Electromagnetics

PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARJUN C. MACARIOLA, ECT, MBA

Electromagnetics

Is the fundamental physics of electrical

engineering and describes how electric
charges and currents create electric
and magnetic fields. These fields give rise
to the concepts of resistance,
inductance, and capacitance that are
fundamental to circuit theory.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Field – function that specifies every quantity everywhere in a region
or space. If field produced is due to magnetic effects, it is called
magnetic field. There are two types of electric charge, positive and
negative. Such as an electric charge produces a field around which is
called electric field.

Electromagnetic Field – moving charges produce a current and

current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field. In such a case,
electric and magnetic fields are related to each other.

Link: [Link]
 VECTOR ANALYSIS

 is a mathematical tool with which

electromagnetic (EM) concepts are most
conveniently expressed and best
comprehended.
 A quantity can be either a scalar or a vector.
 SCALAR QUANTITY

 is a quantity having magnitude but no direction.

 e.g. mass , length, time, temperature, and any real
number.
 are indicated by letters in ordinary type as elementary
algebra.
 Operation with scalars follow the same rules as in
elementary algebra.
 VECTOR

 a quantity having both magnitude and direction such as

displacement, velocity, force and acceleration.
 is represented by a letter with an arrow over it A or a letter with a
bar over it A and its magnitude is denoted by A or Aഥ .
 in printed works, bold faced type, such as A, is used to indicate the
vector Aഥ while Aഥ or A indicates its magnitude. The vector OP is also
indicated as 0P and its magnitude is denoted by 0P .
 VECTOR

Graphical Representation
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

1. Two vectors A and B are equal if they have the same magnitude
and direction regardless of the position of their initial points. Thus
ഥ= B
A ഥ.
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

2. A vector having direction opposite to that of vector A but having

the same magnitude is denoted by −A ഥ.
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

3. The sum or resultant of vectors A and B is a vector C formed by

placing the initial point of B on the terminal point of A and then
joining the initial point of A to the terminal point of B.
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

4. The difference of vectors A and B, represented by A − B, is that

vector C which added to B ഥ yields vector A.
 VECTOR

5. The product of a vector A by a scalar m is a vector mA with

magnitude 𝑚 times the magnitude of A ഥ and with direction the
same as or opposite to that of A, according as m is positive or
negative. If 𝑚 = 0, 𝑚A
ഥ is the null vector.
 VECTOR

ഥ
A
ഥ
A
ഥ
A
mA
ഥ
ഥ
−A
ഥ
𝑚A

a. 𝑚 > 1 b. 0 < 𝑚 < 1 c. 𝑚 = −1

BASICS LAW OF ALGEBRA

MULTIPLICATION BY
LAW ADDITION
SCALAR

Commutative ഥ+ B
A ഥ = B ഥ
ഥ + A ഥ = A
𝑚A ഥ𝑚

Associative ഥ+ B
A ഥ + Cത = A
ഥ+B
ഥ + Cത ഥ = (𝑚𝑛)A
𝑚 𝑛A ഥ

Distributive ഥ+B
𝑚 (A ഥ + 𝑚B
ഥ) = 𝑚 A ഥ ഥ = 𝑚A
(𝑚 + 𝑛) A ഥ + 𝑛A
ഥ

***A, B and C are vectors and m and n are scalars.

 UNIT VECTOR

 has a function to indicate direction.

Example.

Given three vectors:

ഥ = 𝑎ത1 + 𝑎ത2
A
ഥ = 𝑎ത1 + 2𝑎ത2 − 2𝑎ത3
B
ത = 𝑎ത2 + 2𝑎ത3 .
C
Find
a. ഥ+B
A ഥ
b. ഥ − Cത
B
c. ഥ
B
d. aത B
Seatwork
Given three vectors:
Aഥ = 2𝑎ത𝑥 + 3𝑎ത𝑦 −4𝑎ത𝑧
ഥ = 𝑎ത𝑥 − 2𝑎ത𝑦 + 6𝑎ത𝑧
B
Cത = 3𝑎ത𝑥 + 5𝑎ത𝑦 − 2𝑎ത𝑧
Find
a. ഥ+B
A ഥ + Cത
b. ഥ − Cത + A
B ഥ
c. ഥ−B
A ഥ + Cത
d. ഥ
A
e. ഥ
B
f. Cത
g. aത A
h. aത B
i. aത 𝐶
 The Coordinate System

1. Cartesian or rectangular coordinate system

2. Cylindrical coordinate system
3. Spherical coordinate system
 Cartesian Coordinate System

 Also called rectangular coordinate system.

 Has three coordinate axes represented as x, y and z which are
mutually at right angles to each other.
 intersect at common point called origin of the system.
 Cartesian Coordinate System

 Two types of systems

 Cartesian Coordinate System

 The rectangular coordinate systems shown in are right-handed

except:
 Cartesian Coordinate System

 Representing a Point in Rectangular Coordinate System

Cartesian Coordinate System

 Another method to define a point is consider three

surfaces namely x = constant, y = constant and z =
constant planes.
Cartesian Coordinate System

 The common intersection point of these three surfaces is

defined and the constants indicate the coordinate of
the point.
 Plot the point Q(3, -1, 2).
 Cartesian Coordinate System

 Base Vectors - are the unit vectors which are strictly oriented along
the directions of the coordinate axis of the given coordinate system
 Cartesian Coordinate System

 Position Vector / Radius vectors

ҧ = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥1 𝑎ത𝑥 + 𝑦1 𝑎ത𝑦 + 𝑧1 𝑎ത𝑧 .

𝑟OP

magnitude
𝑟OP
ҧ = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧1 2
 Cartesian Coordinate System

 Distance Vector/ Separation vector

 Cartesian Coordinate System

 Distance Vector/ Separation vector

 If two points P and Q are given by (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ), the distance
vector (or separation vector) is the displacement from P to Q as shown
in the figure; that is,
 ҧ = 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄ത − 𝑃ത = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑎ത𝑥 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑎ത𝑥 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑎ത𝑧
𝑟PQ
 Magnitude
𝑟PQ
ҧ = 𝑃𝑄 = [(𝑥2 −𝑥1 )2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2 ]
 Cartesian Coordinate System

 Unit Vector along PQ

𝑃𝑄
𝑎ത𝑃𝑄 =
𝑃𝑄
 Cartesian Coordinate System

Example:
1. Obtain the unit vector in the direction from the origin towards the
point P 3, −3, −2 .
2. Two points 𝐴(2, 2, 1) and 𝐵(3, −4, 2) are given in the Cartesian
system. Obtain the vector from 𝐴ҧ to 𝐵.ത
 Cartesian Coordinate System

Example:
3. Given three points in Cartesian coordinate system as 𝐴 3, −2, 1 ,
𝐵 −3, −3, 5 , 𝐶 2, 6, −4 . Find
a. The vector from 𝐴ҧ to 𝐶ҧ
b. The unit vector from 𝐵ത to 𝐴ҧ
c. The distance from 𝐵ത to 𝐶ҧ
d. The vector from 𝐴ҧ to the midpoint of the straight line joining 𝐵ത to 𝐶ҧ
 Cartesian Coordinate System

Example:
4. Given the vector field
𝟐𝟎𝟎
ഥ = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒂
𝑭 ഥ𝒙 − ഥ ;
𝒂
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 𝒛

a. Evaluate Fത at 𝑃(−4, 3,5)

b. Find a unit vector specifying the direction of Fത at P.
c. Describe the locus of all points for which Fത x = 1.
 Cylindrical Coordinate Sytem

 is the three dimensional version of polar coordinate system.

 The surface used to define the cylindrical system are,
1. Plane of constant z which is parallel to xy plane
2. A cylinder of radius 𝜌 with z-axis as the axis of the cylinder.
3. A half plane perpendicular to xy plane and at an angle 𝜙 with
respect to xz plane. The angle 𝜙 is called azimuthal angle.
Cylindrical Coordinate Sytem
 Cylindrical Coordinate Sytem

 The ranges of the variables are,

0≤𝜌≤∞
0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋
−∞ < 𝑧 ≤ ∞
 Cylindrical Coordinate Sytem

Representing Point P in cylindrical coordinate system.

Cylindrical Coordinate Sytem

 Base Vectors (ഥ ഥ𝒛)

ഥ𝝓 , 𝒂
𝒂𝝆 , 𝒂

Hence, a vector of point P can be represented as,

 ഥ = 𝐏𝛒 𝐚ത 𝛒 + 𝐏𝛟 𝐚ത 𝛟 + 𝐏𝐳 𝐚ത 𝐳
𝐏
Relationship Between Cartesian
and Cylindrical Systems

Cylindrical to Cartesian to
Cartesian cylindrical
𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙
𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 𝜌= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑧=𝑧 −1
𝑦
𝜙 = tan
𝑥
𝑧=𝑧
 Example

1. Given the points A(x = 2, y = 3, z = −1) and B(ρ = 4, 𝜙 = −50°, 𝑧 =

2 ). Find
a. The cylindrical coordinates of A
b. The Cartesian coordinates of B.
c. The distance from A to the origin
d. The distance from B to the origin
e. The distance from A to B.
Example

Transform each of the following vectors to cylindrical coordinates at

the points specified.

a. 5𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 (𝜌 = 4, ∅ = 120°, 𝑧 = 2)
b. 5𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑄 (𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = −1)
c. 4𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 − 4𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 (𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 5)
Examples
SEATWORK

1. Give the rectangular coordinates of the point C (ρ = 4, 𝜙 =

− 115°, 𝑧 = 2 ).
a. Give the cylindrical coordinates of the point D(x = −3.1, y = 2.6,
z = −3).
b. Specify the distance from point C to D.

2. Transform the vector A = 𝑦𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧𝑎𝑧 into cylindrical coordinates

 Spherical Coordinate System

The surfaces which are used to define the spherical coordinates system
on the three Cartesian axes are,
1. Sphere of radius r, origin as the center of the sphere.
2. A right circular cone with its apex at the right origin and its axis as z-
axis. Its half angle is 𝜃. It rotates about z axis and 𝜽 varies from 0 to
1800.
3. A half plane perpendicular to xy plane containing z axis , making
an angle 𝜙 with the xz plane.
Spherical Coordinate System
Spherical Coordinate System

 The ranges of the variables are,

0≤𝑟<∞
0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 as half angle

 The point P(r, θ, ϕ) can be represented in the

spherical coordinate system as shown.
Spherical Coordinate System

Representing point P in spherical coordinate system.

Spherical Coordinate System

Base Vectors(ഥ ഥ𝝓 )
ഥ𝜽, 𝒂
𝒂𝒓 , 𝒂

ഥ = 𝑷𝒓 𝒂
𝑷 ഥ 𝒓 + 𝑷𝜽 𝒂
ഥ 𝜽 + 𝑷𝝓 𝒂
ഥ𝝓
Relationship between Cartesian
and Spherical System
Cartesian to spherical
Spherical to Cartesian
𝒓= 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓
𝒛 𝒛
𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏
𝒓
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐
𝒛 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚
𝝓 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙
 Example

Given the points 𝐴(𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = −1) and 𝐵(𝑟 = 4, 𝜃 = 25°, 𝜙 =

120°). Find
a. The spherical coordinates of A
b. The spherical coordinates of B.
c. The distance from A to B.
Distances in all Coordinate Systems

𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2 … Cartesian

𝑑= 𝜌22 + 𝜌12 − 2𝜌1 𝜌2 cos 𝜙2 − 𝜙1 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2 … Cylindrical

𝑑= 𝑟22 + 𝑟12 − 2𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 cos 𝜃1 − 2𝑟1 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2 sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜙2 − 𝜙1

….spherical
 Vector Multiplication

Two types of products existing depending upon the result of the

multiplication:
1. SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT
2. VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT
 SCALAR PRODUCT

 defined as the product of magnitude

of B
ഥ and the projection of A
ഥ onto B
ഥ or
vice versa.
 result of a dot product is scalar.

 Mathematically it is expressed as,

ഥ⋅B
A ഥ B
ഥ= A ഥ cos θ
PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT

1. ഥ⋅B
A ഥ= A ഥ for parallel vectors.
ഥ B
2. ഥ⋅B
A ഥ=0 for perpendicular vectors.
3. ഥ⋅B
A ഥ=B ഥ obeys commutative law
ഥ∙A
4. ഥ⋅ B
A ത =A
ഥ+C ഥ⋅B ത obeys distributive law
ഥ⋅C
ഥ+A
5. ഥ⋅A
A ഥ= A
ഥ A
ഥ cos 0 = A 2
PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT

6. The dot product of different unit vectors is zero.

aത x ⋅ aത y = aത y ⋅ aത x = aത x ⋅ aത z = aത z ⋅ aത x = aത y ⋅ aത z = aത z ⋅ aത y = 0
7. Any unit vector dotted with itself is unity.
aത x ⋅ aത x = aത y ⋅ aത y = aത z ⋅ aത z = 1
8. ഥ⋅B
A ഥ = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz where A
ഥ = Ax aത x + Ay aത y + Az aത z and B
ഥ=
Bx aത x + By aത y + Bz aത z
 Application of Dot Product:

1. To determine the angle between two vectors.

ഥ⋅𝐁
𝐀 ഥ
θ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏
ഥ 𝐁
𝐀 ഥ

2. To find the component of a vector in a given direction.

 Application of Dot Product:

3. Physically, work done by a constant force can be expressed as a

dot product of two vectors.
𝐖 = 𝐅ത ⋅ 𝐝ҧ = 𝐅ത 𝐝ҧ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
W = ‫𝐅 ׬‬ത ⋅ 𝐝ҧ (Force applied varied along the path)
Examples:

1. Given the two vectors, A ഥ = 2തa x − 5തa y − 4തa z and B

ഥ = 3തa x +
5തa y + 2തa z . Find the angle between the two vectors.
2. Given vector field G ഥ = y − 1 aത x + 2xതa y . Find the vector
field at P(2, 3, 1) and its projection Bഥ = 5തa x − aത y + 2തa z .

3. The three vertices of a triangle are located at A 6, −1, 2 ,

B(−2, −3, −4), and C(−3, 1, 5).
Find (a) AB
(b) AC
(c) the angle θBAC at vertex A.
(d) the vector projection of AB on AC.
 VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT

 denoted as A
ഥ×B
ഥ
 defines as the product of the magnitudes of A
ഥ and B
ഥ and the sine
of the smaller angle between A
ഥ and B
ഥ.
 The result of the product is a vector quantity and has a direction
perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors A
ഥ and B
ഥ.
 Mathematically, it is expressed as
ഥ×B
A ഥ= Aഥ Bഥ sin θAB aത N

where aത N = unit vector perpendicular to the plane of A

ഥ and B
ഥ in the
direction decided by the right hand screw.
VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT
 Properties of Cross Product

1. ഥ×B
A ഥ≠B ഥ
ഥ×A
(cross product is not commutative)
 Properties of Cross Product

2. ഥ=− A
ഥ×A
B ഥ ( Anticommutative in nature)
ഥ×B
3. ഥ× B
A ത ≠ A
ഥ×C ഥ×B ത (Not associative)
ഥ ×C
4. ഥ× B
A ത =A
ഥ+C ഥ×B
ഥ+B ത
ഥ×C
(Distributive with respect to addition)
5. A ഥ = 0 (for parallel vector)
ഥ×B
6. ഥ×A
A ഥ=0
Properties of Cross Product

7. Cross Products of Unit vectors

Properties of Cross Product

7. Cross Products of Unit vectors

Properties of Cross Product

8. Cross Product in Determinant Form:

In Cartesian system:

aത x aത y aത z
ഥ×B
A ഥ = Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
Properties of Cross Product

8. Cross Product in Determinant Form:

In Cylindrical system:

aത ρ aത ϕ aത z
ഥ×B
A ഥ = Aρ Aϕ Az
Bρ Bϕ Bz
Properties of Cross Product

8. Cross Product in Determinant Form:

In Spherical system:
aത r aത θ aത ϕ
ഥ×B
A ഥ = Ar Aθ Aϕ
Br Bθ Bϕ
Example:

1. Given the two coplanar vectors: A ഥ = 3തa x + 4തa y − 5തa z and B

ഥ = −6തa x +
2തa y + 4തa z . Obtain the unit vector normal to the plane containing
the vectors A ഥ and Bഥ.
2. The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6, −1, 2), B(−2, 3, 4)
and C(−3, 1, 5). Find: (a) AB × AC (b) the area of the triangle; (c) a
unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which the triangle is
located.
 PRODUCTS OF THREE VECTORS

1. Scalar Triple Product

2. Vector Triple Product
 Scalar Triple Product

 It is mathematically defined as,

ഥ⋅ B
A ഥ×C ത =Bഥ⋅ Cത ×A
ഥ =C
ത⋅ A
ഥ×B
ഥ
 In determinant form;
Ax Ay Az
ഥ⋅ B
 A ത = Bx
ഥ×C By Bz
Cx Cy Cz
 Scalar Triple Product

 Characteristic
1. Represents the volume of the parallelepiped with edges 𝐴,ҧ
ത
𝐵and 𝐶,ҧ drawn from the same origin.
2. Depends only on the cyclic order ‘a b c’ and not on the
position of the ⋅ and × in the product. If the cyclic order is
broken by permuting two of the vectors, the sign is
reversed.
3. If two of the three vectors are equal then the result is zero.
4. It is distributive.
 Vector Triple Product

 It is mathematically defined as,

ഥ× B
A ഥ×C ത =B ഥ⋅C
ഥ A ത −C
ത A
ഥ⋅B
ഥ
 Characteristic
1. ഥ⋅B
A ഥ Cത ≠ A ഥ ⋅ Cത but A
ഥ B ഥ⋅B
ഥ Cത = Cത A
ഥ⋅B
ഥ
2. From the definition , we can write
ഥ × Cത × A
B ഥ = Cത B
ഥ⋅A ഥ −A
ഥ Bഥ ⋅ Cത
Cത × A
ഥ×B ഥ =Aഥ Cത ⋅ B ഥ Cത ⋅ A
ഥ −B ഥ
3. The result of the vector triple product is a vector.
 Example:

The three fields are given by,

𝐴ҧ = 2𝑎ത𝑥 − 𝑎ത𝑧 , 𝐵ത = 2𝑎ത𝑥 − 𝑎ത𝑦 + 2𝑎ത𝑧 , 𝐶ҧ = 2𝑎ത𝑥 − 3𝑎ത𝑦 + 𝑎ത𝑧
Find the scalar and vector triple product