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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Assignment: 100 Solved and 50 unsolved Problems

Subject Code: 2180507

Subject Name: Transport Phenomena

4th Year: VIII Semester

Subject Teacher: Dr. Koshal Kishor Singh

1. Following 20 very important problems have been included in 150 problems.

S. No Question GTU
1 Discuss in brief Newton’s Law of viscosity, Fourier’s Law of heat S19, S18, W17
conduction and Fick’s Law of binary diffusion
2 Discuss about shell momentum balance and boundary conditions in S19, W18, W17
general.
3 Derive velocity distribution for a flow of a falling film. S19, S18, W17
4 Discuss Classification of transport processes with governing S19, W17
equations.
5 Discuss the significance of studying Transport Phenomena at three S19, W18
different levels.
6 Discuss about the conservation laws. S19, W18
7 Explain operation of a couette viscometer and derive equation for S18, W19, W17
finding viscosity.
8 Discuss heat conduction with electrical, chemical, and viscous heat S19, W18, W17
source.
9 Derive continuity, motion, and Navier-Stokes equation. S19, W17
10 Define thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. What are its S19, W19, S18
units?
 11 Discuss the momentum flux and velocity distribution in flow in W19, W18, W17
cylindrical tubes, and for upward flow through a cylindrical annulus.
12 Derive flux equation of diffusion of A through non-diffusing B. S19
13 Define concentrations, velocities and mass fluxes with reference to S19, W18, W17
mass transport.
14 Discuss the significance of momentum, thermal and mass S19, S18, W18
diffusivities.
15 Discuss the mass and molar average velocities, and binary diffusion S19, W19, W18
and self-diffusion.
16 What are the Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids? Derive velocity S19, S18, W18
distribution and pressure drop for flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid through annular space between two concentric long
cylindrical pipes.
17 Find the temperature distribution for heat conduction due to the S19, W18
viscous heat dissipation for flow of an incompressible Newtonian
fluid between two concentric cylinders.

100 Solved and 50 unsolved Problems

Problem - Discuss classification of transport process?
1
Solution- Transport process can be classified mainly three categories such as heat, mass,
and momentum transfer and these are discussed as-

1. Momentum transfer. This is concerned with the transfer of momentum that occurs in
moving media, such as in the separation processes of fluid flow, sedimentation, mixing, and
filtration. Momentum transfer is commonly called fluid mechanics in other disciplines.

2. Heat transfer. In this fundamental process, we are concerned with the transfer energy in
the form of heat from one place to another. It occurs in the separation processes of drying,
evaporation, distillation, and many others.

3. Mass transfer. Here, material (or mass) is transferred from one phase to another distinct
phase; the basic mechanism is the same whether the phases are gas, solid, or liquid.
Separation processes dependent on mass transfer include distillation, absorption, liquid–
liquid extraction, membrane separation, adsorption, crystallization, and leaching.
2 Problem- What are the transport phenomena?
 Solutions- The subject of transport phenomena includes three closely related topics: fluid
dynamics, heat transfer, and mass transfer. Fluid dynamics involves the transport of
momentum, heat transfer deals with the transport of energy, and mass transfer is concerned
with the transport of mass of various chemical species.
3 Problem- Discuss the importance of studying transport phenomena?

Solution- These three transport phenomena should, at the introductory level, be studied
together for the following reasons:
• They frequently occur simultaneously in industrial, biological, agricultural, and
meteorological problems; in fact, the occurrence of any one transport process by itself is the
exception rather than the rule.
• The basic equations that describe the three transport phenomena are closely related. The
similarity of the equations under simple conditions is the basis for solving problems "by
analogy."
• The mathematical tools needed for describing these phenomena are very similar. Although
it is not the aim of this book to teach mathematics, the student will be required to review
various mathematical topics as the development unfolds. Learning how to use mathematics
may be a very valuable by-product of studying transport phenomena.
• The molecular mechanisms underlying the various transport phenomena are very closely
related. All materials are made up of molecules, and the same molecular motions and
interactions are responsible for viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion.
4 Problem- Discuss the transport phenomena at different three levels.

Solution- Transport of mass, momentum, energy, and angular momentum can be described
at three different levels by following figure.
 Fig. 1. A macroscopic flow system containing N2 and O2; (b) a microscopic region within
the macroscopic system containing N2 and O2, which are in a state of flow; (c) a collision
between a molecule of N2 and a molecule of O2.

At the macroscopic level, equations can be written from the figure called the "macroscopic
balances," which describe how the mass, momentum, energy, and angular momentum in the
system change because of the introduction and removal of these entities via the entering and
leaving streams, and because of various other inputs to the system from the surroundings.

At the microscopic level, from the figure it is examined what is happening to the fluid
mixture in a small region within the equipment. A set of equations can be written which is
called the
"equations of change," which describe how the mass, momentum, energy, and angular
momentum change within this small region. The aim here is to get information about
velocity, temperature, pressure, and concentration profiles within the system.

At the molecular level, from figure a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of mass,
momentum, energy, and angular momentum transport can done in terms of molecular
structure and intermolecular forces.
5 Problem- State and explain conservation laws.

Solution- At all three levels of description—molecular, microscopic, and macroscopic—the

conservation laws play a key role. Two colliding diatomic molecules has been considered. It
is assumed that molecules are chemically inactive and homonuclear. Following Fig. shows
the collision between the two homonuclear diatomic molecules, A and B. Both molecules
before and after the collision are presumed to be sufficiently far apart.
Fig. 2. A collision between homonuclear diatomic molecules, such as N2 and O2. Molecule
A is made up
of two atoms A1 and A2. Molecule В is made up of two atoms B1 and B2.

Quantities after the collision are indicated with primes.

(a) According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of the molecules entering
and leaving the collision must be equal:

(1)

Here mA and mB are the masses of molecules A and B. Since there are no chemical reactions,
the masses of the individual species will also be conserved, so that

(2)

(b) According to the law of conservation of momentum the sum of the momenta of all the
atoms before the collision must equal that after the collision, so that

(3)
Fig\. Position vectors for the atoms A1 and A2 in molecule A.
Problem- State and explain newton’s law of viscosity and discuss how it is analogous with
Fourier’s Law of heat conduction and Fick’ Law of binary diffusion.

Solution- Following Fig. shows a pair of large parallel plates, each one with area A, separated
by a distance У. In the space between them is a fluid - either a gas or a liquid. This system is
initially at rest, but at time t = 0 the lower plate is set in motion in the positive x direction at a
constant velocity V. As time proceeds, the fluid gains momentum, and ultimately the linear
steady-state velocity profile shown in the figure is established.

has been attained, a constant force F is required to maintain the motion of the lower plate and
this force may be expressed as follows:

𝐹 𝑣
=𝜇
𝐴 𝑌
That is, the force should be proportional to the area and to the velocity, and inversely
proportional to the distance between the plates. The constant of proportionality µ is a
property of the fluid, defined to be the viscosity.
First we replace F/A by the symbol 𝛕yx, which is the force in the x direction on a unit area
perpendicular to the у direction. It is understood that this is the force exerted by the fluid of
lesser у on the fluid of greater y. Furthermore, we replace V/Y by -dvx/dy. Then, in
terms of these symbols,

ⅆ𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇
ⅆ𝑦

This equation, which states that the shearing force per unit area is proportional to the
negative of the velocity gradient, is often called Newton's law of viscosity.
 Fourier’s law of Heat Conduction quantifies heat transfer process as

Q/A = (−k) dT/dx with flux ‘Q’, gradient of temperature (dT/dx) and transport property
‘thermal conductivity k’.
Newton’s law of Viscosity quantifies momentum transfer process as

Ԏ = (−μ) du/dx with flux ‘Ԏ’ (=shear stress/area), gradient of velocity (du/dx) and transport
property ‘coefficient of viscosity μ’.
Thus, you can compare the analogy straight away about how these equations are related.

Fick’s law of Diffusion quantifies mass transfer process as m/A = (−D) dC/dx with flux ‘m’,
gradient of concentration (dC/dx) and transport property ‘diffusivity D’.

the molecular level, where one describes the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivities
of macroscopic materials in terms of models of the constituent molecules.

• the continuum level, where one ignores the molecular motions and focuses on the
partial differential equations (the "equations of change") which describe the profiles
of velocity, temperature, and concentration.

the equipment level, in which one is concerned mainly with relations among input and
output quantities for some piece of equipment or a portion thereof.
6 Problem- State and explain newton’s law of viscosity and discuss how it is analogous with
Fourier’s Law of heat conduction and Fick’ Law of binary diffusion.

Solution- Following Fig. shows a pair of large parallel plates, each one with area A, separated
by a distance У. In the space between them is a fluid - either a gas or a liquid. This system is
initially at rest, but at time t = 0 the lower plate is set in motion in the positive x direction at a
constant velocity V. As time proceeds, the fluid gains momentum, and ultimately the linear
steady-state velocity profile shown in the figure is established.
has been attained, a constant force F is required to maintain the motion of the lower plate and
this force may be expressed as follows:

𝐹 𝑣
=𝜇
𝐴 𝑌
That is, the force should be proportional to the area and to the velocity, and inversely
proportional to the distance between the plates. The constant of proportionality µ is a
property of the fluid, defined to be the viscosity.
First we replace F/A by the symbol 𝛕yx, which is the force in the x direction on a unit area
perpendicular to the у direction. It is understood that this is the force exerted by the fluid of
lesser у on the fluid of greater y. Furthermore, we replace V/Y by -dvx/dy. Then, in
terms of these symbols,

ⅆ𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇
ⅆ𝑦

This equation, which states that the shearing force per unit area is proportional to the
negative of the velocity gradient, is often called Newton's law of viscosity.

Fourier’s law of Heat Conduction quantifies heat transfer process as

Q/A = (−k) dT/dx with flux ‘Q’, gradient of temperature (dT/dx) and transport property
‘thermal conductivity k’.
 Newton’s law of Viscosity quantifies momentum transfer process as

Ԏ = (−μ) du/dx with flux ‘Ԏ’ (=shear stress/area), gradient of velocity (du/dx) and transport
property ‘coefficient of viscosity μ’.
Thus, you can compare the analogy straight away about how these equations are related.

Fick’s law of Diffusion quantifies mass transfer process as m/A = (−D) dC/dx with flux ‘m’,
gradient of concentration (dC/dx) and transport property ‘diffusivity D’.

the molecular level, where one describes the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivities
of macroscopic materials in terms of models of the constituent molecules.

• the continuum level, where one ignores the molecular motions and focuses on the
partial differential equations (the "equations of change") which describe the profiles
of velocity, temperature, and concentration.

the equipment level, in which one is concerned mainly with relations among input and
output quantities for some piece of equipment or a portion thereof.
7 Problem- How Fourier’s law of Heat Conduction, Newton’s law of Viscosity and Fick’s law
of Diffusion are related?

Solution- They all are similar in their behavior. They all move stuff (Momentum, Heat, or
Mass) from a place where there is a lot of the stuff to a place where there is less stuff. Here
are some examples:

In Fluid Mechanics momentum is transferred from a place where we have a lot of

momentum to a place where we have less. A good analogy is the flow of traffic on a busy
freeway. The far right lane on the freeway typically move slower than the far left lane, with
the lanes in the middle going faster the further left you move. This can be compared to flow
over a flat plate, where the slower flow (the right lane on the freeway) is right next to the
plate, and the faster flow (the left lane on the freeway) on the surface of the fluid. The
transfer of momentum is like the cars changing lanes, as slower cars pull into faster lanes the
lanes slow down to allow the car to accelerate

(and not cause a pile-up on the freeway), and the faster cars pulling into slower lanes and
speeding up the lane a little bit.

In Heat Transfer, energy moves from a place where there is a lot to a place where there is
less. For example, if you heat up a brick, then drop it into cold water, the brick gets colder
and the water gets warmer. Once the brick and the water are at the same temperature, no
more energy can be transferred.
 Mass Transfer. Back to the red dye example: the red dye when it is first dropped into the
water is at a high concentration and the water is at zero concentration. But, as the dye
spreads out, the concentration of the dye slowly increases, until, it is all at the same low
concentration everywhere. Once the concentration of the dye in the water is the same
everywhere, no more mass transfer can take place.

The one of the most important similarities between all of these examples is: There is a
driving force (momentum, temperature, or concentration difference or 'gradient'), which
becomes smaller as time progresses in each of the examples, and eventually becomes zero
when no more transfer of stuff takes place.

Give me the math!

The math for all of these "transport phenomena" all are based on 2 ideas:

• The rate of change of stuff is proportional to some driving force, as in the examples
above.

We can't destroy mass or energy (or, mass and energy must be conserved).
8 Problem- Discuss about the Driving Force Equations

Solution- The first idea is summed up by three similar laws for each of the three "transport
phenomena" (here in one dimension and rectangular coordinates):

• Newton's Law, fluid mechanics:

where

= viscosity of fluid

= velocity of fluid

= sheer stress on the fluid

• Fourier's Law, heat transfer:

 where

= thermal conductivity

= area for heat transfer

= temperature

= heat flow per unit time

• Fick's Law, mass transfer:

where

= diffusivity of A in B

= concentration of A

= molar flux with respect to molar average velocity

9 Problem- Discus about the Conservation of Mass and Energy.

Solution- The idea behind the conservation of mass and energy can be thought of a little like
a shoe box: if you put stuff into it, you can either take it out or leave it in the box, you can't
make the stuff disappear. Or, in the form of an equation:

stuff in - stuff out = stuff still in the box (or accumulation)

This idea can be summed for Fluid Mechanics by the use of the Continuity Equation (which
uses the idea of the conservation of mass) and the Navier-Stokes Equation (which uses the
idea of the conservation of momentum).

It should be noted that these equations are typically simplified before they are solved.
 • Continuity Equation

where

= density of the fluid

= time

= velocity vector

In rectangular coordinates

• Navier-Stokes Equation in rectangular coordinates

X component

Y component

Z component

For Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer there are similar equations that are based on the
conservation of mass and energy.

10 Problem- Define Thermal Conductivity.

Solution- Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
11 Problem- Define overall heat transfer co-efficient.
Solution- The overall heat transfer by combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an
overall conductance or overall heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’.
 Heat transfer Q = UA ∆T.
12 Problem- Define convection.
Solution- Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and
a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
13 Problem- Define Reynolds number (Re) & Prandtl number (Pr).
Solution- Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
Re = Inertia force/Viscous force
Prandtl number is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity of the thermal diffusivity.
Pr = Momentum diffusivity/Thermal diffusivity
14 Problem- Define Nusselt number (Nu).
Solution- It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under a unit
temperature gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under a unit temperature gradient
through a stationary thickness (L) of metre.
Nusselt number (Nu) = Qconv/Qcond
15 Problem-What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids?
Solution-The fluids which obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids
and
those which do not obey are called non – Newtonian fluids.
16 Problem-What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow?
Solution-Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of
flow, the fluid moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The
fluid particles in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.
Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is frequency
observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any individual
particle
is zig – zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in laminar and turbulent
flow.
17 Problem-What is meant by free or natural convection & forced convection?
Solution-If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or
fan, that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection
18 Problem-Define boundary layer thickness.
Solution-The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the
surface at which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or
temperature.
19 Problem-What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids?
Solution-The fluids which obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids
and
those which do not obey are called non – Newtonian fluids.
20 Problem-What is mass transfer?
Solution-The process of transfer of mass as a result of the species concentration difference
in a mixture is known as mass transfer.
21 Problem-Give the examples of mass transfer.
Solution- Some examples of mass transfer.
1. Humidification of air in cooling tower
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetor of an IC engine.
3. The transfer of water vapor into dry air.
22 Problem-What are the modes of mass transfer?
 Solution- There are basically two modes of mass transfer,
1. Diffusion mass transfer
2. Convective mass transfer
23 Problem-What is molecular diffusion?
Solution- The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is
known as molecular diffusion.
24 Problem-What is Eddy diffusion?
Solution- When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
25 Problem- What is convective mass transfer?
Solution- Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that will occur between
surface and a fluid medium when they are at different concentration.
26 Problem-What is free convective mass transfer?
Solution- If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from
concentration gradients, the mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural convective
mass transfer.
Example: Evaporation of alcohol.
27 Problem- Define forced convective mass transfer.
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or
fan, that type of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer.
Example: The evaluation if water from an ocean when air blows over it.
28 Problem- Define Schmidt Number.
Solution- It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the
molecular diffusivity of mass.
Sc = Molecular diffusivity of momentum/Molecular diffusivity of mass
29 Problem- Define Scherwood Number.
Solution- It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary.

hm - Mass transfer coefficient, m/s

D - Diffusion coefficient, m / s
x - Length, m
30 Problem- State Fick’s law of diffusion.
Solutions- The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an
element per unit area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.

31 Problem- There are two parallel plates some distance apart. Between the plates, water is
used at 24°C. The lower plate is being pulled at a constant velocity 0.4 m/s faster relative to
the top plate. How far apart should the two plates be placed so that the shear stress x is 0.3
N/m2? Also calculate the shear rate.
 Solution-
The relative velocity of two plates,
vx = 0.4 m/s
Viscosity of water at 24°C,
n = 0.9142 cP
= 0.9142 10–3 kg/m·s
Let y be the distance between the two plates.
Shear stress, xyx = 0.3 N/m2
Applying the Newton’s law of viscosity,

Thus, shear rate,

32 Problem- The distance between two parallel plates is 0.00914 m and the lower plate is being
pulled at a constant velocity 0.366 m/s faster relative to the top plate. The fluid filled
between the plates is glycerol at 293 K having a viscosity 1.069 kg/m· s. Calculate the shear
stress and the shear rate.
Solution- The relative distance between the plates,
y = 0.00914 m
The relative velocity,
vx = 0.366 m/s
The viscosity of glycerol at 293 K = 1.069 kg/m·s
Applying the Newton’s law of viscosity,

33 Problem- A fluid enters a flow system as shown in Figure.

 The fluid enters a pipe of area A1 at a velocity v1 and density t1. The fluid leaves a pipe of
area A2 at a velocity v2 and density ρ2. Find an expression for the velocity v2 of the fluid
leaving the system.
Solution-
Applying the mass balance over the flow system, we have
Rate of mass entering – Rate of mass leaving = Rate of mass accumulation
At the steady-state conditions, the rate of mass accumulation is zero.
Rate of mass entering = v1 ρ1A1
Rate of mass leaving = v2 ρ2A2
Applying the mass balance, we obtain
v1 ρ1A1 = v2 ρ2A2

Let the pipes be circular of D1 and D2 diameters.

34 Problem- A fluid enters a nozzle 1 of 40 cm diameter at a velocity 3 m/s. Then the fluid
splits
into two nozzles 2 and 3 connected in a Y shape. The diameter of nozzle 2 is 30 cm and the
flow rate
is 2 m/s. The diameter of the nozzle 3 is 20 cm. Find the velocity in the nozzle 3.
Solution- Let us consider the nozzles’ configuration as shown in Figure.

Let the fluid enter nozzle 1 at a velocity, v1 = 3 m/s

Diameter of nozzle 1 = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Fluid velocity in nozzle 2, v2 = 2 m/s
Diameter of nozzle 2 = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Let v3 be the velocity in nozzle 3 of diameter, D3 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
 Applying the mass balance, we get
Rate of mass of fluid entering = Rate of mass of fluid leaving

where t is the density of the fluid.

3/(0.4)2 = 2(0.3)2 + v3(0.2)2
or v3 = 7.5 m/s

35 Problem- The thermal conductivity of an insulating material was measured. The temperature
of a flat slab of 25 mm of the material was measured to be 318.4 K and 303.2 K. The heat
flux was measured to be 35.1 W/m2. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the material.
Solution- Using Fourier’s law of heat conduction

36 Problem- Calculate the heat loss per m2 of surface area for an insulating wall of a cold
storage room where the outside temperature is 299.9 K and the inside room temperature is
276.5 K. The wall is made of 25.4 mm of corkboard having thermal conductivity k of 0.0433
W/m·K.
Solution-
Applying Fourier’s law of heat conduction,

where
k = 0.0433 W/m·K
T = 299.9 – 276.5 = 23.4 K
x = 25.4 mm = 0.0254 m
Heat loss per m2 = 0.0433, 23.2/0.0254 = 39.9 W/m2
37 Problem- Methane gas is diffusing in a straight tube 0.1 m long containing helium at 298 K
and the total pressure is 1 atm (=1.01325 105 Pa). The partial pressure of methane is 1.4 104
Pa at one end and 1.333 103 Pa at the other end. Helium gas is insoluble in methane and it is
non-diffusing. The diffusivity of methane–helium is 0.675 10–4 m2/s. Calculate the flux of
methane at steady-state conditions.
Solution-
Let methane = A and helium = B
z2 – z1 = 0.1 m
Temperature, T = 298 K
Total pressure, p = 1.01325 105 Pa
Partial pressure of methane at point (1),
pA1 = 1.4 104 Pa
Partial pressure of methane at point (2),
 pA2 = 1.333 103 Pa
DAB = 0.675 10–4 m2/s
The flux of A is given by the following equation where B is non-diffusing:

Substituting the values, we get

= 1.028 10–5 kg mol A/s·m2

38 Problem- State Fourier’s Law of conduction.
Solution- The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured – normal to the
direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.

39 Problem- Diethylaniline C6H5N(C2H5)2 at 20°C (density ρ = 0.935 g/cm3 and viscosity μ =

1.95 CP) is flowing through a horizontal smooth pipe of inside diameter 3 cm. If the
volumetric flow rate is 66 liters/min, determine the pressure gradient.
40 Problem- Oil (sp. gr. = 0.96, viscosity μ = 50 cp) flows past a flat plate with a free-stream
velocity of 1.1 ft/s. What is the thickness of the boundary layer, and the displacement
thickness 6 inches from the leading edge?
41 Problem- Calculate the thickness of the boundary layer at a distance of 3 in. from the
leading edge of a flat surface over which air at 80°F is flowing with a free-stream velocity of
35 ft/sec. Also estimate the rate of growth of the boundary layer. For air, take ρ = 0.0735
lb/ft3 and ѵ = 1.69 × 10–4 ft2/sec.
42 Problem- Water at 70°F (μ = 1 cp) is flowing at a velocity of 15 ft/s over a long (in the
direction of the flow) thin flat plate. Find the distance from the leading edge at which the
boundary layer thickness is 0.75 in.
43 Problem- A liquid (ρ = 62.4 lb/ft3 and μ = 7.5 × 10–4 lb/ft-s) flows past a flat plate with a
free-stream velocity of 12 ft/s. For a point at a distance of 2 in. from the leading edge of the
plate, determine:
a) the laminar boundary layer thickness.
b) the shear stress.
c) the shear force per unit width of flow, acting on the plate between the leading edge and the
given point.
44 Problem- A 6-foot-long thin flat plate is placed parallel to a 10 ft/s stream of oil (ѵ = 10–
4 2
ft /s, sp. gr. = 0.86). Determine the boundary layer thickness and the shear stress in terms of
the distance from the leading edge and plot them.
45 Problem- Oil is to be pumped at a rate of 1) 10 lb/sec, 2) 50 lb/sec through a horizontal pipe
of 4 in. dia and 5280 ft length. Calculate the drop in pressure and the theoretical horse-power
developed, if the oil density is 59.3 lb/ft3 and the viscosity is 50 cp. For the case of turbulent
flow, assume the Darcy friction factor to be 10 per cent higher than calculated for a smooth
pipe.
46 Problem- A pump at 50% efficiency is employed to pump a fluid, (spgr = 1.2, viscosity =
2.4cp) with a velocity of 6fps, from one storage tank to another through a pipe line. Both
tanks are open to atmosphere. The length and diameter of the pipe are 160 ft. and 2.067 in.,
respectively. If the roughness of the pipe is 0.0018 in., determine the power required to run
the pump.
47 Problem- Water flows through a 1 in. schedule 40 steel pipe at a velocity of 1.6 ft/sec. Find
the film coefficient at the inner pipe surface if the water is at 60°F.
48 Problem- A pipe of 2 in. inner diameter is maintained at a con-stant temperature of 90°F.
Water flows through the pipe at an average temperature of 80°F and an average velocity of 7
ft/sec. Assuming fully developed flow and the sur-face of the pipe to be smooth, find the rate
of heat transfer to the water over a 15 ft. length of pipe.
49 Problem- Water at 340°K and a rate of 4 Kg/hr is required for a certain process. Water,
available at 300°K, is to be heated as it passes through a 7mm ID pipe which provides 125
W per meter length of pipe. Determine the length of piping required and the maximum
temperature at the exit.
50 Problem- Water at a temperature of 350°K moves at 2.5 × 10‒4m3/sec through a (1/2) in.
schedule 80 pipe. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient within the pipe.
51 Problem- A (1/5) in. I.D. tube is at a constant temperature of 90°F. Water with a mean
temperature of 55°F and a mean velocity of 1.5 ft/sec is pumped through this heated tube.
Calculate the mean heat transfer coefficient for the first 4 ft. of the tube.
52 Problem- Water is travelling inside a (1/2) in. (0.0127m) I.D. tube, in the hydrodynamically
and thermally developed region. The wall temperature is constant. Determine the heat transfer
coefficient for laminar flow, given that the thermal conductivity is 0.585 W/m‒°C. In addition,
calculate the heat transfer between the tube walls and the water for a 30 ft. (9.14m) length of
tube, assuming the mean temperature difference between the wall and the water is 80°F
(44.5°C).
53 Problem- Water is moving through a heat exchanger tube with an inside diameter of D =
1.25 in. and a length of L = 9.0 ft. The water enters at 45°F, with a flow rate of 18 gal/min.
The wall temperature is constant at 200°F. Determine the exit temperature of the water using
analogies of Reynolds, Colburn, Prandtl and von Karman.
54 Problem- A wide plate of length 3.5 in. has air at 1 atm. and 180°F moving parallel to it at a
velocity of 190 ft/sec. Determine the average heat flux if the surface of the plate is at a
constant temperature of 110°F.
55 Problem- A horizontal pipe has a 12 in. outside diameter. The temperature of the outer
surface is 110°F and the air around it is at 1 atm. and 90°F. Approximate the rate of heat loss
by
free convection from a unit length of this pipe.
56 Problem- Determine the heat loss per foot length from an uninsulated pipe (5–in., schedule
40) passing through a hall maintained at a temperature of 80°F. The surface temperature of
the uninsulated pipe is 900°F.
57 Problem- Compute the heat gained by the room at 80°F from a vertical plate 3 ft. wide and 4
ft. high maintained at 115°F.
58 Problem- Find the surface heat transfer coefficient of a 2 ft. high flat plate at 220°F, when
immersed in water at 70°F.

59 Problem- A plate 1 ft. high and 2 ft. wide is welded inside a reservoir to heat the water at
70°F. Determine the required surface temperature of the plate, such that the heat transfer rate
from the plate to water is 6000 Btu/hr.
60 Problem- Water at an average temperature of 110°F in a vertical pipe 4 in. in diameter and
18 in. high, is freely convecting. The wall temperature of the pipe is 220°F. Determine the
Reynolds number of forced convections, when it just begins to cause mixed convection.
61 Problem- A fluid is flowing upward over a thin flat vertical plate under steady state laminar
conditions. The temperature of the plate is higher than the external fluid temperature. In this
case, note that both free and forced convection exist. Develop the criteria which can show
when free, forced, or mixed convection will prevail over the situation.
62 Problem- What are the compositions of the gas and liquid phases existing under
equilibrium? Assume ideality in both phases, i.e., Raoult's law and Dalton's law are valid.
63 Problem- The transpiration cooling with liquid oxygen as cooling medium is used to protect
the combustion chamber walls from being destroyed. The temperature of inside surface of
walls should be maintained at 1170°R by adding liquid oxygen at 170°R through the porous
walls into the chamber. The temperature of the gas stream is 3100°R and the heat
transfer coefficient for the turbulent flow without the addition of oxygen is 250 Btu / hr.
ft2. °F. Find the required rate of addition of oxygen.
64 Problem- A volatile fuel when spilled on a large flat surface quickly spreads over a depth
1/4 in. and a length of 7 ft. The fuel is at 60°F with a vapor pressure of 2 psia has the
physical properties ѵ = 10–5 ft / sec, ρ = 54 lbm / ft3 and DAB = 0.55 ft2 / hr. The kinematic
 viscosity of air is 1.62 × 10–4 ft2 / sec. If a breeze at 75°F blows parallel to the fuel surface at
15 mph, determine the evaporation rate.

65 Problem- A hot condensable vapor A diffuses through a stationary film of a non-

condensable gas B towards a cold surface at z = 0 where it condenses. Develop the
concentration and temperature profile for the gas A.
66 Problem- Saturated steam at 1.5 std. atm. flows through a porous flat plate over which air at
700°C and 1 std. atm. is flowing. The air-side heat transfer coefficient is 200 u/hr∙ft2∙°F when
there is no steam flowing.
(a) Compute the flow rate of steam required to keep the temperature at the surface at 300°C.
(b) What would be the flow rate if water at 30°C is used instead?
67 Problem- Consider a solid material occupying the space from y = 0 to y = 1 that is initially
at temperature T0. At time t = 0, the surface at y = 0 is suddenly raised to temperature T1 and
maintained at that temperature for t > 0. Find the time-dependent temperature profiles T(y;
t). Assume a constant k.
68 Problem- A solid body occupying the space from y = 0 to y = 1 is initially at temperature T0.
Beginning at time t = 0, a periodic heat flux is given by
is imposed at y = 0. Here, q0 is the amplitude of the heat flux oscillations, and ω is the
frequency. It is desired to find the temperature in this system, T(y; t), in the periodic steady
state. Assume a constant k.
69 Problem- Consider the schematic shown below. Note that B is immiscible with A, so while
B can be present in the system at steady state, there is no net flux of B down or out, just
across such that NB.z = 0. For the full description of the problem, see Section 18.2 of BSL.
Solution-
70 Problem- Make a differential momentum balance and obtain the expression for the
distributions of momentum flux and velocity for the flow of a fluid through a circular tube
Solution-
71 Problem- Discuss the momentum flux and velocity distribution for upward flow through a
cylindrical annulus.

Solution-
72 Problem- Argon has a viscosity of 2.097 × 10–4 g/cm. sec at 273°K and 1 atm. If argon
behaves as an ideal gas:
(I) Obtain the equivalent molecular diameter (σ).
(II) Estimate the viscosity of argon at 350°C and 1 atm. (Ill)
Estimate the diffusivity of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.
(IV) Estimate the thermal conductivity (k) of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.

Employing an experimental value of σ = 3.65 × 10–8 cm for argon and using the theory for
spherical molecules:
(V) Obtain the viscosity of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.
(VI) Obtain the viscosity of argon at 350°C and 1 atm.
(VII) Obtain the diffusivity of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.
(VIII) Obtain the thermal conductivity of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.
73 Problem- Evaluate the diffusion coefficient for CO2 in air at 1 atm (and 30°C) using
equation (1).

74 Problem- Calculate and compare the diffusivity of water vapor in air at 25°C and 1 atm with
its experimental value, 0.256 cm2 / sec.
75 Problem- Approximate the diffusivity of H2O in oxygen at 65°F and 0.75 atm absolute.

76 Problem- Pure nitrogen is passed over the opening of a long narrow test tube which contains
liquid cyclohexane filled to 11 cm below the top. The temperature is 17°C and the pressure
is 1 atm. After 20.2 hr the liquid level drops 0.22 cm. Using this data determine the diffusivity
of the binary gas system.
77 Problem- Four gallons of gasoline (A) is poured on a surface area of 20 ft2. Determine the
time necessary for the gasoline to evaporate into still dry air (B). The diffusivity is DAB = 6.5
ft2 / hr. Evaporation occurs through a 6 in. film at 65°F. The gasoline has a vapor pressure of
2 psia.

78 Problem- A porous sintered mass of silica has a void fraction ε of 0.31, a tortuosity of 4.0,
and is 2.5 mm thick. The pores contain water at 291 K. On one side of the silica, NaCl is
 maintained at a concentration of 0.2 kmol / m3 and water flows by on the other side. Taking
into account only the resistance of the silica, determine the steady state diffusion of NaCl.

79 Problem- A solid sphere of naphthalene (A) with a radius of 2.5 mm is surrounded by still
air (B) at 300 K and 1 atm. Take the surface temperature of the naphthalene as 300°K and its
vapor pressure at this temperature as 0.104 mm Hg. The diffusivity of napthalene in air at
318°K is 6.92 × 10–6 m2 / sec. Determine the rate at which naphthalene evaporates.

80 Problem- A column is used to absorb ammonia in water from a feed of air and ammonia.
The column is at 1 atm and 0°C. Assume the resistance to transfer is completely in the gas
phase, in a gas film 1.5 mm thick. The partial pressure of NH3 is 55 mm Hg at one point in
the column. What is the transfer rate per unit area at this location in the column? The
diffusivity of ammonia in air is 0.198 cm2 / sec at 0°C.
81 Problem- A gas diffuses through the walls of a pyrex tube whose cross-section is shown in
the figure. Derive a relation for the rate of diffusion of the gas through the tube as a function
of the diffusivity of the gas in pyrex, its interfacial concentration in the pyrex and the
dimensions of the tube.
82 Problem- A spherical particle, A of radius R1, is suspended in a gas B. A diffuses through a
stagnant gas film of radius R2. Derive an expression for the rate of diffusion of A.

83 Problem- It is desired to remove water from an air-water mixture which contains 35 percent
water by volume. The mixture diffuses into a section of still air 0.2 in. in length, after which
it is completely removed from the mixture by absorption. At the absorption plane, the water
concentration is small enough to be neglected. The system operates at 1 atm and 59.0°C.
Determine the rate of water diffusing through the air layer.
84 Problem- Two large tanks, each contain a mixture of nitrogen (A) and oxygen (B), but at
different concentrations. Tank 1 has 85 mole percent N2 and 15 mole percent O2, while tank
2 has 25 mole percent N2 and 75 mole percent O2. A tube 1.5 m long with an inside diameter
of 0.150 m connects the two tanks. If the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 0°C,
calculate the rate of diffusion of N2 between the tanks assuming steady state transfer.

85 Problem- Consider a horizontal pipe of 1.2 in. inside diameter and of roughness k = 0.002 ft.
If water flows through it at 9.3 ft/s, calculate the pressure loss per 10 ft. of the pipe length.
Kinematic viscosity of water ѵ = 0.93 × 10–5 ft2/s.
86 Problem- Argon has a viscosity of 2.097 × 10–4 g/cm. sec at 273°K and 1 atm. If argon
behaves as an ideal gas:
(I) Obtain the equivalent molecular diameter (σ).
(II) Estimate the viscosity of argon at 350°C and 1 atm. (Ill)
Estimate the diffusivity of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.
(IV) Estimate the thermal conductivity (k) of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.

Employing an experimental value of σ = 3.65 × 10–8 cm for argon and using the theory for
spherical molecules:
(V) Obtain the viscosity of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.
(VI) Obtain the viscosity of argon at 350°C and 1 atm.
(VII) Obtain the diffusivity of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.
(VIII) Obtain the thermal conductivity of argon at 0°C and 1 atm.
87 Problem-Define and explain binary Diffusivity.

Solution-The description of diffusion involves a mathematical model based on a

fundamental hypothesis or ‘‘law’’. Imagine two large bulbs connected by a long thin
capillary (Figure 3-1). Both of bulbs are at the same pressure and temperature but are filled
with two different gases (N2 upper bulb and CO2 lower one). The concentration of the carbon
dioxide in the initially N2 filled bulb is measured with time to find how fast these two gases
will mix. The concentration of CO2 varies linearly with time (Figure 3-1). So the amount of
CO2 transferred could be determined from this graph at each time step. Carbon dioxide flux
is defined as follows:
Figure 1: Simple Diffusion Experiment
We can assume that the flux is proportional to the gas concentration difference and we can
recognize that increasing the capillary tube length will decrease the flux, so:

The new proportionality constant D is the diffusion coefficient. Its introduction implies a
model for diffusion, the model often called Fick’s law. There is a similarity between Fick’s
law and Ohm’s law for flux of electrons:

The diffusion coefficient D is proportional to the reciprocal of the resistivity. So the general
form of Fick’s law is

Where, j is the diffusion flux, and the minus appears because of the opposite directions of
diffusion flux and concentration gradient.
From eq. (3-2), we see that D has units ( L2 / T ). Since Fick’s law is derived for molecules
moving in Brownian motion, D is a molecular diffusion coefficient, which is called Do to be
specific. The intensity (energy and freedom of motion) of these Brownian motions controls
the value of D. Thus, D depends on the phase (solid, liquid or gas), temperature, and
molecule size.
It should be considered that the Fick’s Law could not be applied when the capillary is very
thin or two gases react.
Parallel to Fourier’s law for heat conduction Fick’s second law is developed as;

for one dimensional unsteady state diffusion, and for the constant area, A, it becomes the
more known Fick’s second law equation:

This equation can be applied only for isotropic media and when the potential for diffusion is
only given by concentration gradients. The diffusion coefficient is also independent of
concentration.
88 Problem-Find the diffusion flux and concentration profile in a steady diffusion across a thin
film.

Solution- The objective is to determine how much solvent moves across the film and how
the solvent concentration changes within the film. On each side of the film is a well-mixed
solution of one solvent. The solvent diffuses from the fixed higher concentration, located at x
< 0 on the left-hand side of the film, into the fixed, less concentrated solution, located at x >
l on the right-hand side. As the first step mass balance on a thin layer located at some
arbitrary position x within the film is written:

Figure: Diffusion Across a Thin Film

Because the process is in steady state, the accumulation is zero. The diffusion rate is the
diffusion flux times the film’s area A. Thus

Divide this equation by the layer volume: A x Δx

Combining eq. (3-6) with Fick’s law equation (3-2) yields the following equation:

Where C = solvent concentration in the layer. There are two boundary conditions for this
differential equation:

Analytical solution of eq. (3-7), according to these two boundary conditions, will be the
concentration profile:

The resulted solution for the concentration profile shows that the profile is independent of
the diffusion coefficient. Base on the Fick’s law the diffusion flux can be found by
differentiation of concentration profile:

89 Problem- Compare and contrast convective and molecular mass fluxes.

Solution- The flux of any quantity in any direction is the rate per unit time per unit area that
the quantity crosses a face normal to that direction.
 Quantities that can be fluxed in fluids include fluid mass, mass of a dissolved contaminant
such as salt, mass of a suspended contaminant such as sediment, fluid momentum, fluid
energy, heat, etc.
There are three fundamental mechanisms of flux of interest in fluid mechanics:
Convective flux, by which the quantity is carried with the flow;
Diffusive flux or molecular flux, by which the quantity migrates from zones of high
concentration to zones of low concentration by random molecular motion, and
90 Discuss Navier-Stokes equation in Cylindrical co-ordinate.
91 Problem- Explain temperature and pressure dependency of gas diffusivity.
Solution- Both pressure and temperature have impact on gas diffusivity.
In general, gas diffusivities increase with pressure and temperature.
92 Problem- Give brief introduction about equimolar counter diffusion.
Solution- Equimolar counter diffusion is an instance of molecular diffusion in a binary
mixture, and occurs when equal numbers of molecules of the two substances are moving in
opposite directions.
 Equimolar Counter-Diffusion

In equimolar counter-diffusion, the molar fluxes or A and B are equal, but opposite in
direction, and the total pressure is constant throughout. Hence, we can write:

N = NA + NB = 0

JA = -JB

Note- pressure is caused by the collisions of molecules with the container wall. If the
pressure is constant at any point in the container, then it must be implied that the number of
molecules acting on the wall at any point is also constant. In other words, if certain amount
of A has diffused away, then they are replaced by the same amount of B
Under equimolar counter-diffusion, the diffusivity of A in B is the same as the diffusivity of
B in A, i.e., DAB = DBA
93 Problem - Distinguish between free and forced convection heat transport phenomena.
Solution - The key difference between natural and forced convection is that in natural
convection, the motion of the fluid is influenced by natural means whereas, in forced
convection, the motion of fluids is influenced by external means. The difference between
natural and forced convection related to heat transfer is that there are no external factors
affecting the heat transfer in natural convection while external factors can cause heat transfer
in forced convection.
94 Problem- Define thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. What are its units?
Solution- Definition:
Thermal Conductivity: Thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the ability of
that material to conduct heat through it.
Thermal Diffusivity: Thermal diffusivity can be understood as the ability of a material to
conduct heat relative to the heat stored per unit volume.
Formula for Calculation
Thermal conductivity (K) of a material can be expressed as;
K(T) = α(T)ρ(T) Cp (T)
Where, α(T) – Thermal diffusivity, ρ(T)- density, Cp (T)- specific heat capacity
Thermal diffusivity (α) of a material can be expressed in terms of thermal conductivity as;
α(T)=K(T)/(ρ(T) Cp (T)
Denoted by:
Thermal Conductivity: K
Thermal Diffusivity: α
SI unit:
Thermal Conductivity: W/mK
Thermal Diffusivity: m2.
Dimensions
Thermal Conductivity: M1L1T−3Θ−1
Thermal Diffusivity: L2.
95 Problem - State the significance of Prandtl and Nusselt number
Solution - In heat transfer problems, the Prandtl number controls the relative thickness of the
momentum and thermal boundary layers. When Pr is small, it means that the heat diffuses
quickly compared to the velocity (momentum).
Small values of the Prandtl number, Pr << 1, means the thermal diffusivity dominates.
Whereas with large values, Pr >> 1, the momentum diffusivity dominates the behavior.
96 Problem-Define mass and molar concentration.
 Solution-Mass concentration ρi (or γi) is defined as the mass of a constituent mi divided by
the volume of the mixture V.

For a pure chemical the mass concentration equals its density (mass divided by volume);
thus, the mass concentration of a component in a mixture can be called the density of a
component in a mixture.

Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration)

is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution,
in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution. In chemistry, the most
commonly used unit for molarity is the number of moles per liter, having the unit symbol
mol/L or mol⋅dm−3 in SI unit.
97 Problem- Discuss about shell energy balance and boundary conditions.
Solution- As with fluids, the shell balance can be used in place of the microscopic balance
for heat flow. The equation is:
Convection In - Convection Out + Conduction In - Conduction Out + Work on System -
Work By System + Rate of Energy Production = 0
• Conduction is given as Aq where A is the projected area (analogous to the stress term in the
shell
momentum balance)
• The rate of energy production is given as SV where S is the rate of heat production per unit
volume
and V is volume.
98 Problem- Hydrochloric acid (A) diffuses through a thin film of water (B) 4.0 mm thick at
283 K. The concentration of HCl at point 1 on one boundary of the film is 12 wt% and on
the other boundary, at point 2 is 4 wt%. The diffusivity of HCl in water is 2.5 x 10-9 m2/s.
Calculate the flux of HCl considering water to be stagnant. Density of the solutions at points
1 and 2 are 1060.7 kg/m3
and 1020.15 kg/m3 respectively.
Solution-
99 Example problem 3.3: In an experimental study of the absorption of ammonia by water in a
wetted-wall column, the value of overall mass transfer coefficient, KG was found to be 2.75
 10-6 kmol/m2 -s-kPa. At one point in the column, the composition of the gas and liquid
phases were 8.0 and 0.115 mole% NH3, respectively. The temperature was 300K and the
total pressure was 1 atm. Eighty five % of the total resistance to mass transfer was found to
be in the gas phase. At 300 K, Ammonia –water solutions follows Henry’s law upto 5
mole% ammonia in the liquid, with m = 1.64 when the total pressure is 1 atm. Calculate the
individual film coefficients and the interfacial concentrations. Interfacial concentrations lie
on the equilibrium line.
100 Problem – What is convective transport?
Solution- Convective transport (convective flow, bulk flow, convection) may refer to either
heat or mass transfer. In the context of membranes, convective flow refers to the transport of
fluid (pure solvent or solution) across a porous mem- brane, which is driven by the applied
pressure.
101 With neat diagram develop a formula for the overall heat transfer coefficient for the two
concentric cylindrical pipe walls.
102 Discuss about shell energy balances and boundary conditions in general
103 Discuss natural convention for two vertical plates at two different temperatures
104 Find the temperature distribution for heat conduction due to the viscous heat dissipation for
flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid between two concentric cylinders.
105 Show that for equimolar counter diffusion DAB = DBA
106 Define mass and molar average velocities.
107 Discuss the significance of momentum, thermal and mass diffusivities.
108 For the fixed-bed axial flow reactor shown in figure, find the steady state axial temperature
distribution. The fluid is flowing axially in plug flow with superficial velocity v0.
109 Discuss about binary diffusion and self-diffusion.
110 A copper wire has a radius of 2 mm and a length of 5 m. For what voltage drop what the
temperature rises at the wire axis be 10 oC, if the surface temperature of wire is 20 oC?
111 Discuss about temperature and pressure dependency of thermal conductivity.
112 Discuss in brief about heat conduction in a cooling fin.
113 Why fins are used in heat transfer? Give three examples of convection heat transport in
chemical industry.
114 Explain the various boundary conditions used to solve heat transport problems.
115 State the shell mass balance equation and boundary conditions used for solving the mass
transport problems.
116 Explain the molecular diffusion in gases with appropriate equations.
117 Derive the relation for diffusion through a stagnant gas film.
118 Discuss about diffusion through a stagnant gas film.
119 Discuss about equimolar counter diffusion.
120 Define concentrations, velocities and mass fluxes with reference to mass transport.
121 Discuss theory of ordinary diffusion of gases at low density.
122 An incompressible Newtonian fluid is flowing in the z direction between two vertically
placed parallel walls of length L and width W under the influence of a vertical pressure
gradient. One of the walls is moving in z direction with a velocity vo. Obtain the velocity
distributions for the flow system. Consider the flow to be laminar.
123 Derive velocity distribution and pressure drop for flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid
through annular space between two concentric long cylindrical pipes.
124 Derive velocity distribution and pressure drop for flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid
through a long cylindrical pipe.
125 Discuss about shell mass balance.
126 Compare convective and molecular molar fluxes.
127 Discuss theory of diffusion in gases at low density.
128 Explain Molecular Mass Transport.
129 Explain temperature and pressure dependence of diffusivities.
130 Derive equation of molar flux for steady state diffusion of A through nondiffusing B
131 Define mass and molar average velocities.
132 Explain in brief about theory of diffusion of polymer
133 Discuss about diffusion through a stagnant gas film.
134 Define mass and molar concentrations.
135 Discuss the significance of momentum, thermal and mass diffusivities.
136 Define concentrations, velocities and mass fluxes with reference to mass transport.
137 Using the equation of combination of kinetic theory and corresponding states arguments
estimate DAB for the system of CO-CO2 at 296.1 K and 1 atm total pressure. The data is
given as follows.
138 Discuss the various methods to calculate the self-diffusivity of the binary mixture whose
diffusivities are dependent on temperature and pressure.

The values for constants are a = 2.745 × 10-4 and b = 1.823.

139 Derive an expression of molar flux for the diffusion with homogeneous chemical reaction as
A + B →AB
140 Using the equation of theory of diffusion in gases at low density predict the value of DAB
for the system of CO-CO2 at 296.1 K and 1 atm total pressure. The data is given as follows.

The collision integral for diffusion ΩDAB = 1.067

141 Derive general shell energy balance equation and discuss the common types of boundary
conditions involved in its solution.
142 An electric wire of circular cross section with radius R and electrical conductivity ke,
conducts an electric current with current density I. During the transmission of electric current
some electrical energy is converted into heat. Derive an equation for the temperature
distribution from center to periphery of the wire
143 Discuss the general trends of viscosity with temperature and pressure for ordinary fluids.
144 Derive the equation for the temperature distribution in two concentric cylinders.
145 Derive flux equation of diffusion of A through non-diffusing B
146 Find the temperature distribution for heat conduction due to the viscous heat dissipation for
flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid between two concentric cylinders
147 State and explain the general shell energy balance equation.
148 Give the physical significance of the three kinds of time derivatives used in the equation of
change for momentum transport.
149 State and explain Hagen-Poiseulle law with all assumptions.
150 Derive the Navier-Stoke’s equation in cartesian coordinate.