Radiation Heat Transfer
M.T. Manzari
1
Origin of Radiation
Changing Radiation
Electro-magnetic
electric/magnetic
waves (by photons or Quanta)
fields
2
Properties of Radiation
• It is a volumetric phenomena
• It propagates with speed of light (c=3e+8 m/s)
• Relationship between its wavelength and frequency:
c
• Energy of each photon:
c
e h h h Planck's Constant 6.6256 10 34 [ J . s]
• High frequency (short wavelength) radiation has higher
energy
3
Properties of Thermal Radiation
• Thermal radiation is a volumetric phenomena; in
opaque materials, most of the internal radiation never
reaches the surface and most of the radiation incident is
absorbed within a few mirco-meter from surface
• Thermal radiation does not need a medium (works even
in vacuum)
• Wavelength varies between 0.1 and 100 micro-meter
• Solar radiation ranges between 0.3-3 micro-meter
covering infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light
• Visible radiation ranges from 0.4-0.7 micro-meter
4
Radiation and Heat Transfer 1
In this course, we only consider thermal radiation exchange between surfaces
5
Emissivity, Absorptivity and Reflectivity
1 For each wavelength
1 For all wavelengths
6
Dependency on Temperature, Wave Length
and Angle
• The amount of emission, absorption and reflection of a surface depend on
• Temperature
• Wave length
• Angle it has with respect to other surfaces
• In this course, we ignore dependency on wavelength, although it can be very
important
• To account for angle, we should calculate View Factor (F)
• View factor FAB is the proportion of the radiation which leaves surface A that
strikes surface B
7
View Factor Properties
For any surface, view factor has the following properties
• Summation property: (when n surface form a closed cavity)
n
F
j 1
i j 1
• Superposition rule: (for any surfaces 1,2 and 3)
F12,3 F12 F13
• Reciprocity:
A1 F12 A2 F21
Note that FA→A is zero if the surface is convex
8
Surface Radiation from Blackbody
This is an idealized radiation system with the following properties:
• Perfect absorber of thermal radiation regardless of wavelength and direction
• Perfect diffuse emitter of thermal radiation with uniform radiation in all
directions
• At a specified temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more
energy than a blackbody
• According Stefan’s rule (1879), radiation emission of a blackbody is
Eb (T ) T 4 [W / m 2 ]
• Stephan-Boltzmann coefficient:
5.67 108 [W / (m 2 K 4 )]
19
Radiation Between Two Black Surfaces
In general, when two black surfaces exchange radiation, the total
amount of heat transferred between them depends on their
surface area, temperature and the view factor:
20
Radiation Between Black Surfaces of a Closed
Cavity
Consider an enclosure consisting of “N” black surfaces. The net heat flux from any surface “i” in this
enclosure is given by
• Note that a negative heat flux means that the surface gains heat
from other surfaces
• Regardless of the shape of the surface, in thermal equilibrium, the
net heat transfer from a surface to itself is zero (surfaces only
exchange heat with each other)
21
Emission and Irradiation
• Assume gray and opaque surface
i i and i i 1
22
Radiation Between Any Two Surfaces
The net rate of heat transfer from surface “i” to surface “j” is
In analogy to electric circuits (Ohm’s law), this can be written as
Surface resistance to radiation 23
Radiation in Enclosures
• Consider an enclosure with “N” surfaces
• The net rate of heat transfer from surface “i” to other surfaces
of an enclosure is given by
• Note that node “Ji” cannot store energy, therefore, heat
received from “i” is passed to the other surfaces:
24
