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CHAPTER 1 – HOW DO WE KNOW?

Chapter Summary

This chapter focused on how human beings attempt to understand the physical and
psychological world. After briefly reviewing the history of how human beings have tried to
understand their world (e.g., by comparing animism, mythology and religion, and astrology),
we discussed how psychology evolved out of such disciplines as philosophy and physiology.
Next, we discussed the four canons of science, that is, the four basic assumptions about the
world that virtually all scientists take as a given (determinism, empiricism, parsimony, and
testability). Finally, we discussed four distinct “ways of knowing,” that is, four ways of trying to
figure out what the world is like. We point out, for example, that whereas political and religious
systems place great emphasis on authority and intuition as ways of knowing, scientific
systems place more stock in logic and observation. This explains, for instance, why scientific
beliefs are revised much more frequently than religious beliefs. Although the basic rules of
science are highly stable, this stable system of methods and procedures facilitates the revision
of beliefs based on new observations and discoveries.

Sample Answers for the Study Questions from the Textbook

1. What are positivism and empiricism? Why would a typical research psychologist (i.e., a scientist)
view these philosophical traditions as progress away from metaphysical ways of knowing?

Positivism is a principle that states that human behavior should only be based on
observations that can be made with absolute certainty. Empiricism is the idea that the
best way to learn about the world is by making observations. A typical research
psychologist would view positivism and empiricism as progress away from metaphysical
ways of knowing because they are not based on assumptions. Metaphysical ways of
thinking are not objective, but making observations is an important step in engaging in a
science such as research psychology.

2. Raphael has a theory that adults who grew up as first-born children are more likely to be
outgoing than those who grew up as later-born children. To test his theory, he gives a
questionnaire to 200 students at his college and asks them to report (a) whether they were first-
born children or later-born children and (b) the degree to which they consider themselves
outgoing. Is Raphael’s approach to acquiring knowledge scientific? In answering this question,
consider each of the four canons of science and evaluate how Raphael’s approach measures up

1
 on each of these dimensions. Can you think of any ways for Raphael to make his birth-order
analysis more scientific?

Raphael’s approach is not very scientific. It violates all of the four canons of science.
First, his study does not make use of the assumption of determinism. To say that first-
borns are likely to behave in a different way than later-borns makes use of causality,
which is not objective in nature. Second, although Raphael attempts to measure the
degree to which people identify themselves as outgoing, his methods lack empiricism.
He is not making direct observations of their behavior, so it is unknown how accurate the
students’ responses are. Third, although Raphael’s theory is simple, it does not explain
why first-borns would be more outgoing than later-borns.
It lacks parsimony because it does not explain why personalities should depend on birth
order. Finally, Raphael’s theory is not very testable. The main item that is lacking is the
operational definition of “outgoing”. Since he is asking students to indicate to what
degree they believe they are outgoing, this is a subjective type of measurement.
“Outgoing” to one student may mean something different than it does to another. It is
impossible to make comparisons unless the degrees of outgoing are the same for
everyone.

Raphael can make his birth-order analysis more scientific in several ways. Without
knowing each student’s birth order position, he should observe them interacting in
groups and make notes on their behaviors. He can define “outgoing” by recording the
number of times a person contributes an idea to the group, engages in a conversation,
etc. Rather than administer a questionnaire that asks for the student’s own ranking of
how outgoing he or she is, he could use a personality test that asks questions about how
often one sees friends each week, how many times one makes phone calls to friends,
etc.

3. Gloria has a theory that people who are born between July 23rd and August 22nd (i.e., “Leos”)
are more likely to be outgoing than people who are born at other times of the year. In support
of her theory, she notes (a) that most of the Leos she knows are outgoing and (b) that she is
very good at correctly guessing the astrological sign of Leos when she meets them. Is Gloria’s
approach to knowledge acquisition scientific? In answering this question, consider each of the
four canons of science and evaluate how Gloria’s approach measures up on each of these
dimensions. Can you think of any ways for Gloria to make her astrological analysis more
scientific?

Gloria’s approach to knowledge acquisition is not scientific. It violates all of the four
canons of science. First, she does not use determinism to test her theory. She states
that most Leos she knows are outgoing. However, it is possible that most people that
Gloria knows overall are outgoing. Correlating group membership (being a Leo) with
being outgoing is assumptive in nature and not scientific. Second, Gloria’s way of
acquiring knowledge is not empirical. Simply thinking of the Leos that she knows and
remembering them as outgoing is not an observation. In addition, although she
sometimes observes outgoing behavior and then makes a guess that the person is a
Leo, she does not allow her theory to be disproved. She may have met many shy Leos
and never realized it because she neglected to ask them if they were a Leo. Third,
Gloria’s theory is simple, but it does not explain why Leos would be more outgoing than
any other astrological signs; therefore, it lacks parsimony. Finally, Gloria’s methods are
not testable. Although she is observing the behaviors of people that she meets, she

2
 does not allow her methods to be falsifiable. Once she observes the outgoing behaviors
that she normally finds in Leos, she asks the person if he or she is a Leo. This is not a
scientific way to test her theory.

There are a few ways in which Gloria can make her methods of testing more scientific.
First, she should define what types of behaviors in particular she defines as “outgoing”.
She needs an operational definition for the term. Also, she should ask everyone that she
meets if they are a Leo. That way, her theory becomes more testable. The possibility of
disproving the theory must be available. For example, if most of the non-outgoing people
she meets are also Leos, she must abandon the idea that Leos are more outgoing and
accept the fact that she just happens to meet many people with July and August
birthdays. She should also objectively observe people rather than question them.
Gloria should observe how people interact in a group, rate each person’s level of
outgoingness, predict who is a Leo, and then ask them for their birth dates.

4. Although one of the tenets of science is that theories should be based on observable events
(empiricism), most of the constructs that psychologists study are not visible to the naked eye.
For instance, we can’t directly observe a person’s true attitudes, beliefs, or thoughts. How, then,
can psychology be considered scientific? In answering this question, carefully consider the role
of logic, theory testing, and operational definitions. (Note: Your answer to this question will
become more sophisticated after you read Chapter 2.)

Although psychology studies many unobservable phenomena, it is a science.

Psychology relies heavily on operational definitions that define abstract concepts. For
example, memory is an abstract psychological concept that has been studied in depth.
Depending on the study, “memory” can be defined as the number of words a person can
recall from a list, the number of faces one can recognize after being exposed to them,
etc. Logic is also an important factor in psychology. Psychologists often rely on logical
beliefs to help them study certain constructs. For example, it is logical to state that a
psychologist studying attraction would look at people who are married vs. people who
have just met. If people are married, it is fair to infer that they are (or were at one time)
attracted to each other. Their behaviors towards their spouses would likely be different
than the interactions between the two people who have just met. Another way in which
psychology is scientific is through the testing of theories. Research psychologists always
look to disprove a theory before they accept it as being true. Theories in combination
with operational definitions allow studies to be replicated. If the same results are not
obtained after repeating an experiment, the theory is discarded.

Testbank

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. A vague, mildly favorable personality description that most people would consider highly self-
descriptive is called:

A) a Rorschach portrayal
B) an intuitive personality portrait
C) an astrological reading
D) a Barnum description

3
ANS: D REF: Introduction: What This Text Is About

2. According to the text, which of the following is NOT an example of a metaphysical system?

A) animism
B) mythology
C) astrology
D) philosophy

ANS: D REF: A Brief History of Human Knowledge

3. The belief that natural phenomena (e.g., the sun, the wind) are alive is referred to as:

A) animism
B) paleoanthropism
C) primitivism
D) naive realism

ANS: A REF: A Brief History of Human Knowledge

4. Most people agree that __________ was the founder of experimental psychology.

A) Gustav Fechner
B) Carl Jung
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) Wilhelm Wundt

ANS: D REF: A Brief History of Human Knowledge

5. Metaphysical explanations violate:

A) common sense
B) established physical laws
C) logical rules of reasoning
D) conversational norms

ANS: B REF: A Brief History of Human Knowledge

6. As the term metaphysical is used in the text, metaphysical explanations for human behavior
are based on:

A) indirect observations of events

B) supernatural phenomena
C) philosophical reasoning
D) the scientific method

ANS: B REF: A Brief History of Human Knowledge

7. Dr. Rabinowitz believes that the best way to understand the world is through the use of
logical reasoning. Dr. Rabinowitz is most likely to be:

4
A) a psychologist
B) a philosopher
C) a physiologist
D) a political scientist

ANS: B REF: A Brief History of Human Knowledge; Four Ways of Knowing About the World

MSC: WWW

8. The two most important historical precursors (forerunners) of experimental psychology were:

A) philosophy and physics

B) philosophy and physiology
C) anthropology and biology
D) physics and biology

ANS: B REF: A Brief History of Human Knowledge

9. Fundamental principles that are accepted largely on faith are referred to as:

A) ground rules
B) conjectures
C) canons
D) theologisms

ANS: C REF: A Brief History of Human Knowledge

10. José believes that all events have meaningful, systematic causes. José is:

A) a determinist
B) an empiricist
C) a scientist
D) a philosopher

ANS: A REF: The Four Canons of Science

11. According to the text, phenomena such as illusory correlation and superstitious conditioning
are consistent with the basic idea behind:

A) determinism
B) empiricism
C) parsimony
D) testability

ANS: A REF: The Four Canons of Science

12. Superstitious conditioning refers to:

5
A) lay people’s erroneous assumptions about luck and fate
B) bits of folk wisdom that people are rewarded for expressing
C) the false conditioning of random behaviors
D) a learned aversion toward situations people don’t understand

ANS: C REF: The Four Canons of Science

13. Muriel believes that science should be based solely on things that can be observed with
absolute certainty. What school of thought is she likely a member of?

A) The Barnum Society

B) logical positivism
C) parsimony
D) phrenology

ANS: B REF: The Four Canons of Science

14. The origin of the phrase “I got it straight from the horse’s mouth” is a good illustration of the
basic principle of:

A) authority
B) logic
C) logical positivism
D) empiricism

ANS: D REF: The Four Canons of Science MSC: WWW

15. Galileo tried to solve the problem of how gravity works by:

A) dropping a heavy and a light cannon ball from the Leaning Tower of Pisa
B) performing a thought experiment
C) rolling balls down a series of inclined planes
D) both B and C are correct

ANS: D REF: The Four Canons of Science; Four Ways of Knowing About the World

16. Maxine believes that ingesting the experimental drug theratonin increases aggressive
behavior by making aggressive thoughts highly accessible. Sam believes that ingesting
theratonin increases aggressive behavior by (1) making aggressive thoughts highly accessible
and (2) making people worry less about the consequences of their behavior. If we knew that
theratonin does increase aggressive behavior but knew nothing else, which theory should we
prefer?

A) Maxine’s theory – because it is more testable than Sam’s theory

B) Maxine’s theory – because it is more parsimonious than Sam’s theory
C) Sam’s theory – because it is more testable than Maxine’s theory
D) Sam’s theory – because it is more parsimonious than Maxine’s theory

6
ANS: B REF: The Four Canons of Science

17. “Occam’s Razor” and “Lloyd Morgan’s Canon” refer to the principle of:

A) parsimony
B) theoretical coherence
C) comprehensiveness
D) testability

ANS: A REF: The Four Canons of Science MSC: WWW

18. Which of the following is NOT one of the four canons of science mentioned in the text?

A) determinism
B) empiricism
C) parsimony
D) reliability

ANS: D REF: The Four Canons of Science

19. Falsifiability is closely associated with the idea of:

A) parsimony
B) theoretical coherence
C) comprehensiveness
D) testability

ANS: D REF: The Four Canons of Science

20. Testability is very closely associated with the idea of:

A) operational definitions
B) parsimony
C) logical negativism
D) prelogical operationism

ANS: A REF: The Four Canons of Science

21. “Batting a pitched ball directly over the outfield fence (without bouncing) within the first and
third base lines” is a(n) ______________ of a home-run in baseball.

A) operational definition
B) falsifiable description
C) empirical description
D) logical delineation

ANS: A REF: The Four Canons of Science

22. According to Karl Popper, what, more than anything else, makes a field of study scientific?

7
A) openness to criticism and revision
B) the use of scientific methods and procedures
C) systematic observation of behavior
D) the formulation of theories

ANS: A REF: The Four Canons of Science MSC: WWW

23. The four “ways of knowing” emphasized in the text include:

A) authority, intuition, logic, and observation

B) authority, intuition, knowledge, and wisdom
C) perception, intuition, deduction, and application
D) deduction, induction, perception, and sensation

ANS: A REF: Four Ways of Knowing About the World

24. How would a physicist be likely to rank order the importance of the four “ways of knowing”
emphasized in the text? (1= most, 4 = least important)

A) 1. logic, 2. intuition, 3. observation, 4. authority

B) 1. observation, 2. authority, 3. logic, 4. intuition
C) 1. logic, 2. observation, 3. authority, 4. intuition
D) 1. observation, 2. logic, 3. intuition, 4. authority

ANS: D REF: Four Ways of Knowing About the World MSC: WWW

25. According to the text, which of the “ways of knowing” emphasized in the text would be
ranked most highly (most favorably) by a politician or minister?

A) logic
B) intuition
C) authority
D) observation

ANS: C REF: Four Ways of Knowing About the World

26. The “Draw-A-Person Test” once used by clinical psychologists is an example of scientists
relying on this “way of knowing”:

A) authority
B) logic
C) intuition
D) observation

ANS: C REF: Four Ways of Knowing About the World

8
Hands-On Activity 1 - Galileo’s Dice

As suggested in the text itself, you should divide students into three or more groups for this
activity: (1) “the logical counters of ways,” (2) “the logical expected evaluators,” and (3) one or
more groups of “empiricists” who merely roll the dice as many times as possible and keep track
of all of their rolls, especially (a) the total number of rolls made, (b) the total number of 9s rolled,
and (c) the total number of 10s rolled. A handout that will facilitate this group’s activities
appears at the end of these instructions. As soon as each group has had a chance to complete
their analysis, I ask all the members of each group to answer the three questions posed at the
end of the exercise. You should observe several things:

First, group one should be the only group to have arrived at the exact answer, and they should
also be the group who is most confident of their answers (especially when it comes to question
3). Second, unless the empiricists are able to make a great number of rolls, they will often
arrive at an incorrect answer (they may obtain more 9s than 10s). Third, once each group has
presented their analysis to the other groups, (beginning with the empiricists, moving on the
logical expected evaluators, and finishing with the logical counters of ways), you should point
out that, on the whole, the conclusions of the three groups are pretty similar. For example, even
if one or both groups of empiricists are wrong about which roll is more likely, their estimates of
the probabilities should be reasonably close to the theoretical probabilities generated by the
logical counters of ways (see below). Incidentally, when you ask the groups to present their
findings, you might also get them to include the mean confidence rating of the average group
member for questions 2 and 3 – for comparison with the other groups. To avoid confusion here,
I recommend checking the students’ work – with a calculator if necessary – while they’re doing
these calculations.

The group with the most difficult job is the first group. Unless someone in the group is pretty
good with numbers or probability theory, they are likely to need some coaching to help them
generate all of the exact ways of rolling 9 and 10 spots with three dice. While coaching this
group a little, and while helping them organize their analysis for presentation to the rest of the
class, it’s best to organize the exact ways of rolling both a 9 and a 10 by running through the
possibilities systematically. The list of possible rolls appears on the next page:

9
Exact Ways to Roll a 9 Exact Ways to Roll a 10

1, 2, 6 4, 1, 4 1, 3, 6 4, 1, 5
1, 3, 5 4, 2, 3 1, 4, 5 4, 2, 4
1, 4, 4 4, 3, 2 1, 5, 4 4, 3, 3
1, 5, 3 4, 4, 1 1, 6, 3 4, 4, 2
1, 6, 2 4, 5, 1
5, 1, 3 2, 2, 6
2, 1, 6 5, 2, 2 2, 3, 5 5, 1, 4
2, 2, 5 5, 3, 1 2, 4, 4 5, 2, 3
2, 3 ,4 2, 5, 3 5, 3, 2
2, 4, 3 6, 1, 2 2, 6, 2 5, 4, 1
2, 5, 2 6, 2, 1
2, 6, 1 3, 1, 6 6, 1, 3
3, 2, 5 6, 2, 2
3, 1, 5 3, 3, 4 6, 3, 1
3, 2, 4 3, 4, 3
3, 3, 3 3, 5, 2
3, 4, 2 3, 6, 1
3, 5, 1

Total: 25 ways Total: 27 ways

The position of each number in each set of three numbers indicates which arbitrarily labeled die
contains a given number of spots. For example, the roll 3, 5, 1 corresponds to a 3 on the first
die, a 5 on the second, and a 1 on the third. Notice that I generated the exact ways in an
ascending numerical order, beginning with every possible sequence that had a 1 in the first
position, moving onto every possible sequence that had a 2 in the first position, and so forth.

Recall that there are 6 x 6 x 6 = 216 possible unique ways to roll three dice. Thus the exact
probability of rolling a 9 is 25 / 216 = .116 or 11.6%. The exact probability of rolling a 10 is 27 /
216 = .125 or 12.5%. Given how small this difference is, it shouldn’t be too surprising to see that
the empiricists often arrive at the wrong answer. If you feel your students are ready for such a
discussion, you might want to note that one could think of this small difference as a small effect
size for a true difference between the two kinds of rolls – and note the importance of having a
very large sample size (a great number of independent observations) when you wish to have a
good chance of detecting a small but real effect.

The group with the easiest job is the logical expected evaluators. They should easily be able to
deduce that a 10 is a little more likely roll than a 9, but they should have only a vague guess as

10
to the exact probability of either roll. When you have helped the students put everything
together, they should be able to see that each of the different approaches to solving this
problem complements the others. Just as the empirical findings increase our confidence in the
validity of the method of counting the ways, the analysis of expected values should increase our
confidence in the empirical findings, and so forth.

Finally, if you have the dual luxury of lots of time and a group of highly motivated students, I’d
recommend allowing each group of students to approach this question using all three
approaches. This will make it easier for students to compare, contrast, and integrate the three
different approaches to solving this problem.

THE EMPIRICISTS
This sheet contains 100 squares for recording 100 dice rolls with three standard dice. Although
we care most about the frequency of 9s and 10s, please record every roll that you make (e.g., 5s,
17s, etc.) until you have filled all 100 squares.

11
 Total Number of 9s ________ Total Number of 10s ______

Observed probability of 9 _____ Observed probability of 10 _____

12
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
‘Thou shalt not speak evil of the rulers of thy people.’ Mr.
Peters was of abstemious habits, regular both in his studies
and his exercise, which the natural delicacy of his constitution
required. He never married, but educated the two eldest sons
of his elder brother, Dr. Joseph Peters, M.D. of Truro, and the
Rev. Jonathan Peters, of St. Clement’s. The latter was bred to
the church at his desire, and continued with him as his
curate, till the living of St. Clement called the nephew to the
cure of his own church.
“Mr. Peters lived to the age of eighty-four, retaining the full
possession of his faculties to the last.”
Extracts from his Meditations in manuscript:—
When speaking of Warburton, he says,
“Let me then go on with this work which I have begun. Let
me beg the assistance of God, that I may do it in a proper
manner, so as not to return evil for evil, or railing for railing,
but to preserve my temper, and to consider what the Dean
has said, in a cool dispassionate way if possible; or at least to
check my pen so as to say nothing that may misbecome me
either as a Christian or a clergyman.
“As to what relates to Dean Warburton, he has freed me, I
think, from all manner of obligation to say anything in
complaisance; for this, considering the usage he has given
me, would look like stooping to him, and distrusting the cause
I have to plead for. I must keep up my spirits then, but
beware of transgressing the rules of charity, of prudence, or
of good manners.
“If it be necessary that I should publish the remainder of
the Reply to the author of the Divine Legation, grant, oh
Lord! that I may conduct it with all that decency and
prudence, that strict regard to charity as well as truth, which
may become a Christian and a minister of Christ; that I may
 have a constant check upon myself with regard to every thing
that may be either light and ludicrous, or bitter and sarcastic:
if my antagonist has given but too much into this way of
writing, the greater shame to him; and the greater shame to
me if I should not endeavour to avoid so palpable a fault.”
Under the influence of an opinion, or rather of a prejudice similar
to those of plenary inspiration, and an immaculate preservation of
the text, and unmindful that the Gospels themselves convey a large
portion of their instruction under the form of allegory or parable, Mr.
Peters maintained the historical authenticity of the book of Job
against Dr. Warburton, who argued in favour of the opposite and
manifestly the correct hypothesis. Yet so accurate and so extensive
were the Hebrew learning and the general erudition of this profound
scholar, that he completely worsted the most celebrated critic of his
age, and drove him from a sober investigation of facts, of ancient
opinions, or of the peculiar form and nature of moral instruction
used by eastern nations at various and remote periods, into virulent
and personal abuse.
It is curious to observe that the Book of Job has not the most
remote allusion to anything connected with the Jews, neither to their
laws or their ritual, nor to their patriarchs, or to their leader and
legislator.
And it is more curious that in all the writings transmitted to our
time by this extraordinary people, from the Book of Genesis to the
last prophecy antecedent to its Babylonish captivity, not the slightest
reference is made to a state of future existence; unless the strange
narrative respecting the Witch of Endor should be deemed an
exception, suspected as it is of interpolation; and at all events utterly
unfitted for announcing, and that too incidentally, the most
important of revealed truths. Previously, moreover, to the captivity,
no personification is ever mentioned of the Principle of Evil.—“Now
the serpent was more subtile than any beast of the field, which the
Lord God had made; and he said unto the woman,” &c. No allusion
is here made to any supernatural being; nor did the serpent lose the
disgraceful credit till three thousand five hundred years after the
fact, of having by his own unassisted subtilty, malevolence, and
craft, led our first parents into the fatal snare predestined to work
the utter and eternal destruction of countless millions of the human
race, but for the stupendous mystery of their subsequent
redemption.
In the Book of Job reference is made to a future life; and the
Principle of Evil not only appears as a distinct personage, but is
placed in collision and in debate with the Principle of all Good,
driving the Divinity itself to the clumsy expedient, suited only to the
imperfections of a finite intellect, of ascertaining by an actual
experiment, whether a man were capable of sustaining certain
degrees of bodily pain and of mental affliction, without murmuring
against his Creator, the Lord and Giver of life, in whom we live, and
move, and have our being.
It seems plain, therefore, from the doctrine of a future state first
noticed in this work, from the first introduction of a being hostile to
the happiness of all others and delighting in their misery, and from
the absence of any allusion to a single fact connected with the
Mosaic dispensation, or to the history embodied in the Sacred
Records; and, lastly, from the dramatic form of the whole; that the
Book of Job must be a parable, a moral tale, a poem wholly
unconnected with the Jewish faith. It seems not to be improbable
that such a composition, teaching the important duties of resignation
and submission to the Divine will,
Αγου δε με, Ω Ζευ, και συ γ’ ἡ Πεπρωμενη,
Οποι ποθ’ ὑμιν ειμι διατεταγμενος,
Ως εψομαι γ’ αοκνος· ην δε μη θελω,
Κακος γενομενος ουδεν ηττον εψομαι,

may have been translated from the Chaldean into the Hebrew
language during the Captivity, retaining the Chaldean character, for
no copy is said to exist in the ancient or Samaritan alphabet. And a
work so excellent, so abounding in the most sublime and elevated
flights of eastern poetry, soaring towards such topics as even that
poetry is unable fully to reach, may well have been added by Ezra to
the Book of the Law which he brought before the congregation, and
read before them in the street, when they bowed their heads, and
worshipped the Lord with their faces to the ground.
The Editor has also been desirous of obtaining information
respecting another member of this family, whom, at the distance of
almost two centuries from those times of violence and of civil
commotion in which he lived, we may now consider as one
persecuted in his death and in his fame, far beyond the degree
which any demerit on his part, either as a fanatic in religion or as a
partizan in politics, could have justly merited.
He was probably selected as a victim by his opponents to gratify
the base passions of an ignorant multitude, now anxious to destroy
those whom they had previously adored; and ridicule was cast on his
memory by the triumphant party, as an expedient for beating down
religious opinions hostile to the system of ecclesiastical government
then reestablished: perhaps also, the possession of Lambeth Palace,
like that of the house adjoining the capitol by Manlius, may have
excited similar feelings; and possibly he was considered in some
degree as an equivalent for Laud.
Extract from a History written in 1781:—
“William, Thomas, and Hugh Peters were brothers, and
born at Fowey in Cornwall. Their father was a merchant of
large property, and their mother was Elizabeth Treffry,
daughter of John Treffry, Esq. of a very ancient and opulent
family in that town.
“William received his education at Leyden, Thomas at
Oxford, and Hugh at Cambridge. Between the years 1610 and
1620 Thomas and Hugh became clergymen in London.
William continued a private gentleman. About the year 1628
Thomas and Hugh having rendered themselves obnoxious by
their popularity and puritanic preaching, were silenced by the
Bishop. They then went to Holland and remained till 1633,
when they returned to London. The three brothers then sold
their landed property, and in the following year embarked for
America. Hugh settled at Salem, and soon became so popular
as to excite the jealousy of those who had previously swayed
the fanatical opinions of that place. Mr. Hugh Peters was in a
short time appointed a trustee of the college at New
Cambridge. He built a grand house, and purchased a large
tract of land. The yard before his house he paved with flint-
stones from England; and having dug a well he paved that
also with flint-stones, for the accommodation of every
inhabitant in want of water. It bears the name of Peter’s
Spring up to the present time.
“He here married a second time, and had one daughter
named Elizabeth. His renown as a zealot increasing, he
received an invitation to remove from Salem to Boston, with
which he complied, and there laid the foundation-stone of the
great meeting-house, of which the Reverend Doctor Samuel
Cooper, one of the most learned literati in America, is the
pastor. Those whose envy he had excited at Salem, ill
brooked being thus outrivalled by Mr. Peters. Yet finding him
an orthodox fanatic, and more powerful than themselves,
they seemingly bowed to his superiority, at the same time
that they were contriving a plan which ended in his
destruction.
“In 1641 they conspired with the civil authorities of Boston
to convert their leading priest into a politician, by appointing
him agent to Great Britain. The plot succeeded, and Mr. Hugh
Peters assumed his agency under colour of petitioning for
some abatement of customs and excise; but his real
commission was to foment the civil discontents, wars, and
jars then prevailing between the King and the Parliament. He
did not see into the motives of these people; and he felt a
strong inclination to chastise the Court and the Bishop of
London, who had turned him out of the church for his
fanatical conduct.
“On Mr. Peters’s arrival in London, the Parliament took him
into their service. The Earls of Warwick and of Essex were
also his patrons. In 1644 the Parliament gave him Archbishop
Laud’s library, and soon afterwards made him head of the
Archbishop’s court, and gave him the estate and palace at
Lambeth; all which he kept till the Restoration.
“The people of Boston conducted themselves with
ingratitude and neglect towards Mr. Peters; they never paid
him any part of the stipend attached to his office, although he
discharged the duties of it during twenty years, and obtained
from the Protector a charter for the Society for propagating
the Gospel in New England, which, by contributions raised in
Great Britain, has supported all the missionaries among the
Indians to the present time.
“An occurrence at the melancholy close of Mr. Peters’s life
evinces his firmness of mind and self-possession.
“The sentences of our law, now barbarous in words alone,
were in those days executed with horrors so savage, as to
forbid description. The scenes of cruelty were repeated one
after the other; and in his own case Mr. Peters, either from
design or accident, remained to witness on others the
inflictions which awaited himself. At that moment an officer
whose heart must have been more obdurate than the hardest
flint, or than Marperian rock, inquired of him how he liked the
proceeding, and received for answer, ‘Friend, thou doest ill to
distress a dying man!’”
St. Mabyn measures 3,846 statute acres.
£. s. d.
Annual value of the Real Property, as returned to 6051 0 0
 Parliament in 1815
Poor Rate in 1831 383 1 0
Population,—
in 1801, in 1811, in 1821, in 1831,
475 560 715 793

giving an increase of 67 per cent. in 30 years.

Present Rector, the Rev. Granville Leveson Gower, presented by
the Earl of Falmouth, in 1818.

GEOLOGY, BY DR. BOASE.

This parish is entirely situated within the calcareous series. Its

rocks are similar to those of the adjoining parishes of Egleshayle,
Helland, and St. Kew.
 MAWNAN.

HALS.

It is situate in the hundred of Kerryer, and hath upon the north

Constantine, east Budock, and is elsewhere surrounded with the
waters of the British ocean and Hayleford Haven.
However, the reader may take notice that long before the Norman
Conquest, even in King Alfred’s days, this district was not known but
by the name of Penwarne; viz. the voke lands of the bailywick of the
hundred of Kerryer; and its court baron hath its prison and sub-
bailiff still extant in Budock, which lands and court baron claims the
respective suits and services of the several tithings or freeholders
within its precincts, as of ancient right accustomed. And this barton
of Penwarne hath also still extant upon it an old unendowed free
chapel and burying-place of public use, before the church of
Mawnan was erected, for under the name and jurisdiction of
Penwarne this parish was taxed in the Domesday Book, 20 William I.
1087.
Though, at the time of the inquisition of the Bishops of Lincoln
and Winchester, 1294, into the value of Cornish benefices, this
parish church was rated then by the name of Ecclesia de Mawnan, in
decanatu de Kerryer, 4l. 3s. 8d. In Wolsey’s inquisition, 1521, 14l.
16s. 1d. The patronage formerly in Killygrew, afterwards Rogers,
now Kempe. The incumbent Trewinard; and the parish rated to the
4s. per pound Land Tax, 1696, by the name of Mawnan, 72l.
From Pen-gwarne alias Pen-warne, synonymous words, was
denominated an old English family of gentlemen now in possession
thereof, surnamed De-Penwarne (who by possession of those lands
is bailiff or lord of the bailiwick of the hundred of Kerryer by
inheritance), whose ancestors have been seised and possessed
thereof, beyond the records of time, and have been possessed in
former ages of divers other lands of considerable value in those
parts.
Particularly Richard Penwarne, Esq. that married one of the
coheirs of Tencreeke, Member of Parliament for Penryn, temp. James
I.; whose son Robert married the daughter of Robinson of London,
who had issue the present possessor, Robert Penwarne, Esq. that
married Sprye of Tregony, and hath issue; that giveth for his arms,
in a field Sable a chevron between three fleur-de-lis Argent.

TONKIN.

The manor of Trevose, that is, the town in the valley, from its
principal mansion so called, where are the ruins of a very large
house, as having been formerly a seat of the Killigrews, and
particularly in J. Norden’s time of Sir William Killigrew, to which
family, together with other lands adjoining, I suppose it came by
their marriage with the daughter and heir of Arwinick. This property
was sold to Sir Nicholas Slanning of Marystow in Devonshire, who I
believe made this place his residence, while he was Governor of
Pendinas Castle. This was the famous Sir Nicholas Slanning, so much
cried up for his valour, who had a chief command in the King’s army,
and was killed before Bristol in July 1643. He left a son of the same
name, then an infant, who was made a Baronet by King Charles II.
in 1662, as he had been before that one of the Knights of the Bath
at his Majesty’s Coronation; which Sir Nicholas Slanning gave for his
arms, Argent, two pales ingrailed Gules, over all a bend Azure,
charged with three griffin’s heads erased Or.
This gentleman sold Trerose to Brian Rogers of Falmouth,
merchant, who left by his wife, the daughter of John Tregeagle of
Trevorden, Esq. one only son, Peter Rogers, Esq. who dying under
age, the estate was sold to pay his father’s debts, under the
authority of an Act of Parliament, to James Kempe of Penryn, Esq.
who settled it on his second son James Kempe; but he died in his
father’s lifetime; and, therefore, on his father’s death, in 1711, it fell
to his son John Kempe, who marrying Mary the daughter of Joshua
Ratcliff of Francklyn in Devonshire, Esq. died in May 1714, leaving an
only daughter, who died soon afterwards. The manor ultimately
devolved to Nicholas Kempe of Rosteage, Esq. who is the present
lord thereof. Mr. Rogers gave for his arms, as deriving himself from
the Rogerses of Cannington in Somersetshire, Argent, a chevron
between three bucks courant Sable, attired Or.
The advowson of the parish was appendant to this manor, but has
been severed therefrom, and now belongs to John Peters, Esq. of
Harlyn.
In this parish is also Penwarne. This has been for many
generations the seat of an ancient family of the same name, where
they have flourished, being Justices of the Peace, and Members of
Parliament; they began, however, to decline about the middle of
Queen Elizabeth’s time, till Peter Penwarne, Esq. parted with almost
the whole of his landed property, except the barton. The present
gentleman married Joan, the daughter of Thomas Taylder of St.
Mabe, gent.; his father Robert the daughter and heir of Peter Spry of
Tregony, merchant.
Mr. Peter Penwarne died this present year (1732), leaving two
sons, Thomas and John. The arms of Penwarne are, Sable, a
chevron between three fleurs-de-lis Or.

THE EDITOR.

Mr. Lysons gives a detailed account of the various manors.

Tresore belongs at present to the Rev. Robert Hoblyn. The manor
of Boskenso and also Penwarne, were purchased by Mr. Michael
Nowell, a merchant of Falmouth, who was knighted on presenting an
address to the King. They now belong to his nephew, the Rev. Mr.
Usticke.
Mr. John Penwarne, the representative of this ancient family,
practised the law at Penryn, and married Miss Ann Kivell. He now
resides in London, and has a son and one daughter.
The Rev. John Rogers, Canon Residentiary of Exeter, is the patron
and incumbent of the living.
This parish measures 1,702 statute acres.
£. s. d.
Annual value of the Real Property, as returned to
Parliament in 1815 2,591 0 0
Poor Rate in 1831 247 11 0
Population,—
in 1801, in 1811, in 1821, in 1831,
427 497 536 578

giving an increase of 35 per cent. in 30 years.

THE GEOLOGY, BY DR. BOASE.

The northern part of this parish consists of felspathic hornblend

rocks, belonging to the porphyritic series, which nearly touches the
granite of Constantine and Budock. The southern part of Mawnan is
situated on the calcareous series, and some of its rocks are very
interesting, particularly those in the cliffs near the church and
Rosemullion Head.
 MADDERN.

HALS.

St. Mad-darne, or Mad-ran, a Vicarage, is situate in the hundred

of Penwith, and hath upon the north Sennor or Zeynar, west Sancret,
east Gulval, south Paul and the Mount’s Bay.
At the time of the Norman Conquest this district was taxed in the
Domesday Book, under the jurisdiction of Alverton, of which more
under. In the Inquisition of the Bishops of Lincoln and Winchester,
into the value of Cornish Benefices, 1294, Ecclesia de Sancti
Maddarne is rated £5. 6s. 8d. in decanatu de Penwith; prior
Hospitalis Johannis percepit in eadem £6. 13s. 4d. The meaning of
which is this: Henry de la Pomeraye, tempore Richard I. (or his
ancestors) built or endowed this church, and gave it to the Knights
Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, for the health and salvation of
his own soul, that of his Lord the King, and the souls of his father,
mother, brothers, sisters, progenitors and successors, as it is set
down in that charter. See Dugdale’s Monasticon Anglicanum, vol. ii.
page 792. In Wolsey’s Inquisition, 1521, it is valued to first fruits
£21. 5s. 10d. by the name of Madran as aforesaid, without the
appellation or pronoun Saint. The patronage formerly in the Knights
Hospitallers of Jerusalem at Sythney, subject to St John’s Hospital of
Jerusalem at London, after their dissolution in the Crown, now in
Flemen; the incumbent Bellot, and the parish rated to the 4s. per
pound land-tax, 1696, temp. William III. £163. 14s. Penzance town
£139. 11s. 6d. in all £303. 5s. 6d.
Who the supposed tutelar guardian of this church, St. Maddarne,
was, is past my ability of finding out, either in the legends or
martyrologies, therefore refer him to the scrutiny of the inhabitants;
only by the way let it be remembered that Galfridus Monmouthensis
tells us in his Chronicle that one Madan was a British king in these
parts before Julius Cæsar landed in Britain, and probably that he
lived or died here, in memory of whom this parish is called Madran,
now Maddarne. Here also is Maddarne Well of water, greatly famous
for its healing virtues, of which thus writes Bishop Hall of Exeter, in
his book called the Great Mystery of Godliness, p. 169, where,
speaking of what good offices angels do God’s servants.
“Of which kind was that noe less then miraculous cure,
which at St. Maddarn’s Well in Cornwall was wrought upon a
poore criple; wherof, besides the attestation of many
hundreds of the neighbours, I tooke a strict and impartial
examination in my last triennial Visitation there. This man for
sixteen years was forced to walke upon his hands, by reason
of the sinews of his leggs were soe contracted that he cold
not goe or walk on his feet, who upon monition in a dreame,
to wash in that well, which accordingly he did, was suddainly
restored to the use of his limbs, and I sawe him both able to
walk and gett his owne maintenance. I found here was
neither art or collusion, the cure done, the author our
invisible God, &c.”
However, notwithstanding this instance of that Reverend Bishop’s,
I know no medicinal waters in Cornwall that are constantly and
universally sovereign for any disease, but only to some particular
persons, at times and seasons.
Alvorton, alias Alverton, in this parish, was the Voke lands of a
considerable manor heretofore pertaining to the Kings and Earls of
Cornwall, and under that jurisdiction and name this district of
Maddern was taxed, 20 William I. 1087, as also Paul Parish; it
consisted, temp. Edward III. of eighty-four Cornish acres of land.
Carew’s Survey of Cornwall, page 46, that is to say 3600 statute
acres. (Page 131 of Lord Dunstanville’s Edition; the Cornish Acres
64).
 Within the confines of this parish, or the said manor, stands
Mayne Screffes, that is to say, the written or inscribed stone, being a
monument set up of a rough perpendicular stone, in memory of a
famous Cornish-British Prince or King, that probably lived and died
here, and was interred near the same, in which stone are yet extant
these British and Latin words: “RIALOBRAN CUNOWALL FIL:” [id est,
Rialobran the son of Cunowall] which contracted Latin word fil. for
filius, shows that it was made and erected there since first the
Romans came into this land, for the Britains before had no
knowledge of the Latin tongue; which words, if not monosyllables,
are compounded either of those particles Rial-o-Bren-Cunowall fil:
Extraordinary Royal or Imperial Prince King of Wales son; or rather it
ought to be thus read, Rial-o-Bren-Cornowall filius, viz. the
extraordinary Royal Prince or King of Cornwall’s Son. For as Rial in
British answers to Regalis, Regius, Augustus, Regificus, Basilicus, in
Latin, so -o- by itself to nimius, id est, much, excessive, overmuch;
and Bren, Brene, to Princeps, a Prince, Ruler, or Chief Governor.
However, let it be remembered, in favour of the second etymology,
that one Bletius (son to Roderick King of Wales and Cornwall, anno
Dom. 700,) was Prince of Wales and also King or Prince of Cornwall.
But this funeral monument stone must have been erected before
that time; for afterwards it became lawful to bury dead human
creatures in towns and cities, lastly in churches and churchyards,
though not before. [See Dr. Borlase’s Antiquities, 2d edit. p. 391, and
the plate in Lysons’s Cornwall, p. ccxxi. Editor.]
Landithy. Landegey, Landigey, in this parish, contiguous with the
church, which signifies the temple church, was formerly the lands of
the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, now —— Flemen,
gent.
In this parish, at —— liveth Francis Seynt Aubyn, esq. sometime
Commissioner for the Peace, who married —— Arundel, of this
place, whose lands it was, and Crocker of St. Agnes, and hath issue.
He is a younger son of John Seyntaubyn, of Clowens, esq. by
Godolphin of Treveneage.
 Upon the south part of this parish, at the head of St. Michael’s
Mount’s Bay, on a little promontory of land shooting into the sea, is
situate the market and coinage town of Pensance, or Penzance,
which stands now rated in the Exchequer as a noun substantive, or
distinct jurisdiction from Maddarne; whereas the borough of
Camelford is taxed under Lenteglos, Mitchell under Newlan, and St.
Enedor-Bosithney under Dundagell.
The old chapel, and the whole town of Penzance, the 20th July
1595, was burnt to ashes by five Spanish galleys, that then came
into St. Michael’s Mount’s Bay for that purpose, of which fact there is
a large history to be seen in Mr. Carew’s Survey of Cornwall, page
156, (page 381, Lord Dunstanville’s edition); since which time the
new chapel hath been founded and beautified as it now stands, and
the old town comparatively all new built of brick and stone, and
augmented with a greater number of houses than before.
It was incorporated by charter from King James the First, with the
jurisdiction of a court leet, by the name of the Mayor, Aldermen, or
Magistrates, before whose tribunal all pleas of debt and damage,
within the precincts of that borough, are judged and determined by
the said charter; it is also made the fifth town for coinage of tin, at
the usual times of the year, by the Duke of Cornwall’s officers, as
also with a weekly market on Thursdays, and fairs yearly, on
Thursday before Advent Sunday, and also on Trinity Thursday.
This town of Penzance, anno Dom. 1646, in the time of the wars
between King Charles I. and his Parliament, for the kindness and
charity the inhabitants showed to the Lord Goring’s and Lord
Hopton’s troops of horse, driven into those parts by Sir Thomas
Fairfax, the Parliament General, was made a prey to his soldiers or
troops, who for two days had the plunder of the town and its
inhabitants’ goods, to the one’s great loss and the other’s great
enriching; for one of those troopers, viz. Edward Best, of St. Wenn,
had to his share five gallons of English coin, silver and gold, and
pieces of eight, as I was told by one of his servants, that was the
measurer and spectator thereof; though long since all riotously
spent, as also the shares of his fellow-troopers Littlecot, Keen, and
Lockyer of Roach.
In this port his Majesty and the Duke have their coinage hall for
coining tin, custom-house, collector, surveyor, comptroller, and
wayters for sea and land service. The chief inhabitants of this town
are John Carveth, gent. attorney-at-law, Mr. Gross, of the same
profession, Mr. Tremenheer, Mr. Williams, Mr. Veale, Mr. Rawlinge.
The arms of this town, through ignorance of the true etymology
of the name thereof, is St. John Baptist’s head in a charger.
To remove an action at law depending in the leet of Penzance to a
superior court, the writ must be thus directed: “Majori et
Burgisensibus Burgi sui de Pensance, alias Penzance, in com: Cornu:
salutem:” otherwise, “Majori, Aldermanis, et Senescallo Burgi sui de
Penzance alias Pensance, in comitatu Cornubiæ, salutem.”
On the east side of this town, on the sea shore, at the top of St.
Michael’s Mount’s Bay, stands that notable treble intrenchment of
earth, after the British manner, built as a rampart or fortress for
defence of the country against foreign invaders, called Les-cad-dock
Castle; otherwise Les-caddock, as two monosyllables, refer to
Cadock, Earl of Cornwall, whose broad camp or castle of war it was,
as tradition saith.

TONKIN.

This is a vicarage; the patronage in John Harris, esq.; the

incumbent Doctor Walter Borlase, LL.D. But note, that the patronage
of this parish is at present in the Corporation of Penzance, carrying
with it the town, and the little parish of Morvah.
Penzance.—This town is a parish of itself, but the church is a
daughter church to St. Maddarne, and passeth in the same
presentation.
 The village of Penzance was incorporated by King James I. on the
9th day of May, in the 12th year of his Highness’s reign, by the name
of Mayor, Aldermen, and commonalty of the village of Penzance, and
by that name to be one body, both in name and deed, and to have
perpetual succession, and to be persons in the law, capable to
purchase and possess lands, to consist of a Mayor, annually chosen,
of eight other Aldermen, and twelve Assistants.
And at the time of the Heralds’ Visitation, the 9th day of October
1620, William Noseworthy was mayor; John St. Aubin, esq. recorder;
John Maddern, John Clyse, Robert Dunkin, John Games, Roger
Polkinhorne, William Madderne, Robert Luke, and Pasco Ellis,
aldermen; Nicholas Hext was town clerk of the said Corporation.

THE EDITOR.

The church of Maddern stands on a commanding elevation, and

retains indications of its former connexion with the Knights
Templars, who are believed to have had a preceptory or provincial
establishment at Landithy, immediately adjoining.
In the church and churchyard are monuments to various
distinguished families resident within the parish: Borlase, Nicholls,
Arundell, Harris, Pearce, Jenkin, Heckens, Clies, Pascoe, &c.; and
some in memory of strangers, who too long delayed availing
themselves of the mild climate and salubrious air of the Mount’s Bay.
One of the more ancient monuments has these lines:
Belgium me birth, Britaine me breeding gave,
Cornwall a wife, ten children, and a grave.

Castle Horneck is thought to be the site of a castle denominated

Hornec, or iron, from its supposed strength, and built by the Tyers,
who were lords of this district early in the times of the Plantagenets.
This place was the residence during a long life, of the Rev. Walter
Borlase, Doctor of Civil Law, Vice-Warden of the Stannaries, and
Vicar of Maddern for more than fifty-five years, who died April 26,
1776, aged 81 years and six months.
Doctor Borlase appears to have been universally respected, as a
man of ability and learning, and for firmness and decision of
character. He was the eldest son of Mr. John Borlase, of Pendeen in
St. Just, sometime Member of Parliament for St. Ives, and brother of
the Rev. William Borlase, also Doctor of Civil Law, and Rector of
Ludgvan, our justly celebrated historian.
Doctor Walter Borlase married Margaret, daughter of the Rev.
Henry Pendarves, vicar of the adjoining parish of Paul; and he is said
in consequence of this marriage to have quitted the law, in which
profession he could scarcely have failed of attaining some
considerable distinction. They had a very numerous family of sons
and daughters; but, none of the sons having left a son, the family
estate has passed, under an entail, to the descendants of Doctor
William Borlase, and now belongs to his great-grandson.
Doctor Walter Borlase built the house at Castle Horneck. The
family arms are, Ermine, on a bend Sable, two hands issuing at the
elbows from as many clouds Proper, and rending a horseshoe Or.
Trereife has been long the residence of the Nicholls’s, of whom
the most distinguished person was Frank Nicholls, M.D. Physician to
King George the Second, and son-in-law of the celebrated Dr. Mead.
His life has been written in Latin by Dr. Lawrence, sometime
President of the College of Physicians, with his portrait. It appears
from this work that Dr. Nicholls was born in 1699, that he became a
member of Exeter College, Oxford, in March 1714, took his degree of
Doctor of Medicine in 1729, and was chosen a Fellow of the College
of Physicians in the following year, being previously a Fellow of the
Royal Society. Nine different communications from Doctor Nicholls
are printed in the Philosophical Transactions, and he published a
separate work: “De Anima Medica,” to which is added a treatise, “De
Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Homine Nato et non Nato.”
 His reputation stands deservedly very high as an Anatomist.
Several dissections of the viper’s head and poisonous fangs,
engraved for Dr. Mead’s work, are believed to be his; and to him is
attributed the invention of what are termed corroded preparations.
He died in January 1778, having completed his 79th year.
This gentleman’s elder brother married in London, but finally
settled at Trereife, with one son and two daughters. The two
daughters married, the eldest Mr. Love of Penzance, the second
William Harris, of Kenegie, Esq. but neither left any family. The son,
William Nicholls, married Miss Ustick, of Penzance, and died leaving
one son. Mrs. Nicholls subsequently married the Rev. Charles
Valentine Le Grice, of Bury St. Edmunds, then Lecturer of Penzance,
and bore him a son, who, together with Mr. Le Grice, now hold the
estate as tenants in remainder, and by the courtesy, under the will of
Mr. Nicholls, Jun. who lived to the age of twenty-three or twenty-four
years.
Trengwainton appears to have been inhabited by branches of the
Arundell family, for a long series of years, and finally the last Mr.
Arundell, of Menadarva, removed there, having in a great measure
rebuilt the house. Soon after his decease it was sold, and Mr. Praed,
of Trevethow, became the purchaser. Trengwainton was thus chiefly
used as a farm-house till the late Sir Rose Price, wishing to form a
seat in that neighbourhood, obtained it as an accommodation from
the late Mr. Praed, and under his hands it has become a splendid
residence.
It appears that a gentleman of the name of Price accompanied
Venables and Penn in their successful expedition against Jamaica,
during the Protectorate, and obtained an extensive grant of land,
which his descendants lived on and improved, till early in the last
century one of the sons was sent to England for education and
health. It is understood that Doctor Nicholls was consulted as a
physician, and that he recommended the climate of Penzance;
perhaps Mr. John Price may have been the first invalid ever sent
from a distance to breathe the soft air of this all but island in the
Atlantic. At that time Mr. Henry Badcock, from the parish of
Whilstone, in the north-eastern extremity of Cornwall, held the office
of Collector at Penzance, where he had married Parthenia Keigwin,
daughter of Mr. John Keigwin, of Mousehole. The young patient was
received into their house by Mr. and Mrs. Badcock, who had several
daughters. Mr. Price married in the year 1736 Margery, one of their
daughters; but having gone back to Jamaica he died there three
years afterwards, leaving her with an only son, also John Price.
This gentleman, having gone through the usual stages of
education, ending with Trinity College, Oxford, went also to Jamaica,
and there married Elizabeth Williams Bramer, daughter of John
Bramer, a physician. They had only one son, who lived to a mature
age, and succeeded his father in January 1797.
Mr. Rose Price, in the subsequent year, married Miss Elizabeth
Lambert, a young lady from the county of Meath, born on the 12th
of April 1782, by a singular coincidence on the very day that Admiral
Rodney’s victory saved Jamaica from being captured by the French,
and therefore about sixteen at the time of her marriage. Mr. Price
served the office of Sheriff for Cornwall in the year 1814, as his
father had done forty years before, in the year 1774. In this year
also he was made a Baronet, in consequence of a promise from King
George the Fourth, then Regent.
Lady Price died early in life, leaving a large family; and Sir Rose
Price died on the 29th September 1834, having nearly completed his
65th year.
And here I would add a few lines to commemorate a gentleman
whose progress through life was mainly guided by his connexion
with this family, and whose conduct reflects credit on them for their
choice.
In compliance with a custom evidently derived from the Catholic
times of our forefathers, when every thing relating to the church was
transacted in the language of ancient Rome, all boys whose parents
were raised above the lowest state in society, went for six or twelve
months to a Latin school. Mr. John Vinicombe was among the
number, but his progress exhibited so great a superiority above
other scholars of his age, that Mr. Perkin, the Lecturer and
schoolmaster, prevailed on his father to allow of his staying an
additional year. Just at that moment Mr. John Price placed his son at
the same school; and, at the suggestion probably of Mr. Perkin, Mr.
Price was induced to purchase at some small premium a further
continuance of Mr. Vinicombe at the school, that he might assist,
instruct, and be in some degree the companion of Mr. Rose Price.
A connexion thus formed naturally went on; Mr. Vinicombe
became a member of Pembroke College, Oxford, where he obtained
a Fellowship; attended Mr. Rose Price to the school at Harrow, and
acted as his private tutor when he became a gentleman commoner
of Magdalen; made with him the tour of Europe; and finally,
attended his friend and former pupil to Jamaica, where, by a
residence of about two years, they nearly doubled the value of the
estate. Soon after their return to England Mr. Vinicombe went to his
Fellowship, and became not only a college tutor but one of the
Public Examiners, under the then recent statute, and he had
confident expectations of preferment in the church; but a premature
death terminated his useful and honourable career, occasioned (or
hastened at least) by a fall from his horse. An excellent picture of Mr.
Vinicombe, by Mr. Opie, has gone to Pembroke College, under the
will of Sir Rose Price.
Rosecadgwell has been for a considerable time in the family of
Borlase. Mr. John Borlase, father of the two Doctor Borlases,
removed there from Pendeen in the latter portion of his life; and
Samuel Borlase, Esq. representative of this ancient and respectable
family, resides there at present.
Nanceolvern almost adjoins Rosecadgwell. This was the residence
of Mr. Carverth. After building there an excellent house, Mr. Carverth
died in very embarrassed circumstances, which gave rise to an
unusual extent of litigation. This place, however, was purchased by
one of the Mr. Urlicks, and it now belongs to Mr. Scobell, who
married the heiress of that branch of the family.
Poltare has a large and decorated house, built by the late Mr.
Richard Heckens, of St. Ives, who married one of the daughters and
coheiresses of Mr. George Veale. That place has passed by purchase
also to the Scobell family.
Trenear was formerly a seat of the Olivers. The last of this family,
Doctor William Oliver, a physician, died at Bath in 1764; and another
William Oliver, M.D. had the honour of accompanying King William in
the expedition which placed him on the throne, to preserve the civil
and religious liberties of England. Trenear was sold soon after the
younger Dr. Oliver’s decease, and purchased by Mr. Robyns, who
built there a good house, and made it a gentleman’s seat. It
afterwards became the property and residence of the Rev. Anthony
Williams, sometime Vicar of St. Kevern, and it has passed with one
of his daughters and coheiresses to Henry Pendarves Tremenheere,
Esq. late Captain of one among the first-rate ships in the East India
Company’s Service, where he merited and obtained the approbation,
esteem, and respect of every individual with whom he had the
slightest connexion, and the same effects of honour, ability, and
kindness of heart, have followed him into retirement.
Rose Hill has a good house, built about the commencement of
this century by Richard Oxnam, Esq. who served the office of Sheriff
in the year 1810. It has since become the property and residence of
the Rev. Uriah Tonkin, recently appointed Vicar of Lelant.
Lariggan is remarkable for the beauty of its situation; having been
selected, and a neat house built there, by Mr. Thomas Pascoe, a
worthy and respectable magistrate. And just above the town of
Penzance stands a house having almost the appearance of a palace,
built some years since by an individual of the name of Pope.
Mr. Pope was originally from Camelford; he conducted business
for some time at Bristol, and then emigrated to the United States,
where he accumulated a large fortune, unknown and forgotten by
his family; till on a sudden he appeared at Penzance, recognised
some relations, and, having purchased a few acres of ground, he
built this magnificent house, which instantly became known by
general acclamation as the Vatican, a name suited at once to its
splendour, to its elevated situation, and to its founder’s name. Mr.
Pope scarcely lived to inhabit this mansion; but left it to his nephew
Mr. Vibert, to whose patriotism, skill, and perseverance, as a
member of the corporation, Penzance is mainly indebted for several
of its improvements, and especially for its new church. The house is
now inhabited by Mrs. Rogers, widow of the late Mr. John Rogers, of
Penrose, near Helston, and her daughters.
Lanyon was in former times the residence of one branch of the
ancient and respectable family bearing that name. It now belongs to
Mr. Rashleigh, of Menabelly; the farm, however, possesses one of
those monuments in comparison with which all family records are
modern.
In a croft near the side of the road leading from Penzance
towards Morva, stands the Cromleigh or Coit described by Doctor
Borlase, in pp. 230, 231, of his Antiquities, 2d edition. It fell down
and has been replaced, (see the Logging Rock under St. Levan). Dr.
Borlase mentions another Cromleigh at Malfra, in this parish, and
two others in the adjoining parishes of Morva and Zennor, all within
a few miles of each other. These monuments, scattered over a large
portion of Europe, bear all the marks of great antiquity. Their
construction is rude as well as simple, a flat but unhewn stone, laid
on three columnar stones, also in their natural slate, and all of
Cyclopean dimensions. The flat stone at Lanyon has been estimated
at twenty ton.
Their use is much less certain. They are generally supposed to be
sepulchral monuments; but the flat surface of the upper stone
always inclined at a small angle from the horizon, would seem to
countenance the opinion of their being meant for religious
observances, probably for sacrifices, which is further countenanced
by the etymology of the name, if it means in Celtic the Holy Hearth.
Landithy, the college or preceptory of the Knights Templars,
belonged for several generations to the Flemings, a family now quite
extinct, and their property alienated.
The great tithes of this parish belonged to the Knights Templars,
under a gift from Henry de Pomeroy, one of the great family of the
Pomeroys, Lords of Bury Pomeroy Castle. They were given by Henry
the Eighth to some private person, and have belonged for a
considerable time to the family of Nicholls, now Le Grice.
The Vicarage has passed through other hands. It is related by
Hals and Tonkin to have belonged to Fleming and to Harris, and then
by purchase to the corporation of Penzance, from which body it
passed by sale to the family of Borlase, and is now vested in the
heir-at-law, or in the devisee of the late Samuel Borlase, Esq.
But at a remote period the baronial residence of an extensive
lordship was at Alverton, held by the Pomeroys; and Mr. Lysons says
that it passed successively through the Tyes, Lisles, and Berkeleys,
till reverting to the Crown it was granted to Whitmore and others,
and has been divided and subdivided. Scarcely a trace can be seen
at Alverton of its former magnificence. The portion still claiming the
nominal distinction of Manor of Alverton, Penzance, and Mousehole,
was bought of the Keigwins by the late Mr. George Veale, second son
of Mr. Veale, of Trevaila, who acquired a considerable fortune at
Penzance by the practice of the law; afterwards divided between his
three daughters,—one married to Mr. Hickens, of Poltair; another to
Mr. Baines, a Captain in the Navy; and the third to Mr. Jenkin, an
officer in the army. These ladies, or their families, have since
disposed of Alverton, and the whole is now vested in James Halse,
Esq. M. P. for St. Ives.
Maddern Well is one of the numerous springs of water almost
revered in former times on account of imputed supernatural virtues;
and it has in reality, from time out of mind, diffused health and
comfort over the thousands of persons inhabiting Penzance, the
stream having been conducted there by a winding channel of some
miles in extent, and arriving at the highest part of the town, it is
enabled to flow down to the sea through every street.
Penzance, the most western market town in Cornwall, is one of
the most flourishing. It appears to have been in former times no
more than a small village, occupying the promontory now
distinguished as the Quay, where stood a chapel, dedicated to St.
Anthony, the Patron of fishermen, which in all probability gave it the
name of Pen-sance, or the holy head (land), and it seems further
probable that the new church or chapel yard may have been an
ancient fortress for the protection of the place. Houses however
gradually extended beyond this narrow limit; and the place had
acquired some magnitude, when, in the year 1595, on the 23d of
July, a predatory squadron of ships from Spain, stood into the bay,
and landing about two hundred men, destroyed Mousehole, burnt
Paul Church, and did much injury to Penzance; see Carew, Lord
Dunstanville’s edition, p. 381. But, as appears from history to be
very usual in such cases, the town arose with increased splendour
from its ashes, and a charter of incorporation having been soon
after, in 1614, granted by King James the First, measures were taken
by this new body of trustees for insuring the increase and prosperity
of the district committed to their charge. The most material of these
were purchasing the seignorage of the harbour, and of the market,
and of fairs, which according to the rude policy of former times had
been vested in private persons, for individual benefit; the first of
whom was Alice de Lisle, lady of the manor of Alverton, about the
year 1332.
The Corporation also acquired a piece of ground called the three-
cornered spot, on which a spacious market house was constructed,
and buildings proper for shops and for merchandize, were raised on
the three faces of the triangle. Penzance acquired also the privilege
of being a coinage town. From this period it continued gradually to
increase in size, in wealth, and in consideration, notwithstanding
some adverse events in the Civil War, till the progress received an
almost unlooked-for acceleration by another effort of the faithful
trustees for the place, the body corporate. They, by a series of
judicious efforts, continued for many years, at last completed a Pier,
so extensive and well placed as to afford shelter for perhaps a
hundred vessels, to admit several of the largest size used for traders,
and to afford every accommodation and facility for the shipping or
unshipping of merchandize. From the completion of this great work
in 1813, up to the present period, Penzance has flourished beyond
example; and though much may be imputed to the general
prosperity of the times, and to the diffusion of knowledge, yet by far
the greater part must be ascribed to the management of an
unappropriated fund, by a body of honest and disinterested trustees,
for the public benefit; and the Editor is especially disposed to bear
this testimony to one Corporation, at a period (1835) when all
municipal bodies are about to be remodelled, on the alleged ground
of their insufficiency for useful purposes.
Penzance, for all ecclesiastical matters forming a part of the
parish of Maddern, has long had a chapel of ease, with a lecturer
appointed for life by the corporation, on an endowment made in
1680 by Mr. John Tremenheere, at that time a merchant residing in
the town, and either the direct or collateral ancestor of the very
respectable family of that name still remaining in the town and
neighbourhood.
It has since been augmented by Queen Anne’s Bounty; but, the
chapel having become wholly inadequate to the population, a church
has been built in its place, accompanied by a lofty tower, and all
constructed of granite, so as to add, in a most extraordinary degree,
to the beauty of the town, and at the same time to afford every
convenience that the space could possibly admit; and it is pleasing
to add, that the work has been conducted and executed by all the
parties concerned, in a manner highly creditable to their taste, to
their judgment, and to their care in the expenditure of public money.
But among the gentlemen who have exerted themselves in different
ways, it would be unfair not particularly to mention Mr. Vibert, whose
general skill, ability, and accurate knowledge of details have been
most conspicuous throughout the whole undertaking; and the Editor
hopes that the ties of consanguinity will not be thought of a nature
to preclude him from referring here to the late Mr. Edward Giddy,
who, in the situation of chief magistrate, conferred on him, over and
over again, in every other situation, on all occasions, and especially
in regard to this splendid and useful building, proved himself the
active, zealous, and intelligent friend of the town and of all its
inhabitants; and it is further gratifying to state, that the existing
members of the family of Tremenheere, in emulation of their
ancestor, to whom the chapel is indebted for its original endowment,
have added the splendid decoration of painted glass over the whole
east window of the chancel. The new church will be opened for
divine service in the present year; and in this year also, as perhaps
the last act of a select corporate body, which, in the administration
of an income little short in its gross amount of two thousand pounds
a year, may challenge the most minute investigation, the town and
neighbourhood will receive the benefit of a new, commodious, and
extended market-house, with the usual appendages, fully adequate
to the still increasing opulence and commerce of the place.
Penzance may justly be proud of the many distinguished families
and individuals connected with it: Clive, Fleming, Borlase,
Tremenheere, Tonkin, Veale, John, Pellew, Batten, Carne, Davy,
Boase, Colston, Giddy. It would require a volume to give even a
slight history of each family, and of its individual members.
The Tonkins were long represented by Mr. Uriah Tonkin, who,
through a life extended far beyond the period usually assigned to
human nature, obtained universal regard and esteem. This
gentleman had several sons; from one of whom is descended the
Reverend Uriah Tonkin, now Vicar of Lelant. Another son, Mr. John
Tonkin, pursued the practice of medicine till he succeeded to the
family estate. He was distinguished for ability, good nature, and for
quaintness of expressions in the form of apophthegms; but the most
remarkable incident in Mr. John Tonkin’s life was his adoption of
Humphry Davy, with the intention of educating him to the medical
profession, and making him his successor. Davy, having succeeded
to a small fortune on the decease of his father, soared above the
narrow limits of a country practitioner, and was preparing himself for
Edinburgh, when the Editor most fortunately directed his course to
Clifton, where Dr. Beddoes was then engaged in applying pneumatic
chemistry in aid of the Bristol waters for the cure or alleviation of
incipient consumption; from thence he fought his way to the
pinnacle of honour attached to experimental science.
Everything of importance in the life of this extraordinary man has
been given with accuracy and ability by Doctor Paris, in a Life of
Davy, 1 vol 4to. or 2 vols. 8vo. Colburn and Bentley. 1831.
The family of Batten have been for some time the leading
merchants of Penzance. They have recently lost Mr. John Batten,
distinguished by the intelligence and liberality incident to gentlemen
in that profession; but he has left a family more than promising to
support his reputation and the credit of his ample fortune; and this
family has the honour of possessing the Reverend Joseph Hallett
Batten, D.D. Principal of the East India College.
This gentleman having been placed at Trinity College, Cambridge,
by the Editor’s recommendation, immediately distinguished himself
in the public examinations and by obtaining college prizes; and on
taking his degree Mr. Batten became Third Wrangler. These honours
led at once to a Fellowship, and to the most desirable private
tuitions; and, having married, he was placed at the head of an
institution destined to prepare the minds and the habits of young
men for the government of a vast empire.
Mr. William Carne came to Penzance about sixty years ago,
where, by active and intelligent industry, he has acquired an ample
fortune. Of his son, Mr. Joseph Carne, it would not be an easy task
to speak in terms sufficiently laudatory: I therefore refer to his
communications in the Transactions of the Geological Society of
Cornwall, to his most ample and valuable collection of natural
history, and to his patronage of every institution established for the
diffusion of knowledge.
The late Mr. Boase left Cornwall at an early age, and became the
active partner in a London bank, from whence he returned to
Penzance, and conferred important benefits on the town as a
magistrate and member of the corporation, and by the judicious
employment of his capital. His eldest son Dr. Henry S. Boase
supports, as Secretary, the Geological Society, instituted by Doctor
Paris in the year 1814. Besides papers in these Transactions, Dr.
Boase has published, “Primary Geology,” a separate work, in 1 vol.
8vo. Longman and Co. 1834, which has attracted the attention of
natural philosophers throughout Europe; and although this is not the
place to express my individual gratitude, yet I may say, that the
most valuable additions to Mr. Hals’s and Mr. Tonkin’s parochial
histories will be found in Doctor Boase’s geological description of
each separate parish.
I cannot omit here to notice, among the inhabitants who have
done credit to Penzance, my late respected relation Mr. Thomas
Giddy, as a gentleman, a scholar, and a man of unblemished
reputation. He came to Penzance in the year 1774, was chosen
Mayor ten different times, and in his last mayoralty mainly assisted
in carrying into execution a great improvement of the town, by
removing the Coinage Hall from a place adjoining the Market House,
to a proper situation near the quay, permission for which the Editor
had the good fortune to obtain from the Lord Warden and the Duchy
Officers. Mr. Giddy died July the 26th, 1825, having nearly completed
his eighty-fourth year, and having somewhat more than completed
the sixtieth year of his marriage. His widow survived him about five
years.
Dr. Stephen Luke was also from Penzance. He practised with
much success and reputation at Falmouth, Exeter, and London,
where he died on the 30th of March 1829.