Aims of power

SEHS4652 Power
Systems flow analysis
• Power Flow Analysis is to find the
power distribution and delivery in a
network
Power Flow Analysis • To analyze load distribution
• To identify overloading points
• To facilitate planning of power
Dr. SHI Rui Claire generation
• To predict failure paths and
fault impacts

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Bus transmission link

Node 1 Node 2

What is power flow • A “Bus” is defined as the generator jXT load

connecting node of various
V/ ~ RL + jXL
The power flow (sometimes also called the load flow) is the components, including a
basic tool for investigating these requirements. The power generator, a load, and a Common node
flow determines the voltage magnitude and angle at each transmission line. Electrical circuit
bus in a power system under balanced three-phase steady- (complete with return path)
state conditions. • A generator supplies power
It also computes real and reactive power flows for all to the bus while a load
equipment interconnecting the buses, as well as equipment absorbs power from the bus.
Successful power system operation under normal losses.
balanced three-phase steady-state conditions requires the Conventional nodal or loop analysis is not suitable for power • A bus is considered as a Bus 1 Bus 2
following: jXT
flow studies because the input data for loads are normally node in a power network,
1. Generation supplies the demand (load) plus losses. given in terms of power, not impedance. and thus, the voltage is PL , QL
2. Bus voltage magnitudes remain close to rated values. Also, generators are considered to be power sources, not specified at each bus. V,
3. Generators operate within specified real and reactive
power limits.
voltage or current sources. The power flow problem is
therefore formulated as a set of nonlinear algebraic
~ one-line diagram
4. Transmission lines and transformers are not overloaded. equations suitable for computer solutions. (neglect return path and ground node)
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 • Three types of bus in power systems:

Basics for
Load bus, generator bus, and slack bus.

• Load bus (PQ bus) – Buses not having a generator

Power flow analysis
power flow
• Real and reactive powers (P and Q) are specified
• Bus voltage magnitude and phase angle (V and ) will be
calculated The analysis in normal steady-state operation is called a power flow study (load flow study)
• Power supplied to the power system is positive

analysis • Power consumed from the system is negative. and it aims at determining the Voltages (magnitudes and phases), Currents, and Active and
Reactive Power Flows in a power system under specified generation and load conditions.
• Generator bus (PV bus)
• Voltage and real power supplied are specified
• Bus phase angle will be calculated during iteration
• Reactive power will be calculated after the case’s solution is Minimal set of variables: V, , P, Q (other variables can be found from this set)
found
• Slack bus (swing bus or reference bus) – Special generator bus serving
as the reference bus for the power system.
We know two variables of each bus (any 2 of V, , P, Q).
• Voltage is fixed – both magnitude (|V|) and phase ( ) .
• The bus supplies whatever real or reactive power is necessary to We find the other unknown variables.
balance the power flow in the system.

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Generation supply = load demand + system losses.

• Voltage on a load bus (PQ bus) changes as Assumptions Voltage magnitudes of buses remain close to rated values.

the load varies – P and Q are fixed, while V Generators operate within specified real and reactive power limits.
Basics for (magnitude and angle) varies with load
conditions. Transformers and transmission lines are not overloaded.

power flow • Generators (@ PV buses) operate normally

with P and V being maintained constant. To represent the power system by a one-line diagram
analysis • Slack bus generator varies P and Q to
balance complex power – V and angle
reference are fixed. Analysis To determine the impedance in terms of information in the
one-line diagram
To formulate network equations and power flow equation

To solve these equations.

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 Admittance matrix: 4-node example Admittance matrix: 4-node example
Electrical circuit with 4 nodes and one Consider bus 3:
reference node.
= +( ) +( ) +( )
Admittance is defined as
I4

Z is the impedance, measured in ohms.

}
Bus 3

V1 Y13
Y34 V4 Y33 = sum of all admittances
connected to bus 3

Y23 shunt
V2
Y3 admittance
I3 to bus
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V3 SEHS4652 Power Systems 11

Admittance matrix: 4-node example

Admittance matrix: 4-node example
To perform nodal
analysis, we convert to
current source driving.
Repeat for all buses (just the usual NODAL ANALYSIS):

But we can also interpret

the current source as I4
–
current injected into the
node. So, In > 0 if power Y2 I4
is supplied to node n.
NOTE:
admittance connecting
nodes m and k

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 What is Gauss-Seidel method
Admittance matrix: Bus p Bus s
Consider the following set of linear algebraic equations in matrix format:
general case Yps Vs

Vw Ypw
Each node is a bus. Yp
Ys
Bus k Ip
Bus q Vp where x and y are N vectors and A is an N × N square matrix. The components of x, y,
Vk
Ykp and A may be real or complex. Given A and y, the objective is to solve for x.
Vq Ykq

Vr Ykr
Yk
–
Ik
shunt
Yr admittance Admittance between
Bus r If: the diagonal elements are non-zero, rewrite each equation solving for the corresponding unknown.
to bus Admittance bus k and bus m
connected to bus k
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Admittance matrix: general case What is Gauss-Seidel method

where x and y are N vectors and A is an N × N square matrix. The components of x, y, and A may
be real or complex. Given A and y, the objective is to solve for x.

Ykk = sum of all admittances connecting to node k

Ykn = Ynk = sum of all admittances connecting node k and node n

The system matrix can be formed

where Ybus is the bus admittance matrix of order n x n;

V is the bus voltage vector; I is the source current vector.

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Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution By KCL at bus 1 we have 1

Iterative solutions: Gauss-Seidel

A general iterative solution to up equation proceeds as follows.
• Algebraically solve each linear equation for x
• Assume an initial guess solution array x(0). Similarly, at Bus 2

• Solve for each x(i) and repeat by using:

We can get similar relationships for buses 3 and 4

where x(i) is the ith guess and g is an N vector of functions that specify the iteration method.
Use absolute relative approximate error after each iteration to check if error is within a pre-specified tolerance.

where xk(i) is the kth component of x(i) and is a specified tolerance level.
Continue this procedure until the following stopping condition is satisfied.
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Example By KCL at bus 1 we have 1

Determine the bus admittance

matrix for the network, assuming the
Similarly, at Bus 2
current injection at each bus k is

+
We can get similar relationships for buses 3 and 4
Where, IGk is the current injection into the bus from the
generator and IDk is the current flowing into the load.

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 Example

line
The results can then be expressed in matrix form model
I = YbusV 2 2

For a system with n buses, Ybus is an n by n symmetric matrix (i.e., one where Yij ==Yji)

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Y bus General Form Two-Bus System Example

= 0.03 + .04
• The diagonal terms, Ykk, are the self-admittance terms, equal to
the sum of the admittances of all devices connected to bus k.
• The off-diagonal terms, Ykm, are equal to the negative sum of = 0.1
2 2
the admittances joining the two buses k and m.
• With large systems, Y b us is a sparse matrix (most entries are
zero).
• Shunt terms, such as with the line model, only affect the
diagonal terms.

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Solving for Bus Currents Classification of buses

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Power Flow Analysis Complex power

At each bus (node) there are 4 parameters: P, Q, V, and

There are three types of buses:
Load Buses: P, Q are known, V, are unknown
Generator Buses: P, V are known, Q, are unknown
Slack Bus: (unique) V, known, P, Q unknown
So, for N nodes, 2N unknown node parameters
Slack bus has a fixed voltage magnitude and angle, and a
varying real/reactive power injection.

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 Gauss-Seidel Method
At a bus where voltage magnitude rather than reactive power is
specified, the real and imaginary components of the voltage for
each iteration are found by first computing the reactive power.
Compute the admittance matrix
From the last slide equation,

Assume an initial guess solution

Using the equations to be derived, solve for each unknown and repeat
by iteration.

Use absolute relative approximate error after each iteration to check

if error is within a pre-specified tolerance.

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Example
11 12 13 14 15
For a 5-bus system, the general A 100 MW, 50 MVAr load is connected to a generator through a line with an
21 22 23 24 25
admittance matrix is: impedance (0.02 + j0.06) pu and line charging of 5 MVAr on each end (100 MVA
31 32 33 34 35
base). Also, there is a 25 MVAr capacitor at bus 2. If the generator voltage is 1.0
41 42 43 44 45 /0° pu, calculate:
V1 Line Y= j0.05 Line Y=j0.05
51 52 53 54 55 (i) Bus 2 voltage;
For bus 4 and then similarly for bus k,
(ii) Line current; Z=0.02+j0.06 V2
= + + + + Bus 2
(iii) Bus 1 power. Bus 1
1 Cap.Y=j0.25
= V1 =1/0 Load S=1 +j0.5

1 Line Y= j0.05 Line Y= j0.05

Z=0.02+j0.06
= V2 V1 V2
V1 Bus 2
Z=0.02+j0.06
Bus 1 Load S=1 +j0.5 Cap.Y= j0.25
SEHS4652 Power Systems 30 V1 =1/0
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 Line Y= j0.05 Line Y=j0.05

Bus 1
Z=0.02+j0.06
V2
Bus 2 Gauss-Seidel Advantages/Disadvantages
V1

V1 =1/0 Load S=l +j0.5 Cap.Y= j0.25 Advantages

5 14.95 5 + 15 • Each iteration is relatively fast (computational order is proportional to number of

Hence, = = branches+ number of buses in the system)
5 + 15 5 14.7 • Relatively easy to program
. • Good accuracy
= = .
5+
Disadvantages

• Tends to converge relatively slowly, although this can be improved with acceleration
• Has tendency to miss solutions, particularly on large systems
• Tends to diverge on cases with ill condition system
• Need to program using complex numbers
• Sensitivity not available

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First guess V2 to be 1/0 (flat start) and V2 after iterations 1 to 4 are shown below:

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