CHAPTER1

POWER SYSTEM SCADA

Supervisory Control and Data

q
Acquisition Systems
y
POWER SYSTEM
SCADA
 Introduction
• Used in industrial
dust a and
a d engineering
e g ee g applications
app cat o s
• To monitor and control distributed systems from a
master location
• Solutions across a large variety of industries
– Electric power gen. ,trans., & distr.
– Oil and gas industry metering and control systems
– Traffic signals
– Etc.
– Used in US Utilities industry since 1960s
 Introduction

• SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition) systems are described in the IEEE
Std C37.1-1994 specifications as "a system
p
operatingg with coded signals
g over
communication channels so as to provide
control of RTU [Remote Terminal Unit]
equipment.
i t "
 SCADA
[Link]?

• Ability to perform operations at an unattended

location from operating center
• Successful carried out the power system
operations
ti can provide
id significant
i ifi t costt savings
i
 SCADA
[Link]?
• Locations whereby such operation much done
from time to time, e.g. opening or closing
circuit breakers
– Cost providing and maintaining operator attended
cannot be justified
– Delay operation may lengthen an outage and
deteriorate customer service
– Operator attendance of remote stations are
uneconomically
TYPICAL SCADA
SYSTEM
 SCADA HISTORY

• Began in the early 1960s as an electronic system

operating as input/output transmissions between a
master station and a remote station. The master
station would receive data through
g a telemetryy
network and then store the data on mainframe
computers.
 SCADA HISTORY

• In the early 1970s, distributed control systems (DCS)

were developed to control separate remote
subsystems
b and
d in
i the
h 1980s,
1980 with
i h the
h development
d l off
the microcomputer, process control could be
distributed among remote sites. Further development
enabled DCS to use programmable logic controllers
(PLC), which have the ability to control sites without
t ki di
taking direction
ti from
f a master.
t
 SCADA HISTORY

• In the late 1990s, SCADA systems were built with DCS

capabilities and systems were customized based on
certain proprietary control features built in by the
designer. Now, with the Internet being utilized more
as a communication tool, SCADA and telemetry
systems are using automated software with certain
portals to download information or control a process
process.
 SCADA HISTORY
• Engineered SCADA systems today not only
control processes but are also used for
measuring,g, forecasting,
g, billing,
g, analyzing
y g and
planning. Today’s SCADA system must meet a
whole new level of control automation while
i t f i with
interfacing ith yesterday’s
t d ’ obsolete
b l t equipment
i t
yet remain flexible enough to adapt to
tomorrow’ss developments
tomorrow developments.
 Control and Supervision
of SCADA systems

• Term applied
– to remote operation (control) of such devices as motors or
circuit breakers
b k and
d signaling
l back
b k (supervision)
( ) to indicate
d
the desired operation has been effected
– Simple
p systems
y have been used in power
p utilityy
operations,early systems the supervision was provided by
• Red light indicate the device was closed
• Green light indicate the operation successfully completed (e.g.
opening circuit breaker)
 SCADA EARLY SYSTEM

• Wires required for each devices between control point

and controlled devices, therefore
– Cost and complexity increased directly with number of
devices to be remotely controlled and supervised
– Highly cost because of distances
– Reliability suffered due to electrical noise induced in the
control circuit
• Wire
Wi circuit
i it can minimized
i i i d by
b the
th use off selective
l ti relays
l but
b t
system became complex and difficult to maintain, limited in
speed of operation
 SCADA MODERN SYSTEM

• Computer based system

– Master unit consists of digital computer with I/O
equipment
• Transmit control messages to remote units
• Receive information
• Displayed on CRT and printed on electric printers
• Display graphic info.
info
– Online diagrams
– Wall diagrams
 SCADA
ARCHITECTURES

• Evolved in parallel with the growth and

sophistication of modern computing technology
• Three generations of SCADA
– First Generation- Monolithic
– Second Generation- Distributed
– Third Generation- Network
 Monolithic SCADA
Systems
• Computing concept in general centered on mainframe
systems
• Networks non-existent
non existent
• Standalone systems with virtually no connectivity to
other systems
y
• WAN use today unknown that time
• Use of two identically equipped mainframe systems
– Primary
– Backup (take over when failure detected at primary
Monolithic SCADA
Systems
 Distributed SCADA
Systems
• Use Local Area Networking (LAN) technology to
distribute the processing across multiple systems
• Multiple stations connected to LAN to share
information in real time
• Mini computer
p class less expensive
p than first
generation
• Distributed stations served as
– Communications processors-communicate with RTU
– Operator interfaces-human-machine inteface with system operator, etc.
Distributed SCADA
Systems
 Networked SCADA
Systems
• Architecture is closely related to second generation
SCADA
• Primary difference is that open system architecture
rather than a vendor controlled, proprietary
environment
• Multiple network systems, sharing master station
functions
• Major improvement possible to distribute SCADA
functionally across a WAN and not just a LAN
Networked SCADA
Systems
 SCADA Systems
Configuration
• Consists of master unit, RTUs and some
communication links between them
• Communications links can be
– Wire circuits
– Microwave channels
– Or power line carrier channels
• Configurations determined by
– System requirements
– Availability
a ab y of o communication
o u a o channels
a s
– Cost factors
 SCADA Systems
Configuration
• One for one SCADA system with a master unit
for each remote unit

M R

M R
 SCADA Systems
Configuration
• A star or hub SCADA system
– with one master unit for several remotes but only
one remote on each communication circuit

R3
R1
M

R2 R4
 SCADA Systems
Configuration
• A party
party-line
line SCADA system
– With several remote units on a single
communication circuit

R1 R2 R3 R4
 SCADA-Supervisory
Master Units

• The heart of the system

• System “Nerve Center” Located in
• Electric Utility Energy Control Center (ECC);
• Dispatchers Use to Monitor and Control Power System
• Operator initiate operations of an RTU are made through the
master unit and reported back to the master from the RTUs
• Signals between MU and RTU are tones of audio frequency and
messages transmitted by frequency shift technique.
• This technique is desirable because of its relative immunity
from noise interference
Supervisory Master
Units
Supervisory Master
Units
Supervisory Master
Units
Supervisory Master
Units
Supervisory Master
Units
Supervisory Master
Units
 Supervisory Master
Units
• Ensure the desired device is selected and correct operation
p
is chosen, the operator at the master station should
follows a procedure
• Method called ‘Select before operate’
– Operator selects the remote station
– Remote station acknowledges that it has been selected
– After receiving assurance that the desired operation has
been acknowledged by the remote unit, the operator
perform the operation
– Remote unit the performs the operation and signals back to
the master
 Supervisory Remote
Units

• Located at selected stations

• Equipped
E i d with
ith modems
d so that
th t
– Can accept messages from the master
– Signal back to the master that messages have been
received
• Desired operation can be performed
Supervisory Remote
Units
 Supervisory Remote
Units
• Relay functions
– Located in the RTUs
– Used to open or close the selected control circuits
to the controlled equipment on command from the
master unit
– To sense when an operation has been performed
f
so that the RTU can signal back to the master that
the desired operation has been completed
completed.
 Supervisory Remote
Units

• Transducer functions
– Used to convert such quantities as voltage,
voltage current
current,
watts and vars to direct current or voltage
proportional to the measure quantity
– Then by means of A/D converters convert the
quantity to digital form
– Used
U d by
b the
th system
t for
f ttransmission
i i from
f the
th
remote to the master
 Add. SCADA System
Application

• Various programs incorporated with SCADA

• To
T iimprove operations
ti
• Minimize the manual effort required of power
system operators
Add. SCADA System
Application
 Add. SCADA System
Application

• Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

– Use
U theth SCADA system
t computer
t to
t provideid the
th
AGC function
– Computer based system providing more capability
at reduced cost
– Receive wide acceptance and application
 SCADA-AGC
SCADA AGC
Computer A Input/Outp
ut
(primary) Equipme
nttt

CRT
Data
Bus

Line Mode
Buffer ms
Typewriter Controller s Remote
Units

Line
Printer

Computer B Input/Outp
ut
To Mop Board (standby) Equipem
indicating and
Recording nt
instruments
 SCADA AGC
SCADA-AGC

Operator
Console
MODEMS RTU’S

MOD 2
Master EMS
Typewriter Unit

C
Communication
i ti Ci Circuits
it
3

4
CRT

Graphic System Diagram

Instrument
Board
 SCADA-Security
monitoring

• when provides sufficient info on the conditions

existing on a power system to SCADA computer
system
• Able to check the limits of loading
g and other quantities
q
in order to determine whether the system is or at near
an emergency state
• Cause an alarm to be sounded to alert system
operator
SCADA-Security
monitoring
 SCADA- Static-state
estimation

• To provide a reliable real time model

• Develop
D l procedures
d for
f estimating
ti ti the
th state
t t off
the system
• Calculate from available data
• The result found is an estimate of the securityy
of the system
SCADA- Static-state
estimation
 SCADA-Steady-state
security analysis

• Use to determine whether a power system is

secure and could stand the outage of certain
lines or equipment without a system
emergency
• Also used to determined a strategy for
corrective
ti action
ti to
t restore
t th
the system
t tto a
normal security condition
 SCADA- Online load
flow
• A load flow program can be developed using
actual operating data provided sufficient info is
telemetered to a master unit
• Such program can predict loadings of the lines
and stations under selected future conditions
• Program also used to calculate the penalty
f t
factors (t
(transmission
i i lloss factors)
f t ) needed d d for
f
economic operation of the system