ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
Introduction ELC 4351: Digital Signal Processing
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency Liang Dong
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Analog Baylor University
Conversion
liang [email protected]
January 12, 2017
Outline
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
Introduction
1 Introduction
Classification
of Signals
The Concept 2 Classification of Signals
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
3 The Concept of Frequency
Conversion
4 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Introduction
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong Digital hardware: Digital computer and digital signal
processor (DSP)
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Introduction
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong Digital hardware: Digital computer and digital signal
processor (DSP)
Introduction
Classification
Software: Programmable operations
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Introduction
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong Digital hardware: Digital computer and digital signal
processor (DSP)
Introduction
Classification
Software: Programmable operations
of Signals
A higher order of precision and robustness against noise,
The Concept
of Frequency interference, uncertainty, etc.
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Introduction
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong Digital hardware: Digital computer and digital signal
processor (DSP)
Introduction
Classification
Software: Programmable operations
of Signals
A higher order of precision and robustness against noise,
The Concept
of Frequency interference, uncertainty, etc.
Analog-to-
Digital and
Sampling and quantization bring a distortion
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong A signal is any physical quantity that varies with time, space,
Introduction
or any other independent variable or variables.
Classification
of Signals s1 (t) = 5t
The Concept
of Frequency
s2 (t) = A cos(2πfc t + θ)
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to- s3 (x , y ) = 2x + 4xy + 9y
Analog
Conversion
s1 (nTs ) = 5nTs , t = nTs , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
s[n] = 5nTs
Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
A system can perform an operation on a signal. Such operation
Liang Dong
is referred to as signal processing.
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
x (n) −→F y (n)
The Concept
of Frequency
y (n) = F (x (n))
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
The system is characterized by the type of operation that it
Conversion performs on the signal. For example, if the operation is linear,
the system is called linear.
1
y (n) = [x (n) + x (n − 1) + x (n − 2)]
3
Classification of Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong 1 Multichannel and multidimensional signals
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Classification of Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong 1 Multichannel and multidimensional signals
Introduction 2 Continuous-time vs. discrete-time signals
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Classification of Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong 1 Multichannel and multidimensional signals
Introduction 2 Continuous-time vs. discrete-time signals
Classification
of Signals
3 Continuous-valued vs. discrete-valued signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Classification of Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong 1 Multichannel and multidimensional signals
Introduction 2 Continuous-time vs. discrete-time signals
Classification
of Signals
3 Continuous-valued vs. discrete-valued signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
4 Deterministic vs. random signals
The Concept of Frequency
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
The concept of frequency is directly related to the concept
Analog-to-
of time. It has the dimension of inverse time.
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
The Concept of Frequency
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
Processing
Liang Dong xa (t) = A cos(Ωt + θ), −∞ < t < ∞
Introduction A is the amplitude of the sinusoid, Ω is the frequency in
Classification
of Signals
radians per second (rad/s), and θ is the phase in radians.
The Concept
of Frequency Ω = 2πF
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
xa (t) is periodic with fundamental period Tp = 1/F .
Introduction xa (t + Tp ) = xa (t)
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency Complex Exponential Signals
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to- xa (t) = Ae j(Ωt+θ) = A cos(Ωt + θ) + jA sin(Ωt + θ)
Analog
Conversion
Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
xa (t) is periodic with fundamental period Tp = 1/F .
Introduction xa (t + Tp ) = xa (t)
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency Complex Exponential Signals
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to- xa (t) = Ae j(Ωt+θ) = A cos(Ωt + θ) + jA sin(Ωt + θ)
Analog
Conversion
Q: Why use complex signal representation?
d R
A: Easy to calculate dt xa (t) and xa (t)dt.
The Concept of Frequency
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
Processing
Liang Dong
x (n) = A cos(ωn + θ), −∞ < n < ∞
Introduction
n is the sample number, A is the amplitude of the sinusoid, ω
Classification is the frequency in radians per sample, and θ is the phase in
of Signals
radians.
The Concept
of Frequency ω = 2πf
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong A discrete-time sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency f
is a rational number.
Introduction
Classification
of Signals cos(2πf (N + n) + θ) = cos(2πfn + θ)
The Concept
of Frequency k
Analog-to-
⇒ 2πfN = 2kπ ⇒ f =
Digital and N
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Discrete-time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by
an integer multiple of 2π are identical.
cos(ωn + θ) = cos((ω + 2π)n + θ)
Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal The highest rate of oscillation in a discrete-time sinusoid is
Processing
attained when ω = π (or ω = −π).
Liang Dong
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
The frequencies in any interval ω1 ≤ ω ≤ ω1 + 2π
Introduction
Classification
constitute all the existing discrete-time sinusoids or
of Signals complex exponentials.
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to- The frequency range for discrete-time sinusoids is finite
Digital and
Digital-to- with duration 2π.
Analog
Conversion
We choose the range 0 ≤ ω ≤ 2π or −π ≤ ω ≤ π as the
fundamental range.
Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Continuous-time Exponentials
Liang Dong
The basic signals:
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
sk (t) = e jkΩ0 t = e j2πkF0 t , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
The Concept
of Frequency Tp = 1/F0 is a common period.
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to- A linear combination of harmonically related complex
Analog
Conversion exponentials
∞
X ∞
X
xa (t) = ck sk (t) = ck e jkΩ0 t
k=−∞ k=−∞
where ck , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . are arbitrary complex
constants.
Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
∞ ∞
Introduction X X
Classification
xa (t) = ck sk (t) = ck e jkΩ0 t
of Signals k=−∞ k=−∞
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Fourier series expansion for xa (t).
Digital and
Digital-to- The signal xa (t) is periodic with fundamental period
Analog
Conversion Tp = 1/F0 .
{ck } are the Fourier series coefficients.
sk is the kth harmonic of xa (t).
Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong Discrete-time Exponentials
Introduction
Classification The basic signals:
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
sk (n) = e j2πkf0 n , k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
Analog-to-
Digital and We choose f0 = 1/N.
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
sk (n) = e j2πkn/N , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N − 1
sk+N (n) = e j2πn(k+N)/N = e j2πn sk (n) = sk (n)
Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
A linear combination of harmonically related complex
Liang Dong
exponentials
Introduction
Classification N−1
X N−1
X
of Signals
x (n) = ck sk (n) = ck e j2πkn/N
The Concept
of Frequency k=0 k=0
Analog-to-
Digital and where ck , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N − 1 are arbitrary complex constants.
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion Fourier series expansion for discrete-time sequence x (n).
The signal x (n) is periodic with fundamental period N.
{ck } are the Fourier series coefficients.
sk is the kth harmonic of x (n).
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
1 Sampling: Conversion of a continuous-time signal into a
discrete-time signal
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
1 Sampling: Conversion of a continuous-time signal into a
discrete-time signal
2 Quantization: Conversion of a continuous-valued signal
into a discrete-valued signal
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
Introduction
Classification
of Signals
The Concept
of Frequency
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
Conversion
1 Sampling: Conversion of a continuous-time signal into a
discrete-time signal
2 Quantization: Conversion of a continuous-valued signal
into a discrete-valued signal
3 Coding: Each discrete-valued sample is represented by a
b-bit binary sequence
Quiz – January 12, 2017
ELC 4351:
Digital Signal
Processing
Liang Dong
Introduction
Classification If xa (t) is a continuous-time periodic signal with
of Signals
fundamental period Tp = 1/F0 , write xa (t) in terms of its
The Concept
of Frequency Fourier series expansion.
Analog-to-
Digital and
Digital-to-
Analog
What are the three major processes of an analog-to-digital
Conversion
conversion?
