB 
 1
2  cos r
2
1 Putting the value of OB in equation (1)
26. For refraction of a ray of light through t
a rectangular glass of width ‘t’, the d sin i  r 
cos r
angles of incidence and refraction are
‘i’ and ‘r’ respectively. Show that the t sin i  r 
 d
lateral displacement ‘d’ of ray is given cos r
tsini  r   cos i 
by, d  Further, d  t sin i 1   2  sin 2 i  1 2 
cosr
 
27. For a ray of light suffering refraction
through a combination of three media,
show that 1 μ2  2 μ3  3 μ1  1
Ans.

31
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
bucket. The ray OA and OC starting from
‘O’ are refracted along OA & CD. These
rays appear to diverge from point ‘I’, so ‘I’
is the virtual image of object. The depth AI
is known as apparent depth.
sin i w
From Snell’s law,  a .....(1)
sin r
AC
In OAC , sin i 
OC
* For the ray going from medium 1 to AC
sin i In AIC , sin r 
IC
medium 2,  2  sin r
1

1 Substituting the values of sin i in equation

* For the ray going from medium 2 to (1)
sin r AC IC w
medium 3, 3  sin r   a
2 2

1 OC AC
* For the ray going from medium 3 to IC
 w a 
sin r2 OC
medium 1, 1 
3

sin i Since point ‘C’ is very close to A,

Multiplying the above three equation, IC ~ AI & OC ~ AO
sin i sin r sin r AI
We get  2  3  1  sin r  sin r  sin i  1
1 2 3 1 2 w  a 
1 2
AO
AO t
 1
 2 2 3 3 1  1  w a  
AI AI
1
Moreover, 3  1 3  Real depth
2
 
2 1 Apparent depth
1
3  3 1  29. Define Normal Shift
  1  1  Ans. The height through which an object appears
1
2  3 
to be raised in a denser medium is called
28. Deduce the relation,
normal shift normal shift=Real depth –
Real depth Apparent depth=AO–AI
μ
Apparent depth
t
Ans. t

t
D as apparent depth  

r Air  1
A Normal shift  t 1  
C  
r Water
i
t
I i 30. Speed of light of wavelength 6000 Ao in
a medium A is 0.8C. If the refractive in-
O dex of medium B is 1.6, then calculate
the refractive index of medium A rela-
Consider a bucket filled with water. Let tive to B.
object ‘O’ is placed on the bottom of the
32
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

c c 3
Ans.  A  v  0.8c
sin i sin 60
A
   2  3
sin r sin 30 
1
10 5 2
 A  
8 4
  3
16 8 33. Define critical angle.
  B  1 .6  
10 5 Ans. It is the angle of incidence in the denser
5 medium for which angle of refraction in
 25 the range medium is 90o.
B
A  A  4   0.75
B 8 32
5
31. Light travels through a glass plate of
thickess ‘t’ and refractive index “  ”. If
c be the velocity of light in vacuum.
Find out the expression for time taken
by light to travel this thickness of the
glass. 34. Derive the relationship between criti-
Ans. Given, Thickness= ‘t’ cal angle and refractive index.
Refractive index = ‘  ’ Ans.
Light velocity= c
Distance travelled
We know, Velocity 
Time taken
Thickness of glass plate
 Time taken 
Velocity

t  t t

v c  c
t
 Time taken  According to Snell’s law,
c
32. A ray light is incident o a gass plate sin i sin C
1
2  
making an angle 60o with the normal at sin r sin 90
the point of incidenc.e If the reflected 2
and refreacted rays are mutually per-   sin C
1
pendicular. find the refractive index of
the glass. 1 1
 
 2 sin C
1
 Rarer denser 
sin C
1
 
sin C
Therefore, the absolute refractive index of
a medium is equal to the reciprocal of the
Ans. i  60 sine of the critical angle for that medium.
ROR  90  (Given) 35. Find the refractive index of a liquid for
So r=30o which critical angle is 45o.

33
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

1 1 1 1
Ans.   sin 45  1 2  sin C 


2.5

   2  1.414  1 
 C  sin 1    24.4


36. A ray of light falls on glass plate of re-  2 .5 

fractive index 3 . Calculate the angle
of incidence if the angle between re-
fracted ray and normal is 90o.
1
Ans.  
sin C
1
 sin C 

 1 
 C  sin 1  
 3
37. Define total internal reflection with its The critical angle of diamond is 24.4o
conditions? which is comparatively small. Light enter-
Ans. ing into it, suffers multiple total internal
reflections. Thus diamond dazzles.
39. Explain briefly, with a ray diagram,
how a mirage is formed in deserts.
Ans. It is an optical illusion which is formed due
to total internal reflection. In desert or
over an extended hot surface, a person sees
the illusion of water at some distance ahead
to him. The inverted images of the objects
are formed due to total internal reflection.
It is the phenomena is which a ray of light
travelling form denser to rarer medium is
sent back to the same medium after strik-
ing the interface, provided the angle of in-
cidence is greater than cirtical angle (i>C).
Conditions:
1. Rays of light must travel from an optical
denser medium to an optical rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence in the optically
denser medium, must be greater than the
critical than angle (i.e., i>C).
38. Why Diamond Dazzles?
Ans. Diamond dazzles due to total internal re- 40. What is an optical fibre? How are light
flection. The absolute refractive index of waves propagate in it?
diamond is nearly to 2.5. Ans.
1
So its critical angle is,  
sin C

34
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

What will be the frequency and wave-

length of light in that medium?
o
Ans. air  6000 A  6000 10 10 m  6  10 7 m
C  3108 m s
  1 .5
air
* It is a hair thin very long quality glass of 
medium
larger refraction index, covered by a thin
cladding of material of smaller refractive air 6 107 o
 med    4 107 m  4000 A
index.  1.5
* It acts as a guided medium for transmis-
c 3  108
sion of optical signals due to total internal frequency v   
refletions.  6  10 7
41. Does critical angle depend on colours  v  0.5  10 Hz 15

of light? Explain.  v  51014 Hz

1 45. The image of an extended object kept in
Ans. Yes, as sin iC  i. e., iC depends on  de-
C front of a lens is found to be virtual,
pends on wavelength  . Hence iC depends erect and diminished. What is the type
on colour of light. of the lens? Draw a neat ray diagram of
42. The critical angle for glass-air interface the image formation by the said lens.
is iC , will the critical angle for glass- Ans. It is a concave lens.
water interface be greater than or less
than iC ?
Ans. For glass-air interface,
1
sin iC  a
g
The critical angle ic for glass water inter-
faces is,
1
sin iC  46. How can a converging lens be made di-
w
g
verging one?
Now w  g  a  g Ans. A converging lens behaves as a diverging
lens if put in a medium of refractive index
 sin iC  sin iC
larger than that of the lens material.
 iC  iC Note: So also diverging lens becames converg-
43. Why is an air bubble in water shine ing.
brightly? 47. What should be the distance between the
Ans. Light entering water is totally reflected at co-axial lenses of focal lengths f1 & f2
the water air interface of the air bubble. For such that the rays parallel to the prin-
the observer, this light appears to come cipal axis became parallel to the axis
from the bubble. So it shines brightly. after refraction through the lenses.
Ans. For two convex lenses
44. A light of wave length 6000 Ao in air, en-
(a)
ters a medium with refractive index 1.5.

35
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

(b)

1 1 1
 
v u f
1 1 1
  
20  40 f
1 1 1
48. What is the minimum distance between   
20 40 f
an object and its real image formed by
a convex lens? 2 1 1 1 1
     f  40cm
Ans. 40 f 40 f
50. A lens immersed in a transparent liq-
uid is not visible. Under what condition
can this happen?
Ans. When the refractive index of the liquid is
same as that of lens material, no light will
be reflected or refracted by the lens and
hence it will not be visible.
51. What is lens maker’s formula? Why is
it so calle?
Ans. The relation among the focal length f, radii
The minimum distance between the object
of curvatures R1 & R2 of the two surfaces
& real image=the distance between the two
of the lens and refractive index  of the
centres of curvature.
lens material is called lens maker’s formula.
49. An plane mirror & a convex mirror are
1 1 1
Mathematically, f    1 R  R
placed at 30 cm and 40 cm respectively
in front of an object such that the im- 1 2

ages formed by both the mirrors Reason:

coinicde. Calculate the focal length of This equation is called lens maker’s
the convex mirror. formular because it is used by manufactur-
Ans. u  40cm , v  20cm ers to design lenses of required focal length
from a glass of given refractive index.
52. What is the focal length and power of a
rectangular glass slab?
Ans. Focal length of a glass slab  
Power of a glass slab=0
53. Sun glasses have curved surfaces but
they do not have any power. Why?
36
 Ray Optics
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

Ans. Both the surfaces of sun glasses are equally 2.7  1.33 1.37
 
curved. i.e., R1=R2 200 20
1 200
Power P  f  v  1.60   1.167  200  233.4cm
1.37
 Image is at 233.4 cm in the denser me-
1 1 1 
   1    0 dium.
f  R1 R2  56. Find out the focal length of a bi-convex
P  0 glass μg  3 2  lens of radius of curva-
54. Can a single bi-convex lens be made to ture of each surface 20 cm.
behave like a glass slab. If so, how?
Ans. Focal length of a lens is, 1 1 1 
Ans. f    1 R  R 
1   2  1 1   1 2 
   1  
f  1  R1 R2   1 1 
 1.5  1  
If  2  1  20  20 

1 2 1
 0  0 .5  
20 20
f
 f  20cm
f 
So, a single bi-convex lens shall behave like 57. A plano convex lens of μ  1.5 has
a glass slab if it is dipped in a transparent curved surface of radius 0.15 m. What
liquid having refractive index same as that is its focal length?
of the material of lens. Ans.   1.5 , R1  0.15m , R2  
55. A convex refractive surface of radius of
1 1 1 
curvature 20 cm separates two media    1  
f  R1 R2 
of refractive indices 4 3 and 1.60. An
object is placed in the first medium  1 1
 1.5  1  
μ  4 3  at a distance of 200 cm from  0.15  
the refracting surface. Calculate the  1 1  1 
position of the image formed.  1.5  1     0 
 0.15     
Ans. R=20cm, u=–200cm, 1  4 3 ,  2  1.60 ,
1 1 100
v=?  0 .5   
0.15 2 15
2 1  2  1
  50 10
v u R  
15 3
4
1.6  3
1.60 43 3 f 
   10
v  200 20
 f  0.30cm
1.60 1.33 0.27
   58. Find out the refractive index of the lens
v 200 20 shown below. Given that focal length of
1.60 0.27 1.33 the lens is 10 cm.
  
v 20 200 Ans.

37
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

Distance between object and centre of cur-

vature
 u  R
   100  20cm  120cm
60. Define power of lens. What is its unit?
Ans. Power of a lens is defined as the recipro-
cal of the focal length of the lens.
1 100
P 
f in m  f in cm 
Unit: The S.I unit of power is dioptre (D).
61. Why is the power of a lens measured as
the reciprocal of its focal length?
Ans. The power of a lens represents its ability
1 1 1 
   1   to converge or diverge a beam of light.
f  R1 R2  Smaller its focal length, larger is its bend-
ing power. That is why power is expressed
1 1 1 
   1   as reciprocal of focal length.
10  10 20 
1  2 1 
   1  
10  20 20 
1 1
   1
10 20
 1  2
  3
59. Light from a point source, in air, falls
on a spherical glass of refractive index
1.5 and radius of curvature 0.20m. The
image is formed at a distance of 1.0m
from the glass surface in direction of
incident light. Calculate distance of
object from centre of curvature.
1
Ans. Given  2  1.5 , R  0.2m , v  1.0m , P 
f
1  1 , u  ? 62. Find out the focal length of a system of
2 1  2  1 two lenser of powers –3D & 0.5D, in
We know,  
v u R contact.
1 .5 1 1 .5  1 0 .5 Ans. P1  3D , P2  0.5D
     2 .5
1 .0 u 0 .2 0 .2 P  P1  P2   3  0.5D  2.5D
1
  1.5  2.5  1.0m 1
u
1
u  m  1.0m  100cm
1 .0

38
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

1 1
f     0 .4 m
P  2 .5 Ans.
63. Where should an object be placed from
a converging lens of focal length 20cm,
so as to obtain a real image of magnifi-
cation 2?
Ans. f=20 cm, m=–2
f
m
f u
20
 2 
20  u
 40  2u  20 Relation between  & Dm:
 2u  20  40 When a prism is in the position of mini-
mum deviaton, a ray of light passes sym-
60
u  metrically (Parallel to the base) through he
2
prism so that,
 u  30cm The object is the 30 cm in
front of the lens. i  i , r  r  , D  Dm ,
64. What happens to focal length of a con- As A  Dm  i  i
vex lens, when it is immersed in water?  A  Dm  2i
Ans. Focal length ‘f’ of a convex lens is related
A  Dm
1 i
to its refractive index as f   1 2
As A  r  r   2r
For a glass lens,  g   g , so focal length
w a
A
r
of the convex lens increases. 2
When it is immersed in water. From Snell’s law, the refractive index of
65. A glass lens is immersed in water what the material of the prism will be,
will be its effect on the power of the sin  A  Dm 
sin i
lens?  or   sin A 2
sin r
1 67. Draw a graph to show the variation of
Ans. f   1
the angle of deviation '  ' with that of
p   1 as
 g  a  g so power of the the angle of incidence ‘i’ for a mono-
w

glass lens will decrease, when it is im- chromatic ray of light.

mersed in water. Ans.
66. Draw the ray diagram showing refrac-
tion of light through a glass prism and
hence obtain the relation between the
refractive index  of the prism, angle
of prism and angle of minimum devia-
tion.

39
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
angle of deviation.
 A  Dm 
sin  
2 
Ans.   
sin A
2

 60  Dm 
sin  
 2  3  60  Dm 
 3 
  sin 
sin 30 2  2 

 60  Dm 
 sin 60  sin  
 2 
68. Prove d  A μ  1 , symbols have their 60  Dm
 60 
usual meaning. 2
Proof for a thin prism the angles are very  Dm  120  60
small. For refraction at first surface we can
write,  Dm  60

 sin i 71. The angle of prism is 60o and angle of

1
2  2  minimum deviation (dm)=60o. What is
1 sin r
the refractive index of the prism?
i Ans. A  60  , dm  60
1 2 
r
 60  Dm   60  60 
 i 1 2 r .....(1) sin   sin   3
 2   2  2
For refraction and 2nd surface   
sin A

sin 30 12
2
1 sin r 
2
1  
 2 sin i  3
72. Calculate the deviation produced by a
r
1
1  prism of angle 4o. Given that the refrac-
2 i
tive index of material of prism is 1.5.
 i12r  .....(2) Ans. A  4 , d=?
But we know, d  A  i  i   1 .5
1 2 r 1 2 r  d  A  1
1 2 r  r 1 2 A 1
 4 1.5  1  4   2
 d  A  A 2

 d  A  1 (Prove)  d  2
73. A light ray passes through a transpar-
69. The angle of incidence and emergence ent prism of angle 60o. Find out the
of a ray of light through an equilateral angle of refraction of the light, produc-
prism are 50o & 40o. Find the angle of ing minimum deviation.
deviation. Ans. Under minium devation,
Ans. A  60  , i  50 , i  40
A
d  A  i  i Angle of refraction r  
2
 d  A  i  i  A  50  40  60  30
60
70. An equilateral prism is made up of a ma-   30
2
terial of μ  3 . What is the minimum
r  30
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 Ray Optics
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
74. A ray of light incident on a face of an
equilateral prism shows minimum
devation of 30o. Calculate the speed of
light through the prism.
A 60
Ans. r    30
2 2
A  Dm 60  30
i   45
2 2
sin i sin 45 1 2
  
   2 Let, d r , d v and d are the angles of eviations
sin r sin 30 2 1
for red, violet and the mean colour of light
Speed of light in the prism,
respectively then the angular deviation is
c 3 108 given by,
v   0.707  3  108
 2   dv  dr
v  2.12  108 We have, d v   v  1A
75. What do you mean by Dispersion? Give
d r   r  1 A
the cause of dispersion.
Ans. The phenomenon of splitting of white light d    1A
into its constitutent colours on passing    v  1 A   r  1 A
through a refracting medium is called dis-
  v  1   r  1A
persion.
Cause: Refractive index of a transparent medium     v   r  A
is different for different wavelengths of 77. What do you mean by Dispersive
light. So when white light enters through a power?
prism, light of different colours deviate Ans. It is the ratio between angular dispersion
through different angles, making disper- to the mean deviation i.e.,
sion. Angular Disperision

Mean deviation


d v  d r 
d


 v   r  A
  1A
v   r
 
 1
76. Define the term angular dispersion. 78. Find the angular dispersion produced
Draw the path of a ray of white light by a prism of refracting angle 10o, given
passing through prism and make angu-
lar dispersion on it. that  v  1.65 ,  r  1.55
Ans. When a beam of white light passes through Ans. Angular dispersion,   v   r A
a prism, it gets dispersed into the  1.65  1.55 10
constitutent colours
 0.10  10  1
  1

41
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

79. Why sky looks blue? D 25

Ans. According to Rayleigh’s formula, light of Magnifying power, m  1  f  1  5  6
shorter wavelength are scattered more. 84. A simple microscope is a combination
When sunlight reaches the atmosphere of of two lenses, in contact, of powers
earth due to its shorter wavelength, blue +15D and +5D. Calculate the magnify-
light is scattered mostly through out the sky ing power of the microscope if the final
that is why sky looks blue. image is formed at 25cm from the eye.
80. Why sky looks Reddish during sunset or Ans. Power of combination,
sunrise?
P  P1  P2  15  5  20 D
Ans. When sunlight comes from the horizon,
most of the lights like violet, blue etc gets Focal length of combination,
scattered in their ways. Light which reaches 1 1
f   m  5cm
eye of the observer becomes rich in Red p 20
light due to it’s least scattering property that Magnifying power,
is why sky looks reddish during sunset and
D 25
sunrise. m  1  1 6
f 5
81. A glass prism causes dispersion while
a glass plate does not, why? 85. An object is to be seen through a simple
Ans. When white light passes through a prism, microscope of power 10D. Where
it splits up into its constituent 7 colours should the object be placed so as to pro-
because refractive indices for different duced maximum angular magnifica-
colours are different. tion? The least distance for distinct vi-
sion is 25 cm.
Angular dispersion   v   r A
Ans. Angular magnification is maximum when
and Angular deviation    1A in case of the final image is formed at the near point.
a glass plate both faces are parallel, A=0, v=–25 cm,
so there will be neither dispersion nor de- 1 1
viation. All the emergent rays will be par- f   m  10cm
p 20
allel to the incident rays.
82. What are the uses of simple micro- 1 1 1 1 1  7
    
scopes? u v f 25 10 50
Ans. 1) Watch makers and jewellers use a mag-  50
nifying glass for having magnified view of u  7.1cm
7
the small parts of watches and the fine
86. What must be the focal length of a lens
jewellery work.
used as simple microscope of magnify-
2) Magnifying glass is used in science labo-
ing power 26? The final image is formed
ratories for reading vernier scales.
at the distance of distanct vision.
3) In magnifying the printed letters in a
Ans. m=26, D=25cm, f=?
book; textures of fibres or threads of a
cloth. D
m  1
83. A thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm f
is used as a simple microscope by a per- 25
son with normal near point (25 cm).  26  1 
f
What is the magnifying power of the
microscope? 25
 25 
Ans. Given f=5cm, D=25cm. f

42
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

25
f   1cm
25
87. Calculate the magnifying power of a
convex lens of power 25 dioptre, the
least distance of distinct vision being
0.15 m.
Ans. P=25D
1
f   0.04
25
D
Magnifying power, M  1  f

0.15
 1
0.04
 1  3.75  4.75 Magnifying power of the compound micro-
88. What do you mean by simple micro- scope,
scope and what is its principle? M  M0  Me
Ans. A simple microscope is a convex lens to
V0  D 
see the detailed and distinct images of very M  1 
u0  f e  .....(1)
small & short distant objects.
Principle: When an object is placed between If u0  f 0 ,
optic centre and principal focus of a con-
then V0  L
vex lens, a virtual, erect and magnified im-
age of the object is formed at the least dis- 1  D
tance of distinct vision. M  1   .....(2)
f  fe 
89. Define compound microscope and also
write down its principle? 90. The objective of a compound microscope
Ans. Compound microscope is an optical instru- has focal length 5×10-3 m and its eye
ment used for observing highly magnified piece has focal length 0.25 m. If the dis-
image of tiny objects. tance between the lenses is 0.25 cm, cal-
Principle: culate the magnifying power of micro-
When a small object is placed outside the scope.
focus and optic centre of eye piece. Ans. f 0  5  10 3
The image acts as object for eye piece. f e  0.25m
The distance of the object from the eye
piece is so adjusted that the final magni- L  0.25m
fied image is formed at distance of distinct D  0.25m
vision. 1  D
M 1  
f0  fe 

0.25  0.25 
M 1    50  2  100
5  10 3  0.25 
91. A compound microscope with an objec-
tive of 1.0 cm focal length and an eye-
piece of 2.0 cm focal length has a tube
length of 20 cm. Calculate the

43
 Ray Optics
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
emagnifying power of the microscope,
20
if the final image is formed at the near  fe   5cm
4
point of the eye.
Ans. Here f 0=1.0 cm, f e=2.0 cm, L=20 cm, L
M0 
D=25 cm f0
When the final image is formed at the near
L
point of the eye, the magnifying power is, f0 
M0
L  D  20  25 
M 1    1    20 13.5  270 14
f 0  f e  1.0  2  cm
4
92. You are given two converging lenses of f 0  3.5cm
focal lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to de-
Special case: If object (AB) for a compound
sign a compound microscope. If it is
microscope is placed at infinity, the mag-
desired to have a magnification of 30,
nifying power is given by
find out separation between the object
and the eyepiece. L D
M 
Ans. f0=1.25 cm, fe=5 cm, D=25 cm, m=30 f0 fe
When the final image is formed at the near 94. Why must both the objective and the
point of the eye, the magnifying power of eyepiece of a compound microscope
the compound microscope is have short focal lengths?
L  D Ans. The magnifying power of a compound mi-
M 1   croscope
f 0  fe 
L D
L  25  M  m0  me  
30  1   f0 fe
1.25  5 
So, the magnifying power of the compound
30  1.25 microscope will be large when both objec-
L  6.25cm
6 tive and the eyepiece have short focal
93. The total magnification produced by a lengths.
compound microscope is 20, while that 95. How does the magnifying power of a
produced by the eye piece alone is 5. telescope change on increasing te diam-
When the microscope is focused on a eter of its objective?
certain object, the distance between f
Ans. Magnifying power of a telescope, m  f .
0
objective & eyepiece is 14 cm. Find the e
focal length of objective & eyepiece if
It is independent of the aperture of the ob-
distance of distinct vision is 20 cm.
ject. So ‘m’ does not change on increasing
Ans. m=20, me=5, D=20 cm, ve=–20 cm
the diameter of the objective.
m 20 96. How will you distinguish between a
m0   4
me 5 compound microscope and a telescope
As the eyepiece acts as a simple micro- just by seeing them?
scope, so Ans. The aperture of the objective of a micro-
scope is very small while that of a telescope
D
me  1  is large. So the front end of a microscope
fe
is narrow while that of telescope is much
20 wider.
 5  1
fe

44
 Ray Optics
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
97. In a telescope the objective has a large
aperture while the eyepiece has a small
a perture, why?
Ans. The objective of large aperture has a large
light gathering capacity and it forms bright
images of even distant objects (stars). The
large aperture of the objective also in-
creases the resolving power of the tele-
scope.
The eyepiece of small aperture is taken so
that entire light forming the final image
may enter the small pupil of the eye & a
brighter image is seen.
98. A telescope consisting of objective of fo-
cal length 100 cm & eyepiece of focal
length 5 cm. Find out the tube length
for obtaining image at infinity.
f
Ans. f0=100cm, fe=5 cm, M  f , L  f 0  f e
0

L  100  5cm  105cm

45
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

99. The Sum of focal lengths of the two Where,   Wavelength of light used
lenses of a refracting telescope is 105   Refractive index
cm. The foal length of one lens is 20   Half the angle of cone of the light en-
times that of the other. Determine the tering into the microscope.
total magnification of the telescope. 1 2  sin 
When the focal image is formed at in- Resolving power  
d 
finity. 101. What is resolving power of telescope?
Ans. f 0  f e  105cm Ans. Resolving power of telescope
f 0  20 f e 1 1
 
 20 f 0  f e  105 Angular limit of resolution 

105 1.22
 fe   5cm Where  
21 D
f 0  20 f e  100cm   Wavelength of light used
D  Diameter of objective
f 0 100
m   D
fe 5  Resolving power of telescope 
1.22
m  20 102. An Astronomical telescope in normal
100. Give the meaning of resolving power of adjustment having magnifying power 5,
simple microscope. Consists of two thin lenses 0.24 m apart,
Ans. The resolving limit (d) of a microscope is find out the focal lengths ofthe lenses.
the minimum distance between two objects f
Ans. m  f  5  f 0  5 f e
0
which can just distinguished as separate.
e

d f 0  f e  0.24m
2  sin 
 5 f 0  f e  0.24
 6 f e  0.24
0.24
 fe   0 .4 m
6
 f e  5 f e  5  0.04  0.20m

*****
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
PROBLEMS-SOLUTIONS 1 1 1 1 1
   
REFLECTION OF LIGHT f u v 3 9
1. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm 2 2
from a concave mirror of radius of curvature  2 2 6 2 8
40 cm. Find the nature, position and magnifi-    
3 9 9 9
cation of the image.
9
1 1 1 f   m  1.125m
Ans.   8
v f u
3. A dentist concave mirror has a radius of
1 1 1 2 1 curvature of 30 cm. How far must it be placed
    
 20   10  20 20 20 from a small cavity in order to give a virtual
image magnified five times?
 v  20cm Ans. r  30cm ,  f  15cm , m  5
Linear magnification of the image,
f
v  20 m
m  2 f u
u  10
m2  15
Then 5 
 The image is virtual, twice magnified and is  15  u
produced 20 cm behind the mirror.  75  5u  15
2. A candel flame 3 cm high is placed at a dis-  5u  60
tance of 3 m from a wall. How far from the
 u  12cm
wall must a concave mirror must be placed so
4. An object is placed at a distance of 36 cm
that it may form 9 cm high image of the flame
from a convex mirror. A plane mirror is placed
on the same wall? Also find the focal length of
in between so that the two virtual images so
the mirror.
formed coincide. If the plane mirror is at a
distance of 24 cm from the object, find the
radius of curvature of the convex mirror.

Ans.

Here O is the object, and I is its image made

Ans. Let PB  x by both the mirrors.
Then PB  x  3 u  OP  36cm , v  PI  12cm
So, u   x and v   x  3 1 1 1 1 1  1  13 2 1
       
h2 v f u v 36 12 36 36 18
m 
h1 u So, f  18cm
Radius of curvature of the convex
9 x3
  mirror=36cm.
3 x 5. When an object is placed at a distance of 60
or x  1.5cm cm from a convex spherical mirror, the magnifi-
 u  1.5cm , v  4.5m

47
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

cation produced is 1 2 . Where should be an v   x  1 .5 

As m   ,  2   x  1.5m
u x
object be placed to get a magnification of 13 ?  u   1.5m , v  3m
Ans. Given u  60cm 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Then        1
v f u v 1.5 3 3 3
In the 1st case, m  
u  f  1m
1 v REFRACTIO OF LIGHT
  or v  30cm 1. Light of wavelength 6000 Ao in air enters a
2  60
medium of refractive index 1.5. What will be its
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 velocity and frequency in the medium?
Now       
f u v  60 30 60 60 60 Velocity of light in air, c=3×108 ms–1.
Ans. Frequency of light remains unchanged while
 f  60cm
velocity and wavelength are changed.
v 1 v (i) Velocity of light in a medium,
In the 2nd case, m    
u 3 u
c 3 108 ms 1
v   2 108 m
u  1.5 s
or v  
3 (ii) Frequency of light in air,
1 1 1 c 3  108 ms 1
As      5  1014 Hz
u v f  6000 10 m 10

1 3 1 Frequency of light in the medium=frequency of

   light in air=5×1014Hz.
u u 60
2. The refractive index of glass is 1.5 and that of
 u  120cm
water 1.3. If the speed of light in water is
6. A n object 1 cm 2 face area is placed at a
2.25×108ms–1, what is the speed of light in
distance of 1.5 m from a screen. How far from
glass?
the object should a concave mirror be placed
so that it forms 4 cm2 image of object on the c c
Ans.
a
g   1.5 and a  w   1 .3
screen? Also, calculate the focal length of the vg vw
mirror.
c vg 1.3
So,  
Ans. vw c 1.5
13
 vg   vw
15
13
  2.25  108 ms 1
15
 1.95  108 ms 1
 v g  1.95 108 ms 1
3. A film of oil of refractive index 1.20, lies on
Let QP  x , v  IP   x  1.5m , u  x water of refractive index 1.33. A light ray is
incident at an angle 30o in the oil on the oil-
4cm 2 water boundary. Calculate the angle of refrac-
Areal magnification  4
1cm 2 tion in water.
 Linear magnification   4  2 (negative sin i  w
sign for real image) Ans. sin r  
0

48
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

sin 30 1.33 sin 35.06o 9

  
sin r 1.20 sin r  8

 sin r 
120
 sin 30   sin r   8  sin 35.06o
9
133
120 1 60  8  0.5745
9
  
133 2 133  r   30.7 o
sin r  0.4511 5. The velocity of light in a transparent medium is
 r  26.8o 1.8×108ms–1, while that in vacuum 3×108 ms–1.
4. A rectangular glass slab rests in the bottom of a Find by how much the bottom of the vessel
trough of water. A ray of light incident on water containing the liquid appears to be raised if the
surface at an angle of 50o pass through water in depth ofthe liquid is 0.25m.
to glass. Calculate the angle of refraction in Ans. Apparent shift of the bottom of the vessel,
 1
glass. Given that  w  4 3 and  g  3 2 . x  t 1  
 
Ans. Given  w  4 3 and  g  3 2
a a

c 3  108 30 5
Given t  0.25m ,     
v 1.8 10 8
18 3
a
g 32 9
 g 
w
 
a
w 4 8  1 
3 x  0.251 
 5 
 3

 3 2
 0.251    0.25 
 5 5
 0.05  2  0.1m
 The bottom of the vessel is raised through
0.1 m.
6. A vessel containing water up to a height of 20
cm and above it an oil up to another 20 cm.
The refractive indices of water and oil are 1.33
and 1.30 respectively. Find the apparent depth
of the vessel when viewed from above.
 1  1
Ans. Total apparent shift  t1 1     t 2 1   
 1  2
Angle of incidence on water surface, i=50o
 1   1 
sin 50 4  20 1    20 1  
Here   1.33   1.30 
sin r 3
133  100  130  100 
3  20    20  
 sin r   sin 50  133   130 
4
 33 30 
  200.2481  0.2307
3  20  
  0.766 133 130 
4
sin r  0.5745  20  0.4788  9.576cm  30.4cm
* Angle of refraction, r  35.06 o for the refrac- Apparent depth of the vessel
tion at water-glass interface,  20cm  20cm  9.576cm  30.4cm
7. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose
critical angle is 30o.
49
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

c 1 10. A ray of light PQ incident normally on the

Ans.   v  sin i refracting face BA is refracted in the prism
c
BAC made of material of refractive index 1.5.
 v  c  sin ic Complete the path of ray through the prism.
 3  108  sin 30 From which face will the ray emerge? Justify
your answer.
1
 3  108  ms 1
2
m
 1.5  108
s
8. Determine the direction in which a fish under
water sees the setting sun. Refractive index of
water is 1.33.
Ans. The figure shows the setting sun in the direction
of water surface.

1 1
Ans. sin ic    0.6667
 1.5
 ic  41.8
For face AC, i  30 , i.e., i  ic
The ray will not suffer total internal reflection
The apparent position of the sun makes an but it will emerge from face AC bending away
angle ic with the vertical from the normal.
From the Snell’s law, 11. A luminous object is located at the bottom of a
big pool of liquid of refractive index  and
sin 90
 1.33 depth h. The object S emits rays upwards in all
sin ic directions so that a circle of light is formed at
1 1 the surface of the liquid by the rays which are
 sin ic    0.7518 refracted in to the air. What happens to the
1.33 1.33
rays beyond the circle? Determine the radius
 ic  sin 1 0.7518  48.7 o and area of the circle.
9. Determine the value of the angle of incidence Ans. The light rays emerge through a circle of radius
for a ray of light, travelling from a medium of r.
refractive index 1  2 into the medium of
refractive index  2  1 so that it just grazes
along the surface of separation.
Ans. From Snell’s law, 1 sin i   2 sin r
1  2 ,  2  1 , r  90 
1
2  sin i  1 sin r  sin i 
2
i  45
sin ic
Radius, r  tan ic  h cos i
c

50
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
13. Light from a point source in air falls on a
1
 h convex spherical glass surface (  g  1.5 ,
rh 
1 1  12
radius of curvature=20 cm). The distance of
2
the light source from the glass surface is 100
cm. At what position is the image formed?
h 2
Area of the circle  r  2
2

  1 Ans. Given 1  1 , 2 1.5, u  100cm and

12. A point source of monochromatic light ‘S’ is R  20cm

kept at the centre of the bottom of a cylinder 2 1  2  1
 
of radius 15.0 cm. The cylinder contains water v u R
a
w 4 
3 to a height of 7.0 cm. Draw the 
1 .5 1
 
1 .5  1 1

ray diagram and calculate the area of water v 100 20 40
surface through which the light emerges in air. 3 1 1 52 3
   
2v 40 100 200 200
 v  100cm
14. A glass sphere of radius 15.0 cm has a small
bubble 6 cm from its centre. The bubble is
viewed along a diameter of the sphere from the
side on which it lies. How far from the surface
will it appear to be if the refractive index of
glass is 1.5?

Ans.

The light rays emerge through a circle of radius

r.
Here, r  h tan ic
1
sin ic  3
 4

cos ic  1  3  4 2
 7
4 Here, u  PO  9cm
3 1  1 ,  2  1.5 , v  ?
 tan ic  4  3 Refraction from denser to rarer medium,
7 7
4 1 2  2  1
 
v u R
9
 tan 2 ic 
7 1 1 .5 1  1 .5
 
Area of the circular patch through which light v 9  15
emerges  r 2  h 2 tan 2 ic 1 1 1
  
v 6 30
9
  7  
 63cm 2197.82cm 2
2

7
REFRACTION THROUGH SPHERICAL
SURFACE:
51
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

1 1 1 1 5  4 1 1 
      1.5  1  
v 30 6 30 30  15  30 
30 3 1
v cm  7.5cm  0 .5  
4 30 20
A virtual image is seen at 7.5 cm from the 1 1
spherical surface.   f  20cm
f 20
15. The diameter of a glass sphere is 15 cm. A
beam of lightstrickes the sphere, which con- 17. Obtain the range of values of  for which the
verges at point 30 cm behind the pole of the focal length of an equiconvex lens, kept in air,
spherical surface. Find the position of the image would have a greater magnitude than that of the
if   1.5 . radius of curvature of its two surfaces.
Ans. In the absence of the glass sphere, the light rays 1 1 1 
will converge at point O. Therefore O acts as Ans. As a rule, f    1 R  R 
 1 2 
the virtual object for the image I for refraction
at the first surface. For an equiconvex lens R1  R 2 and R2  R
1 2 R
So,    1  or f 
f R 2  1
For f greater than R, 2  1  1 or 2   3
   1 .5
Hence the required range of  is
1 .0    1 .5
18. The figure shows a thin lens with centres of
curvatures C1 and C2. Find focal length. Take
  1 .5 .

Here,   PO  30cm , 1  1 ,  2  1.5 ,

15
R cm  7 .5 cm
2
As light passes from rarer to denser medium
2 1  2  1
 
v u R
1 .5 1 1 .5  1 0 .5 1
   
v 30 7 .5 7.5 15
1 .5 1 1 1 2 3 Here, both the radii of curvature are positive
    
v 30 15 30 30 30 R1  10cm and R2  20cm .
 v  10 1.5cm  15cm . 1 1 1  1 1
LENS MAKER’S FORMULA:    1    1.5  1  
16. The radii of a double convex lens are 15cm f  R1 R2  10 20 
and 30cm and its refractive index is 1.5. 1 1
Calculate its focal length.  0 .5    f  40cm
20 40
1 1 1  POWER OF LENS AND COMBINATION OF
Ans. f    1 R  R  LENSES:
 1 2 
19. The radius of curvature of each surface of a
52
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
convex lens of refractive index 1.5 is 40cm. 1 1 1
Calculate its power. As a rule, f  f  f
1 2
Ans. Given   1.5 , R1  40cm  0.40m and
1 1 1 1 1 1
R2  40cm  0.40m      
f 2 f f1 20 16 80
1 1 1 
p    1    f 2  80cm
f  R1 R2  THIN LENS FORMULA:
23. Where should an object be placed from a
 1 1 
 1.5  1   converging lens of focal length 20 cm so as to
 0 .4 0 .4  obtain a real image of magnification 2.
2 10 5 f
 0 .5     2 .5 D Ans. m 
0 .4 4 2 f u
20. A convex lens of focal length 25cm is placed m=–2 (real image), f=20 cm
co-axially is contact with a concave lens of
focal length 20cm. Determine the power the 20
so,  2   20  u  10
power of the combination. Will the system be 20  u
convergent or divergent?  u  30cm .
100 100 24. A convex lens is placed on an optical bench
Ans. p  p1  p2  f in cm   f in cm  and is moved till it gives a real image of an
1 2
object at a minimum distance of 80cm from the
100 100 latter. Find the focal length of the lens. If the
   4  5  1D
25  20 object is placed at a distance of 15cm from the
As the power is –ve. The system will be lens, find the position of the image.
divergent in nature. Ans. The minimum distance between an object and
21. Two lenses of power 10D and –5D placed in its real image is 4f
contact. Here 4 f  80cm  f  20cm
(i) Calculate the power of the new lens. 1 1 1 1 1 34 1
(ii) Where should an object be held from the      
lens so as to obtain a virtual image of magnifi- v f u 20 15 60 60
cation 2?  v  60cm
Ans. (i) p  p1  p2  10  5  5D REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM:
25. A ray of light passing through an equilateral
1 1 triangular glass prism from air undergoes
(ii) f    0.2m  20cm
p 5 minimum deviation when angle of incidence is
f 3 th of the angle of prism. Calculate the
As a rule m  4
f u speed of light in the prism.
20 3 3
2   40  2u  20  2u  20cm Ans. Given i  A   60o  45o
20  u 4 4
So, u  10cm In the position of minimum deviation,
22. Rays coming from an object situated at infinity, A
fall on a convex lens and an image is formed at r  30o
2
distance of 16cm from the lens. When a
concave lens is placed in contact with the sin i sin 45o 1 2
convex lens, the image is formed at a distance As a rule    o
   2
sin r sin 30 2 1
of 20 cm from the lens combination. Calculate
the focal length of the concave lens. c 3  108 m
Hence,    s  0.707  3  108 ms 1
Ans. Focal length of convex lens, f1  16cm  2
Focal length of the combination, f  20cm
53
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
1
 v  2.12  10 ms 8

26. A ray of light suffers minimum deviation, while 1.414 2 1

sin i   
passing through a prism of refractive index 1.5 2 2 2
and refracting angle 60o. Calculate the angle of
 i  45o
deviation and angle of incidence.
28. As shown in the figure, PQ is the ray incident
Ans. Given   1.5 , A  60o on a prism ABC. Show the corresponding
In the position of minimum deviation, refracted and emergent rays. The critical angle
A m A 60 o o for the material of the prism is 40o. Also find
i and r   30 the refractive index of the material of the prism.
2 2 2
sin i
As  
sin r
sin i
 1.5 
sin 30o
 sin i  1.5  sin 30o
1
sin i  1.5   0.75
2
i  sin 1 0.75  48.6o
 m  2i  A  2  48.6  60o  37.2 o
27. One face of a prism of refracting angle 30o and
refractive index 1.414 is silvered. At what angle Ans. As the ray PQ is incident normally on face AB,
must a ray of light fall on the unsilvered face so so the refracted ray QR goes straight (see the
that after refraction in to the prism and refrac- answer figure) and is incident on face AC at
tion at the silvered surface it refraces its path? 45o.
Ans. The ray retraces its path at the silvered face
when it is incident normally on it.
 i  0o and r   0o
r  r   A or r  0  30 o
 r  30o

Here the angle of incient at R(=45o) is equal to

the critical angle (i=ic=45o), the emergent ray
QR goes alone the second face RC.
sin i
As a rule   
1

1
 2
sin r
sin ic sin 45
sin i 29. A thin prism of 6o angle gives a deviation of 3o.
 1.414   2 sin i
sin 30o What is the refractive index of the material of
the prism?
Ans. A  6o ,   3o ,   ?

54
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
For a prism of small angle, 33. What must be the focal length of a lens used as
microscope of magnifying power 26? The final
 
  A  1    1     1 image is formed at the distance of distirct vision.
A A Ans. Here, M=26, D=25cm,f=?
3
  1  1  0 .5  1 .5 D
6 As a rule M  1 
f
   1 .5
30. Calculate the angle of minimum deviation for an 25
 26  1 
f
equilateral prism of refractive index 3 .
 f  1cm
A
Ans. Given A  60 ,   3 , r   30
o
o
2  f  1cm
sin i 34. A magnifying glass is made of combination of
 lenses of power +20D and -4D. If the distance
sin r
of distinct vision is 25cm, calculate the size of an
sin i object 2cm high seen through the magnifying glass.
 3
sin 30o Ans. Power of combination,
 sin i  3 sin 30o P  P1  P2  20 D  4 D  16 D
Focal length of the combination,
1 3
sin i  3   1 1 25
2 2 f   m cm
P 16 4
 i  60o
 m  2i  A  2  60o  60o D 25
M  1  1  1 4  5
f 25
 m  60o 4
31. White light is passed through a prism of 5o . If Size of the image,
the refractive indices for red and blue rays are
h2  m  h1  5  2cm  10cm
1.641 and 1.659 respectively, calculate the
angle of dispersion between them. 35. You are given two converging lenses of focal
lengths 1.25cm and 5cm to design a compound
Ans. Angular dispersion   B   R A
microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification
 1.659  1.6415o  0.09o of 30, find out separation between the objective
32. In a certain spectrum produced by a glass and eyepiece.
prism of dispersive power 0.031, it is found Ans. Given f 0  1.25cm, f e  5cm, D  25cm
that the refractive index for the red ray is 1.645
When the final image is formed at the near point
and that for the blue ray is 1.665. What is the
of the eye, the magnifying power of the compound
refractive index for the yellow ray?
B  R L  D
Ans.     1 microscope is M  f 1  f 
Y 0  e

B  R L  25 
 Y  1   30  1  
 1.25  5 
B  R L
 Y  1   30  6 
 1.25
1.665  1.645
Y  1   1  0.645  1.6452
5
L
0.031
1.25
 Y  1.645
OPTICAL INSTRUMENT:-

55
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

 L  5 1.25cm  6.25cm 1 1 1 17
   
 L  6.25cm V0 30 200 600
36. A compound microscope has a magnification of V0  35.3cm
30. The focallength of its eyepiece in 5cm.
Distance between the objective and the eyepiece
Assuming the final image to be formed at the least
distance of distinct vision (25cm), calculate the   0  f e  35.3cm  3.0cm  38.3cm
magnification produced by the objective. 39. On seeing with unaided eye, the visual angle of
 D the moon at the eye is 0.06o . The focal length of
Ans. M  M 0  M e  M 0 1  f  the objective and the eyepiece of a telescope are
 e 
respectively 200cm and 5cm. What will be the
 25  visual angle on seeing through the telescope?
 30  M 0 1    M 0  6
 5  f0 
Ans. M  f  
30 e
M0  5
6 f0 200
     0.06o  2.4o
37. The magnifying power of an astronomical fe 5
telescope in the normal adjustment position is 100.
40. A telescope objective has a focal length of 100cm.
The distance between the objective eyepiece is
When the final image is formed at the least distance
101cm. Calculate the focal length of the objective
of distinct vision, the distance between the lenses
and the eyepiece.
is 105cm. Calculate the focal length of the
f0 eyepiece and the magnifying power of the
Ans. As a rule, M  f  100 or f 0  100 f e telescope.
e

f 0  f e  101 Ans. f 0  100cm,

So, 100 f e  f e  101 f 0  e  105cm

 101 f e  101  u e  5cm

For the eyepiece,
 f e  1cm
 e  5cm, Ve   D  25cm
Thus, f 0  101  f e  101  1  100cm
1 1 1
 f o  100cm  
f e Ve u e
38. A telescope has an objective of focal length 30cm
and an eyepiece of focal length 3.0cm. It is 1 1 1 1  5 4
   
focused on a scale distant 2m. For seeing with f e 25 5 25 25
relaxed eye, calculate the separation between the
objective and the eyepiece. 25
fe   6.25cm
Ans. For seeing with relaxed eye, the final image should 4
be at at infinity. This happens when the image  f e  6.25cm
formed by the objective lies at the focus of the
eyepiece for the objective: f0  f 
M 1  e 
u0  2.0m  200cm, f 0  30cm, fe  D 
f e  3.0cm 100  6.25 
 1    20
1 1 1 6.25  25 
 
V0 f 0 u0 M  20

56
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
***** 1
Ans. 
Very short questions and answers sin ic
(Each questions carries 1 mark) 8. Draw the course of ray incident normally
in the shorter face of right angled isoscele
1. What is the distance between centre of glass prism.
curvature and pole of a concave mirror in
terms of its focal length ? Ans.
Ans. R=2f
2. Write the formula for a refraction through
a single surface convex towards denser me-
dium.
Ans.
2 1  2  1
  9. With help of a graph show the variation of
v u R
angle of deviation with angle of incidence.
Where, 1 ,  2 , u,v and R are refractive indi-
ces of two media, object distance, image
Ans.
distance and radius of curvature respectively.
3. How can a convergent lens be made
divergent one?
Ans. A convergent lens, if placed in a medium whose
refractive index is more than the refractive
index of the lens material it becomes divergent.
4. What will happen to the focal length of a
10. Write the relation for deviation produced
glass lens if it is dipped in water?
by a prism of very small angle.
Ans. Focal length of the glass lens in water is larger
Ans. d  Aμ -1
than its value in air, f w  f a about 4 times.
Where, A=angle of prism
5. What is the power of a lens of focal length
μ = refractive indexof the prism
40 cm ?
11. What is the angle between incident ray and
100
Ans. P dioptre as f is in cm. emergent ray when light crosses a glass
f
slab.
100
P  2 .5 D Ans. 0
40
12. What is the angle of refraction in rarer
6. Why does diamond dazzle ?
medium when a ray of light is incident at
Ans. Critical angle of diamond is small, about 24.40.
critical angle from denser medium?
So rays of light entering into a piece of dia-
Ans. r  90
mond suffer multiple total internal reflect,
13. In case of an equilateral prism, what will
as a result the diamond dazzles.
be the sum of the angles which a ray, while
7. What is the relation between refractive
index of a medium and critical angle? travelling through the prism, makes with
the normals to the two refracting surfaces?
57
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
Ans. r1  r2  60 
24. According to Snell’s law, the ratio between the
14. What is the relation between angular dis- sine of angle of incidence and the sine of angle
persion and dispersive power of a prism? of refraction is equal to the velocity of light.
Angular disperism Ans. refractive index
Ans. Dispersive power 
Mean deviation 25. In case of minimum deviation, i=A+Dm.
15. Can a double convex have negative focal A  Dm
Ans.
length ? 2
Ans. Yes, if a double convex lens is put in a medium 26. Refractive index of material of a prism is maxi-
whose refractive index is greater than that of mum for violet rays.
lens material. Ans. Corect statement
27. Smaller the focal length of the lens of a simple
Fill the blanks microscope greater is the magnification pro-
duced.
16. Image formed by mirror is ............ inverted. Ans. Correct statement
Ans. laterally 28. Magnifying power of an astronomical telescope
17. ............. mirror is used as a rear view mirror. is equal to the ratio of focal length of eye lens to
Ans. Convex that of objective.
........
18.  Ans. objective to that of eye lens.
v
Ans. c 29. Greater the diameter of the objective of a tele-
19. A convex lens of power 5D and a concove lens scope smaller is the resolving power.
of power -3D are placed in contact. The focal Ans. greater
length of the combination is .............. 30. Aperture of objective of compound microscope
Ans. 0.5 metre is smaller than that of eye piece.
20. Angle of deviation produced by a prism is mini- Ans. Correct statement.
mum when the ratio between the angle of inci-
dence and emergence is .............. Multiple Choice Question and Answer
Ans. 1
21. Refractive index of material of prism for green 31. A convex mirror of focal length f forms an
colour is .............. than that for orange colour. 1
image which is times the object. The
Ans. greater n
distance of the object from the mirror is
22. The aperture of objective lens of a telescope
should be ..............  n 1
a) (n-1)f b)  f
 n 
Ans. larger
Make correction , if necessary by  n 1
c)  f d) (n+1)f
changing the underline words.  n 
Ans. a
23. Radius of curvature of a concave lens is equal
32. The focal length of a concave mirror is 50cm.
to half its focal length.
Where an object be placed, so that its image is
Ans. double
two times and inverted
a) 75 cm b) 60 cm
c)125 cm d) 50 cm
58
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
Ans. a 3 4
are and . The ratio of velocities of light in
33. A concave mirror of focal length f (in air) is 2 3
immersed in water   4 3 . The focal length glass and water will be
a) 4:3 b) 9:8
of the mirror in water will be c)8:9 d) 3:4
4 Ans. c
a) f b) f
3 39. When light is refracted, which of the following
3 7 does not change?
c) f d) f
4 3 a) Wavelength b) Frequency
Ans. a c)Velocity d) Amplitude
34. Convergence of concave mirror can be de-
Ans. b
creased by dipping in
40. 1 and 2 are the refractive index of two me-
a) Water b) Oil
diums and v1 and v2 are the velocity of light in
c)both (a) and (b) d) Noone of these
these two mediums respectively. Then the rela-
Ans. d
tion connecting those quantities is
35. The refractive index of a certain glass is 1.5 for
0 a) v1  v2 b) 2v1  1v2
light whose wavelength in vaccum is 6000 A .
c) 1 v1   2 v2 d) 1v1  2v2
2 2

The wavelength of this light when it passes

Ans. d
through glass is
41. A convex lens of focal length 40cm is in con-
0 0
a) 4000 A b) 6000 A tact with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm.
0 0 The power of combination is
c)9000 A d) 15000 A
Ans. a a) -1.5D b) -6.5D
36. The refractive indices of glass and water with c)+6.5D d) +15D
respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. The Ans. a
refractive index of glass with respect to water 42. Distance of an object from a concave lens of
will be focal length 20 cm is 40 cm. Then linear magni-
a) 8/9 b) 9/8 fication of the image
c)7/6 d) None of these a) =1 b) <1
Ans. b c) <1 d) Zero
37. Electromagnetic radiation of frequency n, Ans. b
wavelength  ,travelling with velocity V in air,, 43. A plano convex lens is made of glass of refrac-
enters a glass slab of refractive index  .The tive index 1.5. The radius of curvature of its
frequency, wavelength and velocity of light in convex surface is R. Its focal length is
the glass slab will be respectively a) R/2 b) R

n  v  v c)2R d) 1.5R
a) , , b) n, , Ans. c
    
44. The minimum distance between an object and
v n 
c) n,  , d) , , v its real image formed by a convex lens is
  
Ans. b a) 1.5 f b) 2 f
38. Absolute refractive indices of glass and water c) 2.5 f d) 4 f
Ans. d
59
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
45. The focal length of a converging lens is mea- incidence, the incident ray and the reflected ray
sured for violet, green and red colours. It is re- from the two mirrors be parallel to each other
spectively f v , f g , f r . We will find that (a)  (b) 
a) f v  f b) f v  f r
(c)  (d) 
c) f v  f r d) f g  f
Ans. b Ans:- (b)Incident ray and finally reflected ray are
46. The critical angle of a prism is 30 . The veloc- parallel to each other means   180 o
ity of light in the medium is
a) 1.5×108 m/s b) 3×108 m/s
c) 4.5×108 m/s d)None of these P Q

Ans. a
47. A glass slab has a critical angle of 30 when
O
placed in air. What will be the critical angle when
it is placed in liquid of refractive index 6/5? From   360  2  180  360  2
a) 45 b) 37

   90 o
c) 53 d) 60
Ans. b 52. A plane mirror is approaching you at a speed
48. Under minimum deviation condition in a prism, of 10cm / secYou can see your image in it. At
if a ray is incident at an angle 30 , the angle what speed will your image approach you
between the emergent ray and the second re-
fracting surface of the prism is
(a)10cm / sec (b)5cm / sec
a) 0 b) 30
c) 45 d) 60 (c)20cm / sec (d)15cm / sec
Ans. d
Ans: (c) Suppose at any instant, plane mirror lies
49. White light is passed through a prism ....... at a distance x from object. Image will be
colour shows maximum deviation. formed behind the mirror at the same
a) Red b) Violet distance x.
c) Yellow d) Green
Ans. b O I
50. The angle of minimum deviation for a prism of x x

refractive index 1.5 is equal to the angle of

prism. The angle of prism is _________ .
When the mirror shifts towards the object
(Given cos410 = 0.75) by distance ‘y’ the image shifts
a) 210 b) 420     

c) 600 d) 820
So speed of image = 2 ´ speed of mirror
Ans. d
51. What should be the angle between two plane
mirrors so that whatever be the angle of

60
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

2 1
56. A plane mirror produces a magnification of
y
(a)  (b) 
O I2 I1
(c)Zero (d)Between 0 and  
(x – y) (x – y)
x x Ans:- (b)Size of image formed by a plane mirror
(x + y) is same as that of the object. Hence its
magnification will be 1.
53. A light bulb is placed between two plane
mirrors inclined at an angle of The number 57. A diminished virtual image can be formed only

of images formed are in
(a) Plane mirror
(a) 6 (b) 2 (b)A concave mirror
(c) 5 (d) 4 (c)A convex mirror

Ans: (c)Number of images (d)Concave-parabolic mirror

Ans:- (c)
 360   360 
  1    1  5 58. Which of the following could not produce a
    60 
virtual image
54. A person is in a room whose ceiling and two
(a) Plane mirror
adjacent walls are mirrors. How many images
(b) Convex mirror
are formed
(c) Concave mirror
(a) 5 (b) 6
(d) All the above can produce a virtual image
(c) 7 (d) 8 Ans:- (d)
Ans:- (c)The walls will act as two mirrors inclined to 59. An object 5cm tall is placed 1m from a
  concave spherical mirror which has a radius of
each other at  and so will form    4
 curvature of The size of the image is
– 1 i.e. 3 images of the person. Now these
images with person will act as objects for the
ceiling mirror and so ceiling mirror will form (a) 0.11cm (b) 0.50cm
images further. Therefore total number of
images formed     (c) 0.55cm (d) 0.60cm
Note : He can see. images of himself.
Ans:- (c)
55. When a plane mirror is rotated through an angle
I f I  10
 then the reflected ray turns through the angle     I  0.55 cm
O ( f  u)  5  10  (100)
 then the size of the image
60. The field of view is maximum for
(a)Is doubled (b)Is halved
(a) Plane mirror( b) Concave mirror
(c)Remains the same (d)Becomes infinite (c) Convex mirror (d) Cylindrical mirror
Ans:- (c)In plane mirror, size of the image is Ans:- (c)
independent of the angle of incidence.

61
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
61. In a concave mirror experiment, an object is becomes inverted. What type of mirror he is
placed at a distance x1 from the focus and the using
image is formed at a distance from the focus. (a) Plane mirror (b) Convex mirror
The focal length of the mirror would be (c) Concave mirror (d) None of these
Ans:- (c)Plane mirror and convex mirror always
(a) x1 x2 (b) x1 x2
forms erect images. Image formed by
concave mirror may be erect or inverted
x1  x2 x1 depending on position of object.
(c) (d) x2
2
65. While using an electric bulb, the reflection for
Ans:- (b)Given u  ( f  x1 ) and v  ( f  x2 ) street lighting should be from
(a) Concave mirror
uv ( f  x1 )( f  x2 )
The focal length f  u  v  ( f  x )  ( f  x ) (b) Convex mirror
1 2

(c) Cylindrical mirror

On solving, we get f 2
 x1 x 2 or f  x1 x 2 (d) Parabolic mirror
Ans:- (b)To make the light diverging as much as
62. A convex mirror is used to form the image of
possible.
an object. Then which of the following
statements is wrong 66. An object 1cm tall is placed 4cm infront of a
(a) The image lies between the pole and the focus mirror. In order to produce an upright image of
(b) The image is diminished in size 3cm height one needs a
(c) The image is erect (a) Convex mirror of radius of curvature 12cm
(d) The image is real
(b) Concave mirror of radius of curvature 12cm
Ans:- (d)The image formed by a convex mirror
is always virtual. (c)Concave mirror of radius of curvature 4cm
63. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal
(d) Plane mirror of height 12cm
length is a quarter of the size of the object.
The distance of the object from the mirror is Ans: (b)Erect and enlarged image can produced
by concave mirror.
(a) 30cm (b) 90cm
I f 3 f
(c) 120cm (d) 60cm     f   6 cm
O f u  1 f  (  4)

f
Ans: (b) m   R  2 f  12 cm
( f  u)
67. A concave mirror gives an image three times
 1 (30) as large as the object placed at a distance of
     u   90 cm
 4  (30)  u
20cm from it. For the image to be real, the
64. A person sees his virtual image by holding a focal length should be

mirror very close to the face. When he moves (a) 10cm (b) 15cm
the mirror away from his face, the image
62
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(c) 20cm (d) 30cm 1
Ans:- (b)   , r  v

f f
Ans: (b) m  f  u   3  f  (20) 71. The refractive index of a certain glass is 1.5 for
light whose wavelength in vacuum is 6000 Å.
The wavelength of this light when it passes
 f   15 cm through glass is
(a) 4000 Å (b) 6000 Å
68. A point object is placed at a distance of 30 cm (c) 9000 Å (d) 15000 Å
from a convex mirror of focal length 30cm. The  air 6000
image will form at Ans:- (a)  medium    4000 Å
 1 .5
(a) Infinity (b) Focus 72. How much water should be filled in a container
(c) Pole 21 cm in height, so that it appears half filled
(d)15 cm behind the mirror when viewed from the top of the container
Ans:- (d) u  30 cm, f  30 cm, by using (given that a   4 / 3 )
mirror formula
(a) 8.0 cm (b) 10.5 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
     (c) 12.0 cm (d)None of the above
f v u  30 v (30)
Ans:- (c)To see the container half-filled from top,
v  15 cm, behind the mirror
water should be filled up to height x so that
bottom of the container should appear to
be raised upto height (21–x).
As shown in figure apparent depth
O I

h'  (21  x)
15cm
30cm

Real depth h  x
69. The ratio of the refractive index of red light to
blue light in air is
(a) Less than unity (21 – x )

(b) Equal to unity (21 – x )

21 cm x
(c) Greater than unity hx
(d) Less as well as greater than unity depending Bottom Raised bottom

upon the experimental arrangement

h 4 x
Ans:- (a)  blue   red      x  12cm
h' 3 21  x
70. The refractive index of a piece of transparent
quartz is the greatest for 73. Monochromatic light is refracted from air into
the glass of refractive index  . The ratio of
the wavelength of incident and refracted waves
(a) Red light (b) Violet light
is
(c) Green light (d) Yellow light
(a) 1 :  (b) 1 :  2
63
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(c)  : 1 (d) 1 : 1 v1 4500
 v2   2  3  10 8   2.25  10 8 m / s
1 6000
1  2 
1
Ans:- (c)      78.A beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength
  2 1 1
4200Å in air travels in water (   4 / 3 ). Its
74. The index of refraction of diamond is 2.0, wavelength in water will be
velocity of light in diamond in cm/second is
(a) 2800 Å (b)5600 Å
approximately
(c) 3150 Å (d) 4000 Å
(a) 6  1010 (b) 3.0  1010
1
(c) 2  1010 (d) 1.5  1010 Ans:- (c)  

1 x
c 3 108    x  3150Å
Ans:- (d) v   1.5 108 m / s 4 / 3 4200
 2
[Link] the adjoining diagram, a wavefront AB, moving
 1.5  1010 cm / s
in air is incident on a plane glass surface XY. Its
75. When a light wave goes from air into water,
position CD after refraction through a glass slab
the quality that remains unchanged is its
is shown also along with the normals drawn at
(a) Speed (b) Amplitude
A and D. The refractive index of glass with
(c) Frequency (d) Wavelength
respect to air (   ) will be equal to
Ans:- (c) Let   and   represents frequency and
wavelength of light in medium respectively. sin  sin 
(a) (b)
v c/ c sin  ' sin  '
so      
  /  
sin  ' AB
76. Light takes 8 min 20 sec to reach from sun on (c) (d)
sin  CD
the earth. If the whole atmosphere is filled with
water, the light will take the time ( a  w  4 / 3 ) B

(a) 8 min 20 sec (b) 8 min   D

X Y
A  
(c) 6 min 11 sec (d) 11 min 6 sec
C
ca t w 25 4 1
Ans: (d)   c  t  t w  3  9  11 9  11 min 6 sec
w a
Ans:- (b) In the case of refraction if CD is the
r efr acted wave f r ont and v1 and v2 are the
[Link] a colour of light the wavelength for air is 6000
speed of light in the two media, then in the
Å and in water the wavelength is 4500 Å. Then time the wavelets from B reaches C, the
the speed of light in water will be wavelet from A will reach D, such that
(a) 5.  1014 m / s (b) 2.25  108 m/s
B
(c) 4.0  108 m/s (d) Zero

  C
v1 1 A 
Ans:- (b) v      
v2 2 D

64
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

BC AD BC v a (a) Decreases
t   
va vg AD v g (b) Increases or decreases depending on the
rate of heating
But in    .....(ii)
(c) Does not change
while in     .....(iii) (d) Increases

1
Ans:- (a)Refractive index 
(Temperatu re)
80. On a glass plate a light wave is incident at an
angle of 60°. If the reflected and the refracted 83. Electromagnetic radiation of frequency n,

waves are mutually perpendicular, the refractive wavelength  , travelling with velocity v in air,,

index of material is enters a glass slab of refractive index  . The

frequency, wavelength and velocity of light in
3
(a) (b) 3 the glass slab will be respectively
2
n  v  v
3 1 (a) , , (b) n, ,
(c) (d)     
2 3
v n 
(c) n ,  , (d) , ,v
o
60 60
o   
o
90
Ans:- (b) From figure Ans:- (b)Frequency does not change with medium
o
30
but wavelength and velocity decrease with
the increase in refractive index.

 i  60 o ,  r  30 o 84. A plane glass slab is kept over various coloured

letters, the letter which appears least raised is
sin 60
So    3
sin 30
(a) Blue (b) Violet
(c) Green (d) Red
81. Monochromatic light of frequency 5 1014 Hz h 1
travelling in vacuum enters a medium of Ans:- (d)     h  
h 
refractive index 1.5. Its wavelength in the
medium is

(a) 4000 Å (b) 5000 Å

(c) 6000 Å (d) 5500 Å

a c 3 10 8
Ans:- (a)  m     4000 Å
  5 1014 1.5
82. On heating a liquid, the refractive index   R  V so hR  hV
generally i.e. Red colour letter appears least raised.

65
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(a) Behave as a perfect reflector
85. The ratio of thickness of plates of two (b) Absorb all light falling on it
transparent mediums A and B is 6 : 4. If light (c) Have refractive index one
takes equal time in passing through them, then
(d) Have refractive index exactly matching with that
refractive index of B with respect to A will be
of the surrounding fluid
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.5
Ans:- (d) Objects are invisible in liquid of R.I.
(c)1.75 (d)1.33 equal to that of object
Ans:- (b) Time taken by light to travel distance 89. The frequency of a light ray is 6  1014 Hz. Its
x through a medium of refractive index  frequency when it propagates in a medium of
is
refractive index 1.5, will be
x B xA 6 3
t     A  B   1.5 (a) 1.67  1014 Hz (b) 9.10  1014 Hz
c  A xB 4 2

86. Stars are twinkling due to (c) 6  1014 Hz (d) 4  1014 Hz

Ans:- (c) Frequency remain unchanged.

(a) Diffraction (b) Reflection
90. A fish at a depth of 12 cm in water is viewed
(c) Refraction (d) Scattering
by an observer on the bank of a lake. To what
Ans:- (c) Stars twinkle due to variation in R.I. of
height the image of the fish is raised.
atmosphere.
87. A thin oil layer floats on water. A ray of light
(a) 9 cm (b) 12 cm
making an angle of incidence of 40° shines on
(c) 3.8 cm (d) 3 cm
oil layer. The angle of refraction of light ray in
water is (  oil  1.45,  water  1.33 ) Ans:- (d) Apparentrise

 1 
  12  1    3cm
3
 d 1 
 a w   4
(a)36 .1° (b)44.5°
91. A cut diamond sparkles because of its
(c)26. 8° (d)28.9°
(a) Hardness
sin i
Ans:- (d)Refraction at air-oil point  oil 
sin r1 (b) High refractive index
(c) Emission of light by the diamond
sin 40
 sin r1   0.443
1.45 (d) Absorption of light by the diamond
Refraction at oil-water point Ans:- (b) Due to high refractive index its critical
sin r1 angle is very small so that most of the light
oil  water  incident on the diamond is total internally
sin r
reflected repeatedly and diamond

1.33 0.443
  or sin r 
0.443  1.45
 r  28.9 o
sparkles.
1.45 sin r 1.33
92. The wavelength of light in two liquids ‘x’ and
88. An object is immersed in a fluid. In order that ‘y’ is 3500 Å and 7000 Å, then the critical angle
the object becomes invisible, it should of x relative to y will be
66 (a) 60° (b) 45°
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(c) 30° (d) 15° (c) Air to water (d) Water to air
Ans:- (c) The critical angle C is given by Ans:- (d) For total internal reflection light must
n2 1 3500 1 travel from denser medium to rarer
sin C      C  30 o medium.
n1 2 7000 2
93. If the critical angle for total internal reflection
from a medium to vacuum is 30°, the velocity 96. Total internal reflection of a ray of light is

of light in the medium is possible when the ( = critical angle,  angle

of incidence)
(a) 3 108 m/s (b) 1.5  108 m/s
(a) Ray goes from denser medium to rarer medium
(c) 6  108 m/s (d) 3  108 m/s
and i  ic
1 1
Ans:- (b)    2 (b) Ray goes from denser medium to rarer medium
sin C sin 30
and i  ic
3  10 8
v   1.5  10 8 m / s (c) Ray goes from rarer medium to denser medium
2
and i  ic
94. A ray of light is incident at an angle i from denser
(d) Ray goes from rarer medium to denser medium
to rare medium. The reflected and the refracted
and i  ic
rays are mutually perpendicular. The angle of
reflection and the angle of refraction are Ans:- (b)
respectively r and r’, then the critical angle will
be 97. The critical angle for diamond (refractive index
= 2) is
(a) sin 1 (sin r ) (b) sin 1 (tan r ' )
(a) About 20° (b) 60°
(c) sin 1 (tan i ) (d) tan 1 (sin i )
(c) 45° (d) 30°

1 1
i r Ans:- (d)    C  sin 1    30o
sin C  2
r
1
98. The phenomenon utilised in an optical fibre is
(a) Refraction
sin i sin r  1 (b) Interference
Ans:- (c) D  R  sin r   R  D  sin i  sin C
(c) Polarization
sin i sin i sin i (d)Total internal reflection
 sin C    asi  r 
sin(90  r ) cos r cos i
Ans:- (d)
 sin C  tan i  C  sin 1 (tan i ) 99. The refractive index of water is 4 / 3 and that
of glass is 5/3. What will be the critical angle
95. Total internal reflection of light is possible when
for the ray of light entering water from the glass
light enters from
(a) Air to glass (b) Vacuum to air
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

1 4 1 5  1 
(a) sin (b) sin sin 1
 
5 4 (a)   (b) 90o
 
1 1 1 2
(c) sin (d) sin
2 1
1  1  1  1 
(c) sin  2  (d) sin  
  
1  5/3 1
Ans:- (a) w  g   g  
sin C  w 4 / 3 sin C 1 1
Ans:- (c) a  g  
sin  sin 
4 4 .....(i)
 sin C   C  sin 1  
5 5
sin i sin 
Now from Snell’s law   
100. Relation between critical angles of water and sin r sin r
glass is
sin 
(a) Cw > Cg (b) Cw < Cg  sin r  .....(ii)

(c) Cw = Cg (d) Cw = Cg = 0
From equation (i) and (ii)
Ans:- (a)  w   g  c w  c g
101. Light wave enters from medium 1 to medium
2. Its velocity in 2nd medium is double from  1 
1
1st. For total internal reflection the angle of sin r   r  sin 1  2 
 2
 
incidence must be greater than
103. Critical angle for light going from medium (i) to
(a) 30o (b)60 o
(ii) is q. The speed of light in medium (i) is v
(c) 45 o (d) 90 o then speed in medium (ii) is
(a)   (b) 
2 v1 1 1
Ans:- (a)   v  2    2( 1   2 ) (c) (d)
1 2 2   

For total internal reflection 1  1  1  v 2  1

Ans: (b) 2 1 
sin   2 sin  v1 sin 
1 
2 1   1
sin C 2 v2 1 v
   v2 
v sin  sin 
1 1
 2  C  30o
sin C sin C 104. A fish looking up through the water sees the

So, for total (Internal reflection angle of outside world contained in a circular horizon.
4
incidence must be greater than 30°. If the refractive index of water is and the
3
fish is 12 cm below the surface, the radius of
102. Glass has refractive index m with respect to air this circle in cm is
and the critical angle for a ray of light going
from glass to air is q. If a ray of light is incident (a) 36 5 (b) 4 5

from air on the glass with angle of incidence q, (c) 36 7 (d) 36 / 7

the corresponding angle of refraction is
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

3h 3  12 36  Power of second lens

Ans:- (d) r   
7 7 7 100 100
P2    3.75 D
f2  80 / 3
105. The radius of curvature for a convex lens is 40
108. Two similar plano-convex lenses are
cm, for each surface. Its refractive index is 1.5.
combined together in three different ways as
The focal length will be
shown in the adjoining figure. The ratio of the
(a) 40 cm (b)20 cm
focal lengths in three cases will be
(c) 80 cm (d) 30 cm

1 1 1 
Ans:- (a) By formula  (   1)   
f  R1 R2 

 1 1 1 1 (a) 2 : 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 : 1
 (1.5  1)    0.5  
 40 40  20 40
(c) 1 : 2 : 2 (d) 2 : 1 : 1
 f  40cm
Ans:- (b) In each case two plane-convex lens are
106. A convex lens of focal length 40 cm is in contact placed close to each other, and
with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm. The 1 1 1
 
power of combination is F f1 f 2
(a) – 1.5 D (b) – 6.5 D
(c) + 6.5 D (d) + 6.67 D
109. Two lenses of power +12 and – 2 diopters are
Ans:- (a) Focal length of the combination can be placed in contact. What will the focal length of
calculated as
combination
1 1 1 1 1 1
     (a) 10 cm (b) 12.5 cm
F f1 f 2 F (40) (25)
(c) 16.6 cm (d) 8.33 cm
200
F  cm Ans:- (a) Power of the combination P  P1  P2
3
 12  2  10 D
100 100
P     1 .5 D  Focal length of the combination
F  200 / 3
107. Two lenses are placed in contact with each 100 100
F   10 cm
other and the focal length of combination is 80 P 10
cm. If the focal length of one is 20 cm, then the
110. If in a plano-convex lens, the radius of curvature
power of the other will be
of the convex surface is 10 cm and the focal length
(a) 1.66 D (b) 4.00 D
of the lens is 30 cm, then the refractive index of
(c) –1.00 D (d) – 3.75 D the material of lens will be
1 1 1 1 1 1 (a) 1.5 (b) 1.66
Ans:- (d) F  f  f  80  20  f
1 2 2
(c) 1.33 (d) 3
80
 f2   cm
3
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

R 10 (c) 30 cm (d) 60 cm
Ans:- (c) f   30     1.33
(   1) (   1) (   1) (1.5  1)
Ans: (d) f l  a g f
 l   f l  60 cm
111. A converging lens is used to form an image on fa ( l  g  1) 15  1.5 
  1
 4/3 
a screen. When upper half of the lens is covered
by an opaque screen 114. A glass lens is placed in a medium in which it is
found to behave like a glass plate. Refractive
(a) Half the image will disappear
index of the medium will be
(b) Complete image will be formed of same intensity
(a) Greater than the refractive index of glass
(c) Half image will be formed of same intensity
(b) Smaller than the refractive index of glass
(d) Complete image will be formed of decreased
(c) Equal to refractive index of glass
intensity
(d) No case will be possible from above
Ans:- (d) Because to form the complete image
only two rays are to be passed through the f l ( a  g  1)
lens and moreover, since the total amount Ans:- (c) f  (   1)
a l g
of light released by the object is not passing
through the lens, therefore image is faint  f l   if l  g  1
(intensity is decreased).
 a l  a  g
112. The ray diagram could be correct
115. A convex lens of crown glass ( =1.525) will
behave as a divergent lens if immersed in
(a) If n1  n2  n g
(a) Water (n =1.33)
(b) If n1  n2 and n1  n g (b) In a medium of n = 1.525
(c) Carbon disulphide n =1.66
(c) If n1  n2 and n1  ng
(d) It cannot act as a divergent lens
(d) Under no circumstances I1 v I u
Ans. (c)  and 2   O 2  I 1 I 2
O u O v

116. A divergent lens will produce

ng
n1
n2
(a) Always a virtual image
Lens (b) Always real image
(c) Sometimes real and sometimes virtual
Ans:- (c) If nl  n g then the lens will be in more (d) None of the above
denser medium. Hence its nature will A ns. (a) A concave lens always forms virtual image
change and the convex lens will behave like for real objects.
a concave lens.
117. A double convex lens of focal length 20 cm is
113. A thin convex lens of refractive index 1.5 has a made of glass of refractive index 3 / 2. When
focal length of 15 cm in air. When the lens is placed completely in water ( a  w  4 / 3) , its
focal length will be
placed in liquid of refractive index 4/3 , its focal
length will be (a) 80 cm (b) 15 cm
(c) 17.7 cm (d) 22.5 cm
(a) 15 cm (b) 10 cm
Ans. (a) f  4  f , air lens is made up of glass.
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

118. An object is placed at a distance of f / 2  u  150 cm

from a convex lens. The image will be 122. A convex lens of focal length 12 cm is made

(a) At one of the foci, virtual and double its size 3

of glass of   . What will be its focal
2
(b) At 3f / 2, real and inverted
5
(c) At 2f, virtual and erect length when immersed in liquid of  
4
(d) None of these
1 1 1 f
Ans. (a) f  v  u (Given u  ) (a) 6 cm (b) 12 cm
2
(c) 24 cm (d) 30 cm

1 1  1  1 1 2 3 
  1
 f  v   f / 2   v  f  f f l ( a  g  1) 2   5
   
Ans. (d) f ( l  g  1)  3 / 2  1 2
a

1 1 v f 5/ 4 
 v  f and m  u  f / 2  2
 5  12  5
So virtual at the focus and of double size.  f l  f a  2   2  30
 
119. Focal length of a convex lens will be maximum
123. Two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f 2
for
are in contact and coaxial. The combination is
(a) Blue light (b) Yellow light
equivalent to a single lens of power
(c) Green light (d) Red light
1 1 f1 f 2
Ans. (d) f  (   1) and   . Hence f   (a) f1  f 2 (b)
 f1  f 2
and  r   v
1 f1  f 2
120. A plano convex lens ( f  20cm ) is silvered (c) ( f1  f 2 ) (d)
2 f1 f 2
at plane surface. Now f will be
1 f1  f 2
(a) 20 cm (b) 40 cm Ans. (d) P  F  f f
(c) 30 cm (d) 10 cm 1 2

1 2 1 124. A achromatic combination is made with a lens

Ans. (d) F  f  f
l m of focal length f and dispersive power 
with a lens having dispersive power of 2 .
1 2 1 The focal length of second will be
    F  10
F 20 
(a) 2 f (b) f / 2
121. The focal length of convex lens is 30 cm and
the size of image is quarter of the object, then (c)  f / 2 (d) – 2 f
the object distance is
(a) 150 cm (b) 60 cm Ans. (d)  / f  2 / f '  f '  2 f
(c) 30 cm (d) 40 cm
125. Focal length of a convex lens of refractive index
f 1 30 1.5 is 2 cm. Focal length of lens when immersed
Ans. (a) m   
f u 4 30  u in a liquid of refractive index of 1.25 will be

71
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(a) 10 cm (b) 2.5 cm 129. A concave lens of focal length 20 cm placed in
(c) 5 cm (d) 7.5 cm contact with a plane mirror acts as a

fl a g (a) Convex mirror of focal length 10 cm


Ans. (c) f a a  g  1 (b) Concave mirror of focal length 40 cm
a l (c) Concave mirror of focal length 60 cm
(d) Concave mirror of focal length 10 cm
fl 1 .5  1
   f l  5 cm 1 2 1
2 1 .5
1 Ans. (a) F  f  f . Here , hence
m
1.25

126. The focal length of a convex lens depends upon

(a) Frequency of the light ray
130. A convex lens of power + 6D is placed in
(b) Wavelength of the light ray contact with a concave lens of power – 4D.
(c) Both (a) and (b) What is the nature and focal length of the
(d) None of these combination

1 1 (a) Concave, 25 cm (b) Convex, 50 cm

Ans. (b) f  and  
 1  (c) Concave, 20 cm (d) Convex, 100 cm
Ans. (b) So
127. If a lens is cut into two pieces perpendicular
to the principal axis and only one part is used, focal length
the intensity of the image
= + 50 cm; convex lens
1
(a) Remains same (b) times
2
131. A double convex lens of glass of m = 1.5 has
(c) 2 times (d) Infinite radius of curvature of each of its surface is 0.2
m. The power of the lens is
Ans. (a) Since light transmitting area is same, there is (a) + 10 dioptres (b) – 10 dioptres
no effect on intensity. (c) – 5 dioptres (d) +5 dioptres

128. A convex lens of focal length f produces an Ans. (d)

1
image times than that of the size of the
n
object. The distance of the object from the
lens is 132. A double convex thin lens made of glass of
refractive index 1.6 has radii of curvature 15
f cm each. The focal length of this lens when
(a) (b) immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.63 is
n

(c) ( n  1) f (d) ( n  1) f (a) – 407 cm (b) 250 cm

(c) 125 cm (d) 25 cm
f 1 f
Ans. (c) m   
( f  u) n ( f  u)

 u   ( n  1) f

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
136. A convex lens has a focal length f. It is cut into
Ans. (a) ; two parts along the dotted line as shown in the
figure. The focal length of each part will be

(a) (b) f

133. A lens of power + 2 diopters is placed in

contact with a lens of power – 1 diopoter. The (c) (d) 2f
combination will behave like
(a) A divergent lens of focal length 50 cm
(b) A convergent lens of focal length 50 cm Ans. (d) ,
(c) A convergent lens of focal length 100 cm
(d) A divergent lens of focal length 100 cm
Ans. (c)
137. The combination of a convex lens (f = 18 cm)
and a thin concave lens (f = 9 cm) is

(a) A concave lens (f = 18 cm)

134. The relation between n1 and n2, if behaviour of (b) A convex lens (f = 18 cm)
light rays is as shown in figure is (c) A convex lens (f = 6 cm)
(d) A concave lens (f = 6 cm)

n1 n2 Ans. (a) cm (i.e.

concave lens)
Lens
138. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a
(a) (b) concave lens of focal length 10 cm are joined
together. The power of the combination will
(c) (d)
be
Ans. (b) Nature of lens changes, if (a) – 16 D (b) + 16 D
(c) – 6 D (d) + 6 D
135. In a plano-convex lens the radius of curvature
of the convex lens is 10 cm. If the plane side is Ans. (c)
polished, then the focal length will be (Refractive
index = 1.5) 139. The unit of focal power of a lens is
(a) 10.5 cm (b 10 cm (a) Watt (b) Horse power
(c) Dioptre (d) Lux
(c) 5.5 cm (d) 5 cm
Ans. (c)
140. A thin lens made of glass of refractive index
Ans. (b) m = 1.5 has a focal length equal to 12 cm in

73
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
144. In a parallel beam of white light is incident on a
air. It is now immersed in water . converging lens, the colour which is brought to
Its new focal length is focus nearest to the lens is
(a) Violet (b) Red
(a) 48 cm (b) 36 cm
(c) The mean colour (d) All the colours
(c) 24 cm (d) 12 cm together
Ans. (a) Ans. (a) Focal length for voilet is minimum.

141. A convex lens produces a real image m times 145. In order to obtain a real image of magnification
the size of the object. What will be the distance 2 using a converging lens of focal length 20
of the object from the lens cm, where should an object be placed
(a) 50 cm (b) 30 cm
(a) (b) (m –1)f
(c) – 50 cm (d) – 30 cm
Ans. (d) For real image 

(c) (d)
Þu

Ans. (a) = – 30 cm.

146. A double convex lens

having focal
length equal to the focal length of a concave
mirror. The radius of curvature of the concave
142. Two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are in
mirror is
contact. The focal length of this combination is
(a) 10 cm (b 20 cm
(a) (b) (c) 40 cm (d) 15 cm

Ans. (b)
(c) (d)

Ans. (b) = Þ f = 10 cm

143. If aperture of lens is halved then image will be

\ Radius of curvature of concave mirror = 2f = 20 cm.
(a) No effect on size
147. Spherical aberration in a lens
(b) Intensity of image decreases
(c) Both (a) and (b) (a) Is minimum when most of the deviation is at
the first surface
(d) None of these
(b) Is minimum when most of the deviation is at
Ans. (c) Since intensity µ (Aperature)2, so intensity of the second surface
image will decrease but no change in the size
(c) Is minimum when the total deviation is equally
occurs.
distributed over the two surface
(d) Does not depend on the above
consideration

74
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
Ans. (c) Ans. (b) For achromatic combination

148. A convex lens is in contact with concave lens.

The magnitude of the ratio of their focal length
is 2/3. Their equivalent focal length is 30 cm.
What are their individual focal lengths and
(a) – 75, 50 (b) – 10, 15
solving above equations be get
(c) 75, 50 (d) – 15, 10

Ans. (d) .....(i) 151. A combination of two thin lenses of the same
material with focal lengths and ,
arranged on a common axis minimizes
.....(ii) chromatic aberration, if the distance between
them is
Solving equation (i) and (ii)

(Concave) (a) (b)

(Convex)
(c) (d)
149. A concave lens and a convex lens have same
focal length of 20 cm and both put in contact Ans. (b)
this combination is used to view an object 5
152. A thin equiconvex lens is made of glass of
cm long kept at 20 cm from the lens
refractive index 1.5 and its focal length is 0.2
combination. As compared to object the image
m, if it acts as a concave lens of 0.5 m focal
will be
length when dipped in a liquid, the refractive
(a) Magnified and inverted
index of the liquid is
(b Reduced and erect
(a) (b)
(c) Of the same size and erect

(d) Of the same size and inverted

(c) (d)
Ans. c)Combination of lenses will act as a simple glass
plate.
150. The focal length of the field lens (which is an
Ans. (b)
achromatic combination of two lenses) of
telescope is 90 cm. The dispersive powers of
the two lenses in the combination are 0.024 and
0.036. The focal lengths of two lenses are . Þ
(a) 30 cm and 60 cm
(b) 30 cm and – 45 cm

(c) 45 cm and 90 cm

(d) 15 cm and 45 cm

75
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
156. Angle of minimum deviation for a prism of
refractive index 1.5 is equal to the angle of
prism. The angle of prism is (cos 41° = 0.75)
(a) 62° (b) 41°

(c) 82° (d) 31°

. Ans:- (c) By prism formula

153. Which source is associated with a line emission

spectrum
(a) Electric fire (b) Neon street sign
(c) Red traffic light (d) Sun

Ans:- (b) Neon street sign emits light of specific

wavelengths.

154. When white light passes through a glass prism,

one gets spectrum on the other side of the prism.
In the emergent beam, the ray which is deviating 157. Dispersive power depends upon
least is or
(a) The shape of prism (b) Material of prism
Deviation by a prism is lowest for
(c) Angle of prism (d) Height of the prism
(a) Violet ray (b) Green ray
Ans:- (b) w depend only on nature of material.
(c) Red ray (d) Yellow ray
158. The refractive index of a prism for a
Ans:- (c) is least so  is least. monochromatic wave is and its refracting
angle is 60°. For minimum deviation, the angle
155. When light rays are incident on a prism at an of incidence will be
angle of 45°, the minimum deviation is obtained. (a) 30° (b) 45°
If refractive index of the material of prism is
, then the angle of prism will be (c) 60° (d) 75°
(a) 30° (b) 40°

(c) 50° (d) 60° Ans:- (b)

Ans:- (d) But

159. A parallel beam of monochromatic light is

incident at one surface of a equilateral prism.
So Angle of incidence is 55° and angle of

76
Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
emergence is 46°. The angle of minimum (c) Deviation but no dispersion
deviation will be
(d) There is dispersion and deviation both
(a) Less than 41° (b) Equal to 41°
Ans:- (a) Effectively there is no deviation or
(c)More than 41° (d) None of the above dispersion.

Ans:- (a) By the hypothesis, we know that

But so
163. The light ray is incidence at angle of 60° on a
prism of angle 45°. When the light ray falls on
160. By placing the prism in minimum deviation
the other surface at 90°, the refractive index of
position, images of the spectrum
the material of prism  and the angle of de-
(a) Becomes inverted viation  are given by

(b) Becomes broader (a) (b)

(c) Becomes distinct

(c) (d)
(d) Becomes intensive
Ans:- (d) From figure it is clear that
Ans:- (c)

161. The angle of minimum deviation for a prism is From

40° and the angle of the prism is 60°. The angle
of incidence in this position will be

(a) 30° (b) 60°

(c) 50° (d) 100°

Also from

Ans:- (c)

60o r1
162. When a white light passes through a hollow
prism, then

(a) There is no dispersion and no deviation

164. A medium is said to be dispersive, if

(b) Dispersion but no deviation (a) Light of different wavelengths propagate at

different speeds
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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack
(b) Light of different wavelengths propagate at
(a) 1.5 (b)
same speed but has different frequencies

(c) Light is gradually bent rather than sharply (c) (d)

refracted at an interface between the
medium and air A

(d) Light is never totally internally reflected Silvered

45°

Ans:- (a) Dispersion take place because the

B C
refractive index of medium for different
colour is different, for example, red light
Ans:- (c)
bends less than violet, refractive index
of the material of the prism for red light
is less than that for violet light.
Equivalently, we can say that red light
travels faster than violet light in a glass A

prism.

45° r
165. A ray of light passes through an equilateral glass
prism in such a manner that the angle of
B C
incidence is equal to the angle of emergence
and each of these angles is equal to 3/4 of the
167. Angle of prism is A and its one surface is
angle of the prism. The angle of deviation is
silvered. Light rays falling at an angle of
(a) 45° (b) 39° incidence 2A on first surface return back
through the same path after suffering reflection
(c) 20° (d) 30° at second silvered surface. Refractive index of
the material of prism is

Ans:- (d) Given (a) 2 sin A (b) 2 cos A

In the position of minimum deviation (c) (d)

or
Ans:- (b) and
166. A prism ABC of angle 30° has its face AC
silvered. A ray of light incident at an angle of
45° at the face AB retraces its path after
refraction at face AB and reflection at face AC.
The refractive index of the material of the prism
is

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Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack Ray Optics Tetrahedron Group of Institutions, Tangi, Cuttack

A
170. If in compound microscope m1 and m2 be the
linear magnification of the objective lens and
eye lens respectively, then magnifying power
2A r
of the compound microscope will be

B C (a) (b)

168. A ray of light incident normally on an isosceles (c) (d)

right angled prism travels as shown in the figure.
Ans:- (d)Magnification of a compound
The least value of the refractive index of the
microscope is given by
prism must be

(a) (b)

(c) 1.5 (d) 2.0 171. The maximum magnification that can be
obtained with a convex lens of focal length 2.5
A cm is (the least distance of distinct vision is 25
cm)

(a) 10 (b) 0.1

90°
C B
(c) 62.5 (d) 11
Ans:- (a) From figure it is clear that TIR takes
place at surface AC and BC Ans:- (d)

i.e.
172. The magnification produced by the objective
lens and the eye lens of a compound
microscope are 25 and 6 respectively. The
magnifying power of this microscope is

(a) 19 (b) 31
Hence
(c) 150 (d)
169. In a compound microscope magnification will
Ans:- (c)
be large, if the focal length of the eye piece is
(a) Large 173. The angular magnification of a simple
microscope can be increased by increasing
(b) Smaller
(a)Focal length of lens (b) Size of object
(c) Equal to that of objective
(c)Aperture of lens (d) Power of lens
(d)Less than that of objective

Ans:- (b) For a compound microscope Ans:- (d)

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