Presented by Group 2
CLASSICAL,
ETHICAL,
&
PHILOSOPHIES
What is Ethics?
The term ethics has several meanings.
1 2 3
"the principles of We use the term Ethics involves a
conduct governing an accounting ethics when discipline that
individual or a group" referring to the code examines good or bad
We sometimes use the that guides the practices within the
term personal ethics, professional conduct context of a moral
for example, when of accountants. A duty. It is the discipline
referring to the rules second-and for us that examines your
by which an individual more important- moral standards or the
lives his or her meaning of ethics moral standards of a
personal life. according to the society.
dictionary is this: "the
study of morality."
What is Ethics?
Although ethics deals with morality, it is not quite the same as morality. Ethics is a kind of
investigation, which includes both the activity of investigating as well as the results of that
investigation, whereas morality is the subject matter that ethics investigates.
What is Philosophy?
Philosophy, on the other hand, comes etymologically from two Greek words philia, which means love,
and sophia, which means wisdom. It is the "study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality,
and existence". It helps us better understand who we are, why we are here, and where we are going.
We can speak in general of three branches of philosophy:
Metaphysics - which answers the question "What is the nature of reality?"
Epistemology - which answers the question "What is the nature of knowledge?"
Axiology - which answers the question "What is the nature of values?"
Metaphysics is concerned with reality and existence. It is the philosophy of being.
It can be subdivided into two categories:
(1) Ontology, which deals with the nature of existence
(2) Cosmology, which inspects the origin and organization
of the universe.
Epistemology raises questions about the nature of knowledge. Logic is a key
dimension to epistemology. We can distinguish between:
(1) Deductive logic (moving from general to specific)
(2) Inductive logic (that is, from specific facts to
generalization).
Axiology explores the nature of values. This can be subdivided into:
(1) Ethics, which studies human conduct and examines
moral values, and
(2) aesthetics, which values beauty, nature, and aesthetic
experience (often associated with music, art, literature,
dance, theater, and other fine arts)
Strands of Philosophy
01 02 03 04
IDEALISM REALISM NEO-THEISM CONTEMPORARY
PHILOSOPHIES
IDEALISM
This is considered the oldest philosophy of Western culture. It refers to the world of mind and ideas, where
reason is primary. Leading proponents of idealism are: 3
A. Socrates (Greek philosopher) D. René Descartes
B. Plato (Greek philosopher, "father
of idealism") E. Immanuel Kant
C. Augustine (Theologian of the 4th
F. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
and 5th centuries)
SOCRATES
3
He is best known for the Socratic method of
question and answer, his claim that he was
ignorant, and his claim that unexamined life is not
worth living, for human beings.He was the
inspiration for Plato, the thinker widely helps to
be the founder of the Westernphilosophical
tradition. Plato, in turn, served as the teacher of
Aristotle, thus establishing thefamous triad of
ancient philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
PLATO
3
Idealism can be traced back to the ancient Greek
philosopher Plato, who believed that the world we
see is merely a shadow of the true reality that
exists in the realm of ideas. Plato argued that ideas
such as beauty, justice, and truth are more real
than the physical objects we see around us, and
that our task as humans is to seek knowledge of
these eternal and unchanging ideas.
REALISM
This can be considered the antithesis of idealism, whereby "the Universe exists whether mind perceives it or
not." Leading proponents of Realism are: 3
A. Aristotle (Greek philosopher, "father of C. John Locke
Realism")
B. Francis Bacon D. Comenius, Rousseau, and Pestalozzi
ARISTOTLE
He is one of the greatest philosophers who
ever lived and the first genuine scientist in
history. He is known for his contributions to
logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics, and
science.He developed formal logic, including
the syllogism, rejected Plato's theory of
Forms,and focused on virtue ethics, arguing
that happiness is achieved by living a virtuous
life.
John Locke
He was an 18th-century English philosopher
who is considered one of the most influential
Enlightenment thinkers. He is known for his
ideas on natural rights, limited government,
and the social contract. He developed his
theory of ideas and his account of the origins
of human knowledge in experience, and Two
Treatises of Government
nEO-THEISM
This would date to the time of Thomas
Aquinas (1225-1274), and is also known as 3
theistic realism, whereby"God exists and can
be known through faith and reason."
St. Thomas Aquinas was a Dominican priest
and Scriptural theologian. He took seriously
the medieval maxim that “grace perfects and
builds on nature; it does not set it aside or
destroy it.” Therefore, insofar as Thomas
thought about philosophy as the discipline
that investigates what we can know naturally
about God and human beings, he thought that
good Scriptural theology, since it treats those
same topics, presupposes good philosophical
analysis and argumentation.
CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHIES
01 02 03
PRAGMATISM EXISTIALISM ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
PRAGMATISM
Also known as experimentalism (experience of things that work). Leading proponents were:
3
(1) Auguste Comte (2)Charles Darwin
(3) the Americans: Charles Peirce,
William James, and John Dewey.
Auguste Comte
3
• Coined the term "Sociology"
• Considered the Father of positivism
Positivism - way of thinking based on the
assumption that it is possible to observe social
life and establish reliable, valid knowledge
about how it works.
CHARLES DARWIN
3
•Charles Darwin is primarily known as the
architect of the theory of evolution by
natural selection.
•Darwin proposed that species can change over
time, that new species come from pre-existing
species, and that all species share a common
ancestor
EXISTIALISM
Appeared as a revolt against the mathematical, scientific philosophies that preceded it. Leading proponents
were:
(1) Soren Kierkegaard (4) Martin Heidegger
(2) Martin Buber (5) Jean-Paul Sartre
(3) Edmund Husserl
ANALYTIC
3
PHILOSOPHY
It sought out to clarify and define philosophies. This began in post World War I era
(the Vienna Circle) and studied the alienation between philosophy and science. It
established the concept of logical positivism, that is, there are logical and empirical
types of scientific expression. Analytic philosophy has recently focused on political
philosophy, ethics, and philosophy of the human sciences.
Quiz Time
Thank You
Presented by GROUP 2
