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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 575

Koushik Maharatna
Maitreyi Ray Kanjilal
Sukumar Chandra Konar
Sumit Nandi
Kunal Das Editors

Computational
Advancement in
Communication
Circuits and
Systems
Proceedings of ICCACCS 2018
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 575

Series Editors

Leopoldo Angrisani, Department of Electrical and Information Technologies Engineering, University of Napoli
Federico II, Naples, Italy
Marco Arteaga, Departament de Control y Robótica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán,
Mexico
Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Samarjit Chakraborty, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, TU München, Munich, Germany
Jiming Chen, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Shanben Chen, Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Tan Kay Chen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore,
Singapore, Singapore
Rüdiger Dillmann, Humanoids and Intelligent Systems Lab, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe,
Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Haibin Duan, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China
Gianluigi Ferrari, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
Manuel Ferre, Centre for Automation and Robotics CAR (UPM-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
Sandra Hirche, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Science, Technische Universität
München, Munich, Germany
Faryar Jabbari, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA,
USA
Limin Jia, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Alaa Khamis, German University in Egypt El Tagamoa El Khames, New Cairo City, Egypt
Torsten Kroeger, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Qilian Liang, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
Ferran Martin, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
Tan Cher Ming, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Wolfgang Minker, Institute of Information Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Pradeep Misra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Subhas Mukhopadhyay, School of Engineering & Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston
North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
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Federica Pascucci, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
Yong Qin, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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Singapore, Singapore
Joachim Speidel, Institute of Telecommunications, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg,
Germany
Germano Veiga, Campus da FEUP, INESC Porto, Porto, Portugal
Haitao Wu, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, NC, USA
The book series Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE) publishes the latest developments
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Koushik Maharatna Maitreyi Ray Kanjilal
• •

Sukumar Chandra Konar •

Sumit Nandi Kunal Das

•

Editors

Computational Advancement
in Communication Circuits
and Systems
Proceedings of ICCACCS 2018

123
Editors
Koushik Maharatna Maitreyi Ray Kanjilal
School of Electronics and Computer Science Narula Institute of Technology
University of Southampton Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Southampton, UK
Sumit Nandi
Sukumar Chandra Konar Narula Institute of Technology
Narula Institute of Technology Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Kunal Das
Narula Institute of Technology
Kolkata, West Bengal, India

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
ISBN 978-981-13-8686-2 ISBN 978-981-13-8687-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8687-9
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
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Preface

It is an immense pleasure to release the Proceedings of 2nd International

Conference on Computational Advancement in Communication Circuit and System
(ICCACCS 2018) which was organized by Narula Institute of Technology,
Agarpara, Kolkata, India, on November 23–24, 2018. In this conference, we
received 84 papers for consideration. Finally, after reviewing all the papers by an
expert reviewer, we accepted only 42 papers for publishing in Springer Lecture
Note on Electrical Engineering.
The aim of the conference was to bring together national and international
researchers, industrial experts and academicians to present papers and generate
discussions on current research and development in the state-of-the-art technologies
in computing and communication, environment-friendly computing, reconfigurable
computing and low-power nanotechnology and VLSI design, and it provided a
forum for sharing insights, experiences and interaction on various facets of evolving
technologies and patterns related to computer science, information technology,
electrical and electronics, etc. The investigation, simulation, analysis and solving
complex issues and phenomena in the areas of computation, communication circuit
and system design in engineering also represented the current state-of-the-art
technology and the outcome of the ongoing research in the area of advanced applied
science and engineering.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank all esteemed authors for con-
tributing their research work to this conference. We were able to obtain the quality
of research article only because of esteemed reviewers which will be published in
this Springer Lecture Note. We are extremely thankful to them for their effort and
time in reviewing the papers critically. We express our gratitude to Prof. Bhargav B.
Bhattacharya, ISI, Kolkata, for reviewing the papers even during the travel around
the USA. We respect the dedication and efforts that were made by our reviewers to
make this Lecture Note qualitative. We are thankful to the management of Narula
Institute of Technology, Mr. Taranjit Singh and Mr. Simarpreet Singh, for their

v
vi Preface

continuous support and trust. Our sincere thanks to Mr. Aninda Bose, Editor,
Springer Lecture Note, Springer India Pvt. Ltd., for his cooperation and support.
Special thanks to all faculty members, advisory committee, organizing committee,
student and staff members of Narula Institute of Technology for their hard work.

Southampton, UK Koushik Maharatna

Kolkata, India Maitreyi Ray Kanjilal
Kolkata, India Sukumar Chandra Konar
Kolkata, India Sumit Nandi
Kolkata, India Kunal Das
Organizing Committee

Chief Patron

Sardar Taranjit Singh, Managing Director, JIS Group

Patron

Prof. S. M. Chatterjee, Chairman—BOG, JIS Group

Mr. Harenjeet Singh, Trustee Member, JIS Group
Mr. Amrk Singh, Trustee Member, JIS Group
Mr. S. S. Datta Gupta, Director, JIS Group
Prof. Asit Guha, Advisor, JIS Group
Mr. U. S. Mukherjee, Deputy Director, JIS Group
Mr. Simarpreet Singh, Director, JIS Group
Manpreet Kaur, CEO, JIS Group
Jaspreet Kaur, Trustee Member, JIS Group
Mr. Harjot Singh, Director, JIS Group
Mr. Amanjot Singh, Director, JIS Group

General Chair

Prof. Amlan Chakraborty, Dean, CU

Prof. Koushik Maharatna, University of Southampton, London

vii
viii Organizing Committee

Program Chair

Prof. (Dr.) Sumana Chowdhuri, Applied Physics, CU

Prof. (Dr.) Debashis De, MAKAUT

Advisory Committee

Dr. Manpreet Singh Manna, Director, AICTE

Prof. Goutam Kumar Dalapati, IMRE, Singapore
Prof. (Dr.) Bhargav B. Bhattacharya, ISI, Kolkata
Prof. (Dr.) Dulal Acharya, Director, ACT, Kolkata
Prof. (Dr.) B. P. Sinha, Ex-Prof., ISI, Kolkata
Prof. S. K. Sanyal, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Prof. Sanatan Chattopadhyay, Calcutta University
Prof. Soma Das, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur
Prof. Swapna S. Nair, Central University, Kerala
Prof. P. K. Banerjee, Ex-Prof., Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Prof. J. K. Das, Advisor, R&D, Narula Institute of Technology
Prof. A. K. Mallick, Ex-Prof., IIT Kharagpur
Prof. D. Ghosh Dastidar, Ex-Prof., Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Prof. (Dr.) K. K. Aggarwal, Chancellor, K. R. Mangalam University
Mr. Sanjiv Goswami, Managing Director, Springer Nature

Program Committee

Prof. Nabanita Das, ISI, Kolkata

Prof. Hafizur Rahaman, IIEST, Shibpur
Prof. (Dr.) Chandan Kr. Sarkar, Ex-Prof., Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Prof. (Dr.) Paramartha Dutta, Visva-Bharati University
Prof. Nabendu Chaki, University of Calcutta
Prof. J. P. Singh, NIT Patna
Prof. (Dr.) Debnath Bhattacharyya, VIIT, Vizag
Prof. (Dr.) J. K. Mandal, University of Kalyani
Dr. Ram Sarkar, Jadavpur University
Dr. Abhishek Das, Aliah University, Kolkata
Dr. Siddartha Bhattacharya, Principal, RCC Institute of Information Technology
Mr. Lokesh Mehra, Director, Millionlights, and Former Director, Microsoft and
Oracle
Mr. Roger Raphael, Senior Technical Staff, IBM, San Francisco Bay Area
Dr. Moumita Mukherjee, Assoc. Dean, Adamas University
Organizing Committee ix

Organizing Chair

Prof. (Dr.). M. R. Kanjilal, Principal, Narula Institute of Technology

Convener

Prof. Sukumar Chandra Konar, Dean, R&D, Narula Institute of Technology

Jt. Convener

Dr. Sumit Nandi, HOD—BS & HU, Narula Institute of Technology

Dr. Kunal Das, Associate Professor, CSE, Narula Institute of Technology

Secretary

Sandhya Pattanyak, Assistant Professor (ECE), Narula Institute of Technology

Mr. Arkendu Mitra, Assistant Professor, Narula Institute of Technology

Treasurer

Prof. Surajit Bari, ECE

Mr. Nilanjan Mitra, Accounts

Organizing Committee

Prof. B. K. Medya, HOD, IT

Prof. Biman Mukherjee, HOD, CE
Dr. Sandip Chanda, HOD, EE
Prof. Jayanta Pal, HOD, CSE
Prof. Saradindu Panda, HOD, ECE
Prof. J. C. Guha, CE
Prof. Bansari Deb Majumder, TIC, EIE
Dr. Sumit Chabri, HOD, ME
Dr. Sanjay Goswami, HOD, MCA
x Organizing Committee

Technical Program Committee

Sandhya Pattanyak, ECE (Coordinator)

Dr. Rupa Bhattacharyya, BS & HU
Sagarika Chowdhury, CSE
Dr. Arup Sarkar, CSE
Kousik Sarkar, ECE

Web Design, Publication, Print Media and Publicity

Committee

Subhendu Banerjee, CSE (Coordinator)

Soumya Bhattacharyya, IT
Rimpi data, ECE

Accommodation & Transport Committee

Sudhangshu Sarkar, EE (Coordinator)

Dr. Dhananjoy Tripathi, BS & HU
Abhijit Ghosh, ECE

Refreshment Committee

Soumen Pal, ECE (Coordinator)

Dr. Nikhilesh Sil, BS & HU
Rahul Biswas Deb, CE

Registration Committee

Dr. Susmita Karan, BS & HU (Coordinator)

Sangita Roy, ECE
Sujata Kundu, IT
Kamalika Banerjee, EE
About the Institute

Narula Institute of Technology is a leading autonomous engineering and manage-

ment college, located at Agarpara near Kolkata under the aegis of JIS Group
Educational Initiatives since 2001.

Affiliations/Accreditations
It is approved by AICTE and affiliated to MAKAUT, West Bengal—formerly
known as West Bengal University of Technology—which has NBA-accredited
degree programs in engineering. It boasts of the prestigious NIRF ranking among
150 selected institutes of India. It is also accredited by the National Assessment and
Accreditation Council (NAAC). The college has also received the notable World
Bank-assisted and MHRD-approved TEQIP (Phase II) grants for the advancement
of technical education. It is eligible for receiving Central assistance under the
recognition of 2(f) and 12(B) under the UGC Act.

Courses
The four-year B.Tech. course is imparted in the streams of CSE, ECE, EE, CE, IT,
EIE and ME. The institute provides a brilliant platform for pursuing higher studies
through PG courses like M.Tech. (CSE, ECE, EE—power system, CE—structural
engineering), MBA and MCA. It has expanded to include diploma programs in EE,
CE and ECTC under the affiliation of West Bengal State Council of Technical
Education.

Research and Development

The institute boasts of a powerful R&D cell with immense contribution from the
scholarly faculty members. There is an enormous repository of national and
international journal publications, e-books, online lectures which have drawn
nationwide attention. With the encouragement and support from the college, around
ten projects funded by organizations like UGC, BRNS and AICTE are running
successfully by the faculty members till date. Very recently, the ECE, CSE

xi
xii About the Institute

Department have secured the MODROBS, SERB, AICTE-RPS Projects and

Institute level DST-FIST grant is received for upgrading their Cloud Computing,
Wireless Sensor Network Lab, Embedded System and Electronic Design
Automation Lab, etc.

Collaborations
The college is in collaboration with Tech Mahindra, Reliance Jio Infocomm
Limited, CII, NASSCOM, Aspire Disruptive Skill Foundation, Oracle, Infosys,
TCS, NIT Sikkim, IIT KGP, AIT, Bangkok, and other organizations of repute. The
students get an opportunity to interact in an international platform through semi-
nars, conferences and special teaching-learning sessions. The student chapter plays
a crucial role in organizing informative technical events within the campus. At
present, there are five student chapters in our college: IETE student forum of
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, ICE and ASCE of Civil
Engineering Department, CSI of Computer Science Engineering, Information
Technology and MCA Department and Institute of Engineers India (IEI) of
Electrical Engineering Department.
About the Conference

The 2nd International Conference on Computational Advancement in

Communication Circuit and System (ICCACCS 2018) was held during November
23–24, 2018, at Narula Institute of Technology, Agarpara, Kolkata, India. The aim
of the conference was to bring together national and international researchers,
industrial experts and academicians to present papers and generate discussions on
current research and development in the state-of-the-art technologies in computing
and communication, environment-friendly computing, reconfigurable computing
and low-power nanotechnology and VLSI design, and it provided a forum for
sharing insights, experiences and interaction on various facets of evolving tech-
nologies and patterns related to computer science, information technology, elec-
trical and electronics, etc. The investigation, simulation, analysis and solving
complex issues and phenomena in the areas of computation, communication circuit
and system design in engineering also represented the current state-of-the-art
technology and the outcome of the ongoing research in the area of advanced applied
science and engineering. Conference technical program consisted of plenary and
keynote lectures, tutorial/workshop, oral presentation session, in which the leading
expert from all around the world presented the state-of-the-art reviews of rapidly
developing and exciting areas and reported the latest significant findings and
development in all major fields of applied science and engineering. We cordially
invited all to participate in this exciting conference as a presenter.
We organized the 1st International Conference on Computational Advancement
in Communication Circuit and System (ICCACCS 2014) during October 30–
November 1, 2014. The conference was supported by Technical Education Quality
Improvement Program (TEQIP), New Delhi, India, and we had technical collabo-
ration with IEEE Kolkata Section, along with publication partner Springer. The
Proceedings of the International Conference was published by Springer Lecture Note
on Electrical Engineering. https://www.springer.com/in/book/9788132222736.
In the 2nd International Conference on Computational Advancement in
Communication Circuit and System (ICCACCS 2018), we encouraged all to share

xiii
xiv About the Conference

their research work describing original work on theories, methodologies, abstrac-

tion, algorithms, industry applications and case studies with others by submitting
original paper(s). We greatly appreciated the interest of all in the ICCACCS 2018
and for their presence at Narula Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India, in
November 2018.
Contents

Part I Modeling of Energy Systems

Congested Power Transmission System in a Deregulated Power
Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Bishaljit Paul, Chandan Kumar Chanda, Jagadish Pal
and Manish Kumar Pathak
Integration of DSTATCOM and Distributed Generation
with Nonlinear Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Mukul Anand, Amit Kumar, Rahul Dev and Pradeep Kumar
Comparison of Improvement in Technical, Commercial
and Environmental Benefits by Optimal Single-Point, Twin-Point
and Triple-Point Deterministic PV-Based DG Injection
by Jaya Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Anirban Chowdhury, Ranjit Roy, Kamal Krishna Mandal,
Soumyajit Bhattacharya, Priyankar Biswas and Sayani Nandy
Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Incorporating Solar Power
Using Jaya Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Tanmay Das, Ranjit Roy, Kamal Krishna Mandal, Souren Mondal,
Soumaymoy Mondal, Paresh Hait and Moloy Kumar Das
Bat-Algorithm-Based Transmission Expansion Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
P. Das, P. S. Bera and P. Biswaas
Emergency Restoration Based on Priority of Load Importance
Using Floyd–Warshall Shortest Path Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Dipu Sarkar, Maitrayee Chakrabarty, Abhinandan De and Sanjay Goswami
Fault Detection During Power Swing Using Fast Discrete
S-transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Arkadeep Mondal, Sayan Das and Bikash Patel

xv
xvi Contents

Detection and Classification of Faults on the Transmission Line

Using Lissajous Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Sayan Das, Arkadeep Mondal and Bikash Patel
Design and Fabrication of Solar-Powered Water Pumping Unit
for Irrigation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Pronami Mukherjee and Tapas Kumar Sengupta
Power Grid Generation with Tectonic Mechanism Wind Energy
Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Pratyusha Biswas Deb, Susmita Das, Arnima Das, Ronojit Bose,
Aritra Das and Maitreyi Ray Kanjilal

Part II Cloud Computing, Internet on Things, Machine Learning

and Big Data Analytics
Mining Social Network Data for Predictive Personality Modelling
by Employing Machine Learning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Arjun Sengupta and Anupam Ghosh
An Ensemble Learning-Based Language Identification System . . . . . . . 129
Himadri Mukherjee, Sahana Das, Ankita Dhar, Sk. Md. Obaidullah,
K. C. Santosh, Santanu Phadikar and Kaushik Roy
Kinect Sensor Based Single Person Hand Gesture Recognition
for Man–Machine Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Biswarup Ganguly, Priyanka Vishwakarma, Shreya Biswas and Rahul
Artificial Intelligence-Based Economic Control of Micro-grids:
A Review of Application of IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Promila Das, Sandip Chanda and A. De
Analysis of Heart Rate Variability to Understand the Immediate
Effect of Smoking on the Autonomic Nervous System Activity . . . . . . . 157
Prerana Talukdar, Suraj Kumar Nayak, Dibyajyoti Biswal, Anilesh Dey
and Kunal Pal
Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Electrocardiogram Signals
to Recognize the Effect of a Motivational Song on the Cardiac
Electrophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Swatilekha Paul, Gitika Yadu, Suraj Kumar Nayak, Anilesh Dey
and Kunal Pal

Part III Communication

Meteorological Parameter Studies During 6 December 2016 Indonesia
Earthquake (Mw 6.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Pranab Hazra, Suman Paul, Shreya Chatterjee and Anindita Chandra
Contents xvii

WARP Test Bed Implementation of Lag Order and Data

Length-optimized AR Spectrum Estimation Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Debashis Chakraborty and Salil Kumar Sanyal
Detection of Black Hole Attack in Delay-Tolerant Network . . . . . . . . . . 205
Chandrima Chakrabarti, Ananya Banerjee, Anirban Das,
Souradip Ganguly, Somraj Mukherjee, Rohan Dutta
and Jagriti Chourasia
Unvoiced Speech Recognition Using Dynamic Analysis
of EMG Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Paromita Das, Biswarup Neogi, Aniruddha Chandra and Anilesh Dey
Study the Effect of Cognitive Stress on HRV Signal Using 3D Phase
Space Plot in Spherical Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Sudhangshu Sarkar, Pallav Dutta, Aniruddha Chandra and Anilesh Dey

Part IV Network Security & Cryptography

MVTRNG: Majority Voter-Based Crossed Loop Quantum True
Random Number Generator in QCA Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Arindam Sadhu, Kunal Das, Debashis De and Maitreyi Ray Kanjilal
Applying Encryption Algorithm on Text Steganography
Based on Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Kunal Kumar Mandal, Siddhartha Chatterjee, Avishek Chakraborty,
Saptarshi Mondal and Saikat Samanta

Part V VLSI and Image Processing

Four-Directional Detection-Based Gaussian Noise Removal . . . . . . . . . . 269
Shubhendu Banerjee, Aritra Bandyopadhyay, Rajib Bag and Atanu Das
Comparative Analysis of 6-T SRAM Cell in Terms of Power
Using CMOS and DGMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Srabani Das (Roy), Saradindu Panda and Gourav Chakraborty
Low-Power FPGA-Based Hardware Implementation of Reversible
Watermarking Scheme for Medical Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Poulami Jana and Amit Phadikar
A New Approach Toward Invariant Shape Descriptor Tools for Shape
Classification Through Morphological Analysis of Image . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Soumen Santra and Surajit Mandal
A Variable Delay Circuit to Develop Identical Rise/Fall Time
in the Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Pritam Bhattacharjee and Alak Majumder
xviii Contents

Algorithms for Minimizing Bottleneck Crosstalk in Two-Layer

Channel Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Tarak Nath Mandal, Ankita Dutta Banik, Kaushik Dey, Ranjan Mehera
and Rajat Kumar Pal
Design and Comparative Analysis of Low-Power, High-Speed,
3-Bit Flash ADC for Biomedical Signal Processing Using 45-nm
CMOS Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Sk. Firojuddin, Soumen Pal and Puspak Pain

Part VI Nano Technology

Influence of Gate and Channel Engineering on Multigate Tunnel
FETs: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Ritam Dutta, Sukumar Chandra Konar and Nitai Paitya
Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) Study
of Some DNA-Intercalating Anticancer Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Indrani Sarkar, Sanjay Goswami and Paushali Majumder
To Explore Compounds as Tuberculosis Inhibitors—A Combination
of Pharmacophore Modelling, Virtual Screening and Molecular
Docking Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Indrani Sarkar, Sanjay Goswami and Paushali Majumder
Physical Proof and Simulation of Ternary Logic Gate in Ternary
Quantum Dot Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Puspak Pain, Arindam Sadhu, Kunal Das and Maitreyi Ray Kanjilal
Optical Properties of Fe-Doped ZnO Thin Film on p-Si by Spin
Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Amalendu Bera and Sourav Chattopadhyay

Part VII Reconfigurable Computing

AVR Microcontroller-Based Error-Free Public Addressing System . . . . 399
Suvamoy Bhattacharyya, Partha Sarkar, Arijit Sen, Ashesh Sinha
and Sandip Chanda
Prototype Model for Controlling of Soil Moisture and pH in Smart
Farming System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Suvamoy Bhattacharyya, Partha Sarkar, Sharthak Sarkar, Ashesh Sinha
and Sandip Chanda
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
About the Editors

Prof. Koushik Maharatna received his B.Sc. in

Physics and M.Sc. in Electronic Science from
Calcutta University, Calcutta, India in 1993 and 1995
respectively. He received his Ph.D. degree from
Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India, in 2002. At
present he is a Chair in Signal Processing Systems
Design in the School of Electronics and Computer
Science (ECS) at the University of Southampton, UK
and is part of the Biomedical Electronics research
group. He has served as Technical Programmes
Committee member in a number of prestigious IEEE
Conferences and is a member of IEEE VLSI Systems
Application Technical Committee. Prof. Maharatna has
over 110 scientific publications in high-impact confer-
ences and journals to his credit.

Dr. Maitreyi Ray Kanjilal is Principal at Narula

Institute of Technology. She has also worked in Techno
India College of Technology and Asansol Engineering
College. She completed her Ph.D. in Electronic
sciences. Her areas of interests include Wide-band gap
semiconductor devices, nanoscale devices, heterostruc-
tures and heterojunction semiconductor devices, micro-
electronics fabrication, low power devices and VLSI
circuits, and spintronics. She has published many papers
in international journals and conferences. She has also
filed a patent in 2016 titled ‘A system for generation of
electricity and method there off’.

xix
xx About the Editors

Dr. Sukumar Chandra Konar is Ex-Professor &

Head of Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Engineering Science and Technology.
Presently, he is Professor and Dean of Electrical
Engineering Department of Narula Institute of
Technology. He has +35 years of teaching and research
experience. He has published around 30 papers in
international journals and conferences. Dr. Konar has
also published a book titled ‘Robust Stability and
Performance of Analysis of Power Systems’ with Lap
Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. He also
acts as a reviewer of many journals and conferences—
Institution of Engineers (India) Journal; Taylor and
Francis Journal & AMSE (France) Journal; Electric
Power Components and Systems; International Journal
of Sustainable Energy.

Dr. Sumit Nandi received his B.Tech., M.Tech. and

Ph.D. degree from Calcutta University in Chemical
Technology, Oil Technology and Processing of refinery
by-products respectively. He has also completed his
M.B.A. from Sikkim Manipal University in Finance
and Marketing. Currently he is Head and Associate
Professor in Department of Basic Sciences and
Humanities, Narula Institute of Technology. His areas
of research interests include preparation of biodiesel
from natural resources, mathematical modelling on
enzyme kinetics, enzyme-catalyzed production of dif-
ferent value-added products. He has published more
than 50 papers in international journals and conferences
in these areas.
He has also filed two patents—‘A process for
preparing biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas oil’ and
‘Interpenetrating polymer network structure and prepa-
ration method thereof’. He has published one book
‘Engineering Chemistry Simplified’ with Chhaya
Prakashani Private Limited.
About the Editors xxi

Dr. Kunal Das received his B.Sc.(H) in Electronics

Science, B.Tech. (Information Technology) and
M.Tech. (Information Technology) degrees from
Calcutta University, Kolkata, India. He was awarded
the Ph.D. degree from the University of Kalyani. He is
working as an associate professor in the Department of
Computer Science & Engineering, Narula Institute of
Technology, Kolkata, and was the former assistant
professor in the Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Arunachal Pradesh, India. He has authored several
international journal papers and several conference
papers, and many SCI journals like Elsevier
Microelectronics Journal, Springer JETTA, IEEE
Transactions, and worked as editor in many interna-
tional books. He is the recipient of Early Career
Research Award Grant from SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD (SERB),
DST, Govt. of India as Principal Investigator.
 Part I
Modeling of Energy Systems
Congested Power Transmission System
in a Deregulated Power Market

Bishaljit Paul, Chandan Kumar Chanda, Jagadish Pal

and Manish Kumar Pathak

Abstract The optimum and marginal generator dispatch in the deregulated power
industry is one of the managerial tasks to eradicate congestion in the transmission
lines which is necessary for the online control action in the power system. So opti-
mum power flow has been chosen as the most versatile technique for system security
through economic generated dispatch under all parameter constraints. The signifi-
cance of this work is to give enough logic that in some real time systems is to manage
the generator scheduling during overloading of the lines or during outage of the ele-
ments, also to know the performance index of the lines based on their contingency
studies, to correct overloading by both scheduling and even by load shedding and in
the event of bilateral transactions by the market participants through the concept of
nodal pricing or locational marginal prices, the owners for the transactions are owned
with Financial Transmission Rights which act as perfect hedge for the congestion
surplus, all can relief congestion, are explained through a five-bus network.

Keywords Congestion · Congestion surplus · Contingency · Deregulation ·

Financial transmission rights · Locational marginal prices · Optimal power flow ·
Performance index

B. Paul (B) · M. K. Pathak

Department of Electrical Engineering, Silli Polytechnic, Ranchi 835102, Jharkhand, India
e-mail: [email protected]
M. K. Pathak
e-mail: [email protected]
C. K. Chanda · J. Pal
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIEST, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
e-mail: [email protected]
J. Pal
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 3

K. Maharatna et al. (eds.), Computational Advancement in Communication
Circuits and Systems, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 575,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8687-9_1
4 B. Paul et al.

1 Introduction

Due to deregulation and privatization of the electricity markets, there is a large

impact on power transmission around the whole world. There is an obstacle among
the market participants in the competitive market scenario due to the bottlenecks of
transmission capability in the transmission lines [1]. So planning in the transmission
lines should be meticulously done. Buyers and sellers make the electricity market
very complex and competitive. Due to the limitations of the available transmission
capability, the sole reason behind the complexity is the balancing of the supply and
demand at all real times. A congested system arises when producers and consumers
of electrical energy make the transmission lines beyond their transfer capabilities.
Spots of congestion are indicated by the locational marginal prices (LMPs) [2] in the
systems.
Congestion management [3] provides a market-based solution with economic effi-
ciency for a multi-buyer and multi-seller system. For a vertically integrated utility
structure, generation, transmission and distribution are within a control of a cen-
tral agency. Generation is dispatched at least cost accordingly. Security-constrained
economic dispatch (SCED) [4] provides an optimal solution and eliminates con-
gestion. So the power flow limits are not exceeded in the transmission lines and
the generators are dispatched accordingly. Congestion management states that the
transactions are to be prioritized and committed to work in such a schedule by the
system operator that does not overload the network. A set of definite rules are to
be ensured and enforced by the congestion management such that it takes control
over generation and loads to maintain security and reliability in the system. Under
open market structure, the rules ensure market efficiency maximization and a set of
market players will always look for loopholes to exploit it. Modelling of the market
structure [5] in the deregulated environment will be such that the participants can
engage freely for their transactions so that the security is not threatened or alarmed.
Market efficiency stands [6] with respect to cost-effective generation when they are
used to serve the load. The efficiency of a real market is the difference of social wel-
fare between real market and perfect market. In a competitive electricity market, due
to competiveness [7] among the market participants, overloading of the transmission
lines occurs while settling the market, and so congestion prevails. In the deregulated
scenario, the chances of congestion are quite high as all the customers would like to
purchase electricity from the cheapest source of energy. For the secured operation of
the system, the congestion should be alleviated. Optimal power flow techniques use
congestion management strategies [8] like rescheduling of generators, use of com-
pensating devices and even load curtailments to release congestion. If congestion
persists for a long time, the transmission lines operate beyond the transfer limits, and
there is a sudden rise in price of electricity which threatens security and reliability of
the system. So congestion management is one of the challenging tasks for the system
operator in the deregulated environment [9]. Optimal power flow-based congestion
management minimizes the generator’s operating cost subject to set of constraints
based on transmission system. Though there are different levels of economic signals
Congested Power Transmission System in a Deregulated Power Market 5

for different methods of congestion management, locational marginal price is the

most sensitive mechanism [10] as it provides the strongest price signal to the players
in the power market. They are the incremental increase or decrease of prices of energy
at every bus in the congested power system. When a transmission line is constrained,
another unit becomes marginal in the sense that it is neither at its maximum nor at its
minimum. If there are ‘p’ transmission constraints in the system, there will be ‘p +
1’ marginal generators [11, 12]. LMP at any bus is defined as the marginal cost of the
marginal generators of supplying the next increment of electrical energy at that bus
while maintaining the physical aspects of transmission system. Shadow prices are
the maximum dispatch cost saved due to an increment increase of flow capacity in
the line without violating transmission constraints. Shadow prices are the Lagrange
multipliers for the inequality constraints. Though LMPs vary significantly from one
bus to another and they are decomposed into three components; marginal energy
price (MEP), marginal congestion price (MCP) and marginal loss price (MLP) are
not unique due to transmission open access and large transactions [13, 14]. For an
‘n’ component power network, if one component is under outage, it is called ‘n − 1’
contingency. Similarly, for two-component outages, it is called ‘n − 2’ contingency.
Security-constrained economic dispatch optimal power flow programs are analysed
for the system security. If energy is bought and sold at nodal marginal prices, the
payments made by the generator companies to the ISO and the revenues collected by
the generator companies from the consumers do not match. More money is collected
from the consumers than it is paid to the generators. The difference is called the
congestion surplus or merchandising surplus, and it is caused due to the congestion
in the network. In an unconstrained economic dispatch, as the marginal prices are
identical at all nodes, the total amount collected by the generator companies is equal
to the amount paid by the consumers. So the congestion surplus is zero.
Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) [15–19] are defined that provide the market
player holder to collect a revenue equal to the amount of flow of power of ‘F’ MW
between two nodes and the price differential between that two nodes or buses. FTRs
completely debar the risks of congestion from the network by paying the amount to
the market players.

2 Mathematical Formulation

Let us consider that the line connecting the nodes ‘i’ and ‘j’ is constrained and
the power flow is at its limit. So this has violated the security of the system. This
causes two marginal generators to operate. Let the marginal generators be PA and
PB . To determine the LMP and by implementing congestion management strategies
[20] which are flow tariffs, costs of loads and generator bids at different buses, zero
congestion surplus and by changing the reference buses [21, 22]. At any node ‘k’,
it is required to calculate incremental inputs PA and PB of the marginal units at
nodes ‘l’ and ‘m’ so as to deliver 1 MW to node ‘k’, without increasing the flow
between the nodes ‘i’ and ‘j’ of the congested line.
6 B. Paul et al.

From the power transfer distribution matrix (PTDF), if 1 MW of power is injected

at node ‘l’ where there is a marginal generator and withdrawn at node ‘k’ where LMP
is to be found, there may be an increase or decrease of flow in line connecting between
the nodes ‘i’ and ‘j’.

Fl ow(i−j)l = PTDF(i−j) l −PTDF(i−j)k (1)

     
Fl ow(i− j )l Fl ow(i− j )m P A 0
∗ = (2)
1 1 P B 1

A similar calculation is analysed to determine the shadow price, which is direction

specific, in the congested line connecting between the nodes ‘i’ and ‘j’. The aim is
to perturb the outputs of the marginal generators at nodes ‘l’ and ‘m’ by incremental
amounts PA and PB so as to increase the flow in the congested line between the
nodes ‘i’ and ‘j’ by 1 MW, while maintaining the energy balance.
The quantities must satisfy the system of equations:
     
Fl ow(i− j )l Fl ow(i− j )m P A 1
∗ = (3)
1 1 P B 0

For any pair of nodes, ‘i’ and ‘j’, a relation between locational marginal price and
shadow price (SP) for the congested lines (cl) can be formulated as
  
LM P j − LM Pi = S P cl ∗ P T D F (h−k) j − P T D F (h−k)i (4)

Calculation based on the method of shift factors (SF), Lagrangian multipliers

where c is the bidding price vector of generation, P is the energy vector, A is the bus
unit incidence matrix and B is the bus-load incidence matrix.

M i ni mi ze cT ∗ P
 
subject to PD j − Pi = 0
j i

PL = SF ∗ (A ∗ P − B ∗ PD ) ≤ PLmax π +
−PL = −SF ∗ (A ∗ P − B ∗ PD ) ≤ PLmax π −

Pmin ≤ P ≤ Pmax for all generators.

So,
 
LMP = λ − SFT ∗ π+ − π− (5)

where

LMPenergy = λ
Congested Power Transmission System in a Deregulated Power Market 7

and
 
LMPcongestion = −SFT ∗ π+ − π−

L  
Pl 2n
PI = (6)
l=1
Pllim

where
L Number of lines.
Pllim MW limit capacity of the line.
n a positive integer.
The cost of power transmission of a transmission line between the two nodes ‘i’
and ‘j’ is formulated as

tij = LMPj − LMPi (7)

3 An Illustration with Five-Bus Network

3.1 Generating Units and Load Information

See Table 1.
8 B. Paul et al.

Table 1 Generating units and load information

Bus Cost ($/MWh) Pmin (MW) Pmax (MW) PD (MW) Type
1 15 0 1000 0 Slack
2 17 100 400 120 P-V
3 – – – 100 P-Q
4 19 50 300 80 P-V
5 – – – 120 P-Q

Table 2 Line parameter Line From (bus) To X pu PLmax

information (bus) (reactance) (MW)
L1 1 2 j0.06 150
L2 1 3 j0.24 100
L3 2 3 j0.12 50
L4 2 4 j0.18 100
L5 2 5 j0.12 120
L6 3 4 j0.03 100
L7 4 5 j0.24 100

3.2 Information of Line Parameters

See Table 2.

4 Results and Discussions

4.1 Base-Case Power Flows in MW Under Economic

Dispatch

Flow 1–2 Flow 1–3 Flow 2–3 Flow 2–4 Flow 2–5 Flow 3–4 Flow 4–5
197.453 72.547 46.359 34.056 97.038 18.906 22.962
(constrained)
Another Random Scribd Document
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Jesus Christ and the supreme head of the Church upon earth. The
whole Irish nation has suffered martyrdom for three centuries, for
its unswerving fidelity to the See of Peter. It would be unworthy of
us, who have received the sacred plant of faith watered by the
blood and preserved by the heroism of this faithful nation, and now
enjoy full liberty to partake of its fruits and to propagate it far and
wide, in peace, to degenerate from the sentiments of such noble
ancestors.

Moreover, the Catholic Church in America has ever been under the
most immediate and special care of the Holy See, ever obedient
and loyal, and therefore, ever united and prosperous. Nowhere in
the world do the bishops and priests receive a greater degree of
respect and obedience from their people, or a more abundant fruit
from their labors in preaching the word and administering the
sacraments of Christ. No heresy or schism, no violent disputes, no
extensive alienation of the faithful from their pastors, none of those
internal disorders which are far more dangerous than any outward
opposition, have as yet arisen to trouble our peace. The chief
reason of this is found in the perfect and unbroken union of our
hierarchy and people with the apostolic See of St. Peter. Were it not
for this, as there is no coercive force of the state to enforce a
compulsory exterior unity like that of the Russian Church, and no
patriarchal jurisdiction of one bishop over all the others, the
decrees of national or provincial synods would have no binding
efficacy, the union of bishops with each other would be broken, the
authority of the bishops would be defied by the clergy, of the clergy
by the people, and the same disintegration tending to final
dissolution would take place among us which we see in the
surrounding sects. The same result would inevitably take place
throughout the world, if the supremacy of the successor of St.
Peter were overthrown. State policy, and the power of kings and
parliaments, are broken reeds to lean upon. Were the church left to
depend upon these, they would soon withdraw their support, and,
bereft of a principle of internal life and unity, Christianity would
resolve itself everywhere into dust and air, never again to be
revived on earth.

Peter, living in the unbroken line of his successors, is the rock and
foundation upon which the church, that is, Christianity itself, is
built; and because the gates of hell shall never prevail against this
rock, to overthrow it, therefore Christianity shall endure to the end
of the world.

The full and unimpeded exercise of the spiritual supremacy of the

pope over the Catholic Church throughout the whole world being
necessary to its well-being, the perfect independence of this
supremacy from all political power is also necessary as the
condition of its free exercise. The experience both of the past and
the present proves that the political power is always disposed to
tyrannize over the church and deprive it of its divine right to liberty.
The only check to this domination of kings over bishops, and the
only lever by which the episcopate may be raised out of this
dependence on the civil power, is the independent power of the
Holy See. The pope must confirm the nominations to bishoprics,
and the decrees of local councils, otherwise they are null and void.
Were it not for this prerogative, which Napoleon the First violently
but unsuccessfully attempted to wrest from Pius VII., the king
would be the real head of each national church in nearly every
Catholic state. If one of these national churches had within its
bounds the principal and supreme see of the whole Catholic
Church, the sovereign of that nation, through his power over the
nomination to that see and its administration, would have power to
exercise dominion over the Catholic Church. If the archbishop of
Paris or of Vienna had the supremacy, the emperor of France or of
Austria would be the virtual head of the Catholic Church, as the
English sovereign and the Russian sovereign are the real heads of
the English and Russian churches, notwithstanding the nominal
primacy of the archbishops of Canterbury and of Moscow. Just so,
if the pope became the subject of a king ruling over his episcopal
city of Rome. He could not exercise his spiritual supremacy, except
in dependence on the will of the sovereign. He could not call an
oecumenical council, send a legate, receive an ambassador, issue
an encyclical, promulgate a decree, receive or send out the
documents necessary for the government of the universal church,
or possess the necessary means for the transaction of indispensable
business, without the permission of the political authority. In time
of war, his communication with the belligerents would be
completely cut off. The nomination to the sovereign pontificate
would either really, or at least in the opinion of other nations,
always be controlled by political influence, and so also would be the
confirmations or direct appointments to episcopal sees throughout
the world. Laws in regard to marriage or other matters, over which
the sovereign pontiff has direct jurisdiction, might be passed, which
he would be obliged to condemn, and yet be unable to do so, or at
least without perpetual conflicts with the civil power. He would be
continually subject to the treatment which the Archbishop of
Cologne received from the King of Prussia, and the bishops of Italy
from Victor Emmanuel, confiscation, imprisonment, or exile. The
exercise of his supremacy would therefore become impossible. For,
it could only be exercised in dependence on the will of a monarch
or a cabinet, and neither kings, bishops, or people would ever
submit to such a supremacy. How would American Catholics like to
have King Victor Emmanuel and Ratazzi or Ricasoli dictating the
affairs of the church in this country? Our hierarchy here is, thank
God! free from the dictation of the state, and the head of our
hierarchy must also be a free and independent pope.

It is folly to imagine another and purely ideal state of things, in

which the pope might have perfect independence without
sovereignty. There is no likelihood that such a state of things will
become actual, and there would be no security for its permanence
did it ever begin to exist. Divine Providence has given the vicar of
Christ a temporal sovereignty as the security of his independence
and the bulwark of the liberty of the universal church. The pope
has solemnly declared that it is the necessary and the bounden
duty of all the members of the church, whether kings, prelates, or
people, to maintain that sovereignty at all hazards. To throw the
whole burden of sustaining the Holy See and the authority of the
successor of St. Peter upon Divine Providence, is both
presumptuous and cowardly. Christ has promised that his church
shall last to the end of the world, and he will fulfil this promise, if
necessary, by miraculous intervention. But he has not promised that
particular nations shall not lose the faith, or that faithlessness and
cowardice shall not bring after them their natural disastrous
consequences. The glory, prosperity, and extension of the Catholic
Church depend on the efforts of the free human will; and the
providence or grace of God will not aid us, except in proportion to
our fidelity and generosity in maintaining his cause and our own.
Our confidence that the holy Roman Church cannot be overthrown
rests on the sure foundation of that divine word, not one iota of
which can fail, even though heaven and earth may pass away.
"Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church, and the
gates of hell shall never prevail against it." This is no warrant for
our abandoning the ground to the enemies of the church, trusting
that God will thwart their designs by miraculous intervention. But it
is an encouragement to loyalty, fidelity, and unalterable hope in the
ultimate triumph of the holy cause. It is our duty to do all in our
power to secure this triumph by our own efforts, and having done
this, we may then leave the result in the hands of Divine
Providence. We can never foresee, with certainty, through what
straits Divine Providence will permit the church to pass, or how far
it will allow the designs of her enemies to proceed toward an
apparent ultimate success. Nevertheless, there does not appear at
present so much reason to apprehend dark and disastrous days for
the church and religion, as there did during the epoch preceding
the present one. Even during the reign of the present severely tried
but indomitable chief pastor of the church, there have been periods
far more critical and threatening than the present. Indeed, we may
say that those Catholics who are desponding and discouraged now,
derive their reason for foreboding evil more from their own timidity
and impatience than from any real external motives. The Holy See
is in perpetual conflict against powerful enemies, no doubt, and the
Holy Father sometimes threatened with a prospect of exile from
Rome. Yet, notwithstanding this, the march of events continually
brings nearer the reconciliation and pacification of Christendom,
upon the basis of a universal recognition of the independence and
inviolability of the sacred domain of the Roman Church, which God
has set apart as the seat of the successor of St. Peter. In truth,
there has often been in the past a greater need of absolute
reliance on the predictions of the divine word as the only firm
ground of hope, than at present. We are not called upon for the
same heroic exercise of faith and hope which was exacted from our
ancestors. We can look back upon the dangers and trials through
which they passed, and find in their result a reproach for our own
pusillanimity, and a support for our confidence in the present and
future triumph of the church. We are in an invincible fortress, on an
immovable rock; and yet we do not appreciate the strength of our
position as clearly as those do who are tossing about on the
turbulent sea of the surrounding world. Although humiliating, it is
yet true, that we can find no language so well adapted to stimulate
faint-hearted Catholics to courage, as that uttered under an
overawing compulsion by adversaries or aliens to the church. One
of the most eloquent of these reluctant tributaries, carried away by
a kind of natural ecstasy, in contemplating this glorious theme, like
another Balaam blessing the tents of Israel, rises to a kind of
sublimity far above his usual flight, and seems to speak with a
catholic inspiration worthy of a Bossuet. He is speaking of that dark
era when Pius VII. ascended the chair of St. Peter, and these are
his words:

"It is not strange that in the year 1799 even sagacious

observers should have thought that at length the hour of the
Church of Rome was come: an infidel power ascendant, the
pope dying in captivity, the most illustrious prelates of France
living in a foreign country on Protestant alms, the noblest
edifices which the munificence of former ages had consecrated
to the worship of God turned into temples of victory, or into
banqueting houses for political societies, or into
 Theophilanthropic chapels; such signs might well be supposed
to indicate the approaching end of that long domination. But the
end was not yet; again doomed to death, the milkwhite hind
was still fated not to die. Even before the funeral rites had been
performed over the ashes of Pius VI., a great reaction had
commenced, which, after the lapse of more than forty years,
appears to be still us progress. Anarchy had had its day; a new
order of things rose out of the confusion, new dynasties, new
laws, new titles, and amidst them emerged the ancient religion.
The Arabs have a fable that the great Pyramid was built by
antediluvian kings, and alone, of the works of men, bore the
weight of the flood. Such as this was the fate of the papacy; it
had been buried under the great inundation, but its deep
foundations had remained unshaken, and, when the waters
abated, it appeared alone amid the ruins of a world which had
passed away. The republic of Holland was gone, the empire of
Germany, and the great council of Venice, and the Helvetian
League, and the house of Bourbon, and the parliaments and
aristocracy of France. Europe was full of young creations; a
French empire, a kingdom of Italy, a confederation of the Rhine;
nor had the late events affected only territorial limits and
political institutions; the disposition of property, the composition
and spirit of society, had, through a great part of Catholic
Europe, undergone a complete change; but the unchangeable
church was still there."

The unchangeable church was still there, when Pius VII. was
restored to his episcopal city, where his successors, one after the
other, ascended the throne of St. Peter, and when Macaulay wrote
the words we have quoted. It is still there, now, after all the
commotions of the last twenty years; there it will be until the day
prefixed by the Creator for the end of all human institutions. We
may apply to it, in a more elevated and spiritual sense, the words
of the poet
"While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand;
When falls the Colisaeum, Rome shall fall;
And when Rome falls, the world."
 Plagiarism and John Bunyan.
There are not many writers of any popularity or eminence who
have not in their day, either in their own behalf or by the sensitive
proxy of their intimate friends, had occasion for self-defence against
the charge of plagiarism. From young authors especially, some little
slur or other on this tender point is pretty sure, at some time, to
evoke a thin-skinned answer, replete with a peculiar modest
defensive ferocity that critics know by heart, and grin over with a
grim relish. This is a thing of course—a well-marked stage of the
fever of authorship. Only we notice that most of those who begin
with young Byron's philippics end with old Wordsworth's philosophy.
The fact is, splendid sensitiveness, here as everywhere, does not
pay, and beyond most men the author finds it cost him dear. For of
all ill-matched and absurd controversies, there is none like a
wrangle about plagiarism. It is a duel of javelins and catapults, of
fly and lion. All the advantage is with the attacking party. The
accusation is vague and sweeping to the last degree, and the
easiest imaginable to make. It need not even be said; it can be
sneered. And how cheap it is to be sophistical about it! A little
ingenuity to cook up a factitious resemblance, a little malice to
point a bit of irony or innuendo, and the thing is done. To rebut
such crimination may take days of labor. These very days
consumed, too, are so much dead disadvantage; the whole matter
grows stale the while. Then the answer must not only conclusively
meet the charge, both as to the animus furandi and the fact of
theft, but it must be intrinsically interesting, both to revive interest
enough in the subject for the reading public to go to the trouble of
revising its opinion, and because every word an author writes is
matter for fresh criticism, while his opponent may waive all
pretensions to style. Practically we incline to think it is much as in
battle, where it takes a man's weight in lead to kill him. Now and
then, some one is demolished utterly by one of these elaborate
broadsides, but the number of them that miss the mark must be
enormous. It is only effects and successes that we all remember.
The shot that sunk the Alabama at a few hundred yards, made
more impression in history than the dozens of idle shell that the
great Sawyer gun used to send spinning miles away over the
Ripraps. One general net result is a vast waste of the author's time,
which is always valuable to him, and sometimes to the public. And
after all, with the truest aim and best powder—who is hit? Ninety-
nine times out of a hundred, some nobody. And this is truer every
day. Pope and Byron could at least single out their Dennises and
Amos Cottles by name; but nowadays, what with pseudonyms and
anonyms, and above all the editorial pronoun, one fights the very
air.

Thus we find authors of standing strangely meek under audacious

strictures of this sort, and very little given to tilting at the
mosquitoes of the press. This is more than dignity; it is sense. But
(and now we strike the point we have been coming at all this
while) the world draws from this fact a very exaggerated inference.
It seems, to reverse the old law rule, that one story's good till
another is told. The very fact of an accusation's going unanswered
seems to crush it under a vis inertiae of silence. This is all worldly
wise, but not very infallible. If a man shouts something against me
before my street-door, and I let him shout away at his own sweet
will, I am tolerably sure, whether it be truth or calumny he is
vociferating, that his wind must give out after a while. The world,
though, is apt instead of listening to him, to stare up at my
window, and see if I mind it. If I make no sign, he is a vituperator,
and some good citizen just mentions him to the policeman round
the corner. But all this while may not he be bawling the blessed
truth, and I slinking behind the shutters? Public opinion says no. If
a man of standing does not deign or see fit to come out against a
charge, it is a fabrication or a fancy sketch. Now, the truth is, as
history well knows, that there is a vast amount of systematic
stealing in the world of letters, and that these same majestic
gentlemen, who are above replies, have done their very fair share
of the stealing. What is the effect, then, of this false estimate of
men and things? This: that when a writer has once attained
station, with a decent regard to the conventionalities of literary
larceny, he can steal all he chooses with impunity. All he has to do
is to alter enough to keep him that runs from reading the
resemblance. This done, there remains the one risk that some one
who cannot be ignored may expose the theft. But this risk is not,
by far, so great as it seems. The man of calibre enough for the task
is generally an amiable man, and always a busy one, and has
plenty of pleasanter things to do than airing his neighbor's
peccadilloes. Besides, it is an even chance but he has some little
appropriation of his own to cover up, and this fellow-feeling makes
us wondrous kind. Thus a very little judgment in the selection of
the author stolen from passes the whole fraud scot free. And there
are good reasons why there should be a good deal of this fraud.
First-class plagiarism pays, like everything first-class. It has a
high market value, with large and ungrudging profits. For the
reading power is omnivorous, and it feels that an old author made
modern, or a foreign author made native, is not as good as new
but better. Pisistratus Caxton is a vast improvement on Tristram
Shandy, and the Comedy of Errors on the Menaechmi; and the
primmest of the decriers read Bulwer and Shakespeare, and do not
read Plautus and Sterne. Boucicault's plays draw in London, and we
never hear of English purists staying away till they can go to see
the originals at Paris. But it is idle to multiply instances. The fact is
too patent to need illustrating, that the nineteenth century prefers
essences of books to books, and the juice of literary fruit to the
fruit itself. Extracts, and digests, and compilations and abridgments,
and horti sicci of all sorts are the order of the day, and the old
fogies, who prate of meum and tuum, and dream of international
copyright, and read old authors through, "miranturque nihil nisi
quod Libitina sacravit," find that these are all side issues. The
public does not care a rush where a man gets what it wants. This
may be the best law, or it may not; the law it certainly is. Let any
one who doubts the popularity of plagiarism, only take up that fine,
furious, generous little book, Mr. Reade's Eighth Commandment,
and see for himself what is the fashion and what is not.

But the honest crusader against literary despoilers and desecrators,

soon finds that without the limits of downright pillage lies a vast
debatable land, which has been the Flanders, the Kentucky, the
Quadrilateral of critic controversy from time immemorial—the
territory of mere resemblance. This is far more difficult ground,
because the critic's own fallible perceptions of likeness enter as an
element of possible error into his judgment, and the danger of
doing injustice is great. Here, it is true, are found the expertest
plagiarists of all—the vampires of literature—the thieves that steal
the soul and leave the body. But close beside them stand the true
scholars, to whose assiduity books yield up an honest wealth, and
who melt and mould their well-worn treasure into solid ingots of
golden thought or exquisite fretwork of glittering fancies. And more
puzzling than both, we have the myriad legions of fugitive
resemblances—an army of ghosts, present to the comparing
consciousness, but impalpable to the analyzing sense. Obviously it
will not do to apply here the martial law of literary vindication. Men
are too much alike to be damned for striking even strange
coincidences. Among the best writers there are so many
parallelisms that a mind with any turn for hunting phantoms of
similarity, soon comes to the saying of King Solomon about nothing
new under the sun. At any rate, if it ever did exist, the era of entire
novelty is of the past now. Take out what a keen, well-read man
could trace to Shakespeare, Byron, Macaulay, Carlyle, the Bible, the
Greek tragedians, the Standard Speakers, and the Declaration of
Independence, and how much is there left of to-day's English and
American literature? Yet among the imitations, if there are many
wilful and culpable, there are many more innocent and unwitting.
True, not every one is born with so developed an organ of
unconsciousness as Mr. A. M. W. Ball, who astonished himself by
originating some one else's poem in full. But very few read over
their familiar authors without finding the germs of a thousand
thoughts they had never suspected not to be all their own. Indeed,
for some time after beginning, a young author could, if he should
choose, (which he doesn't,) pluck up his ideas like young blades of
corn, and find the original seed of some pet author at the root.

But critics have called the name of plagiarist far too often and too
lightly. The charge is old enough, heaven knows, for people to
know what they mean by it. Waiving those ancient Sanscrit sages,
who seem with malice prepense to have been born so long ago
that we can't more than half believe in them, and before there was
any intelligible language for them to be wise in, we find that Job,
our oldest modern writer, has been read out of the rubric by a
theologue somewhere out West, who has discovered in his style
gross and servile plagiarisms from the Bible. Homer stood tolerably
well till the German omniscients found out that, like Artemus
Ward's friend, Brigham Young's mother-in-law, he was numerous,
when it at once becomes plain, from the great uniformity of style,
that each one of him must have been a most accomplished
plagiarist from the remaining fractional bards. Horace's spiteful and
uncalled for commentaries on Lucilius, besides the outrageous ill
taste of them, show that there was some shrewdness in the bite of
the cimex Pantilius, the blear-eyed Crispinus, and other literary
gentlemen—probably good fellows enough, too—as those ancient
Bohemians went—who, no doubt, hinted at little likenesses between
his sermo merus and Lucilius' sal nigrum. Martial's epigrams
have crucified a dozen thieves into immortality. And so the old
bandying of hard words has come down the annals of literature, till
the self-same wave of bitterness that whelmed the luckless insect
Pantilius foams about the shallows of Mr. Swinburne's self-defence,
and finally goes combing over the City Hall with Mr. Charles Reade
for its Neptune, and threatens to make flotsam of that cosy fixture,
the Round Table. Yet, with all these precedents to define it,
plagiarism is to-day a purely relative term—a weapon of the
partisan wars of letters. If our enemies commit a coincidence, that
is plagiarism; when our friends pilfer, it is adaptation, version,
studies in style, or some other euphemism.
Modern criticism has not signalized its advance by establishing any
principle to decide this difficult question of what is really plagiarism.
There is absolutely no standard or criterion yet, and each one who
wishes to form a right opinion, is thrown upon his own devices to
reach it. Amid the many delicacies and difficulties of judging in this
matter, we have found, or fancied we found, one rule of singular
service in guiding us to a satisfactory conclusion. It is noteworthy,
to say the least, that almost all the great plagiarists and imitators
of all time have been writers of the self-conscious or subjective
order; men who wrote with Mrs. Grundy uppermost, and their
theme next; whose real and primary aim was to exhibit and exalt
themselves; to feed their personal vanity, ambition, or greed. The
objective or intuitive class, on the contrary—those who wrote
because they were full of their subject; thinking of it, feeling it, full
of it; those in brief who develop their natures instead of
advantaging themselves, are almost never caught depredating
intentionally, while their very intentness on what they may have to
say makes them the most frequent of unconscious imitators in
mere manner and expression.

It may be generalizing too much to say that this fact contains a

principle, but we do think it points to a presumption. The more
satisfactory the rule, however, the more puzzling the exception, and
in applying this test of subjectivity, we strike on quite a little casus
conscientiae, in the issues presented by the two books which
form our text.

Of all English writers, one of the last to pitch on for a plagiarist is

honest John Bunyan. He, if ever man was, is sincere, objective—a
convinced missionary and messenger. Grave, rough, outspoken,
self-praising, yet rigid, he seems at a first glance to embody and
epitomize his age; that strange, fermented, fanatical age, when
England seems one vast presbytery—a Massachusetts of political,
social, and religious austerities and extremes; when the Englishmen
of history seem to lose their characteristics for a while, and turn to
foreshadowed, mediaeval Yankees; when we never think of them in
connection with blonde love-locks and blue eyes, and slashed
doublets, and foaming ale, and big, merry, unmeant oaths, and
cheery taverns, and champing steeds; but as stern, sombre, black-
a-vised, steel-capped, praying infantry, with jerkins on their backs,
and Sternhold and Hopkins in every third knapsack. Yet, when we
look closely, Bunyan is not so representative a man as he appears.
He was not only a better and bolder man than his fellows, but at
bottom a different one. The reason why he typifies so much of
those days is really that the man had a large measure of that tact
for apparent conformity with the masses which is the essence of
popularity, and which in him covered much independence. A
hundred years later, he would have been the Francis Asbury of
England. Under the Puritan crust lay hidden a red-hot Methodist.
His autobiography—by far his most interesting work, in our opinion
—is full of an ebullient fervor that was then a favorite novelty, is
now to most of us a psychological study, but would waken only
electric sympathy without a touch of surprise in many a circuit-
riding itinerant of the south-west—unless, perhaps, he should
wonder that there were such orthodox Methodists so long ago. He
also fails in not representing that pragmatical hypocrisy which
culminated in the Rump Parliament and Praisegod Barebones, and
finally rotted the Commonwealth into the Restoration. Controversial
and conceited he may have been, and he had no little reason to be
honestly proud of the volcanic force of manliness that found him an
imbruted tinker-boy, and made him a respected leader of his
people. But in his great work no man could be more self-forgetful,
more impersonal, more transparent to the thought within him. He is
rife, permeated, possessed with his subject. His powerful
imagination, always morbidly vivid, and at times in his life,
disordered, bends its full force to the work. "He saw the things of
which he was writing," says one of his biographers, "as distinctly
with his mind's eye, as if they were indeed passing before him in a
dream." Now, this is not the sort of man to go culling other
people's words for his warm and swarming fancies. But moreover
Bunyan was attacked in his lifetime with charges of plagiarism, and
replied with his usual aggressive emphasis, and in his characteristic
doggerel—in the preface to his Holy War.

"Some say the Pilgrim's Progress is not mine,

Insinuating as if I would shine
In name and fame by the worth of another,
Like some made rich by robbing of their brother.

"Or that so fond I am of being sire,

I'll father bastards, or, if need require,
I'll tell a lie in print to get applause.
I scorn it; John such dirt-heap never was
Since God converted him. Let this suffice
To show why I my Pilgrim patronize.

"It came from mine own heart, so to my head,

And thence into my fingers trickled;
Then to my pen, from whence immediately
On paper I did dripple it daintily.

"Manner and matter too was all mine own;

Nor was it unto any mortal known,
Till I had done it. Nor did any then,
By books, by wits, by tongues, or hand, or pen,
Add five words to it, or wrote half a line
Thereof; the whole and every whit is mine." …

This leaves the suggestion of plagiarism apparently little room to

stand upon, unless it fall back upon some safe generality, such as
that in a republic (or commonwealth) all things are possible, or that
the heart is deceitful and desperately wicked, etc.

Against this giant of truth, panoplied in the very robur et as

triplex of self-conscious originality, comes out the queerest
antagonist imaginable—a French David against a Welsh Goliath.
These little books altogether deserve a passing word. Both are
published privately and by subscription. One, the later, is a mere
translation, arising out of its predecessor. The other is a most
singular compilation, from a number of notes which one Mr.
Nathaniel Hill, M.R.S.L., as we are not surprised to learn, died
making. They make a book very unlike most books. To begin with,
Mr. Basil Montagu Pickering, the publisher, has taken for his motto,
"Aldi Discipulus Anglus," and the printing is an excellent imitation of
that famous old press which so many dead scholars have blessed,
and so many dead printers doubtless sworn at. Then the
engravings are very curious ones, copied from the oldest editions of
the original, and combine a childlike range of scenery with a
Chinese mastery of perspective. The text, though, is vilely marred
by a variation of plan. Mr. Hill's idea was to show the indebtedness
of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress to many earlier works, and its
principal creditor happened to be this Pélerinage de l'Homme of
Guillaume De Guileville. His editors finding it so quaint, were struck
by the bright afterthought of making this book itself the main
subject. It may have sold better, but for ourselves we differ toto
caelo with their taste. Their method defies order, and results in a
most extraordinary hotch-potch of queer quotations, Scripture
references past number, antique French, archaic English to match,
biographies, analogies, and translations, that reads like a fit of
levity of old Fuller, or an excursus—or pilgrimage—from the
Anatomy of Melancholy. Add now to all this, that to an old-
fashioned translation of an antiquated poem by an obsolete monk,
there are appended a body of notes full of all sorts of odd learning,
and finally, that translation, notes and all, are by a woman, and the
outré picture is complete.

The comparison between De Guileville and Bunyan is not originated

by this book. Southey, among others, speaks of the Pélerinage,
which he entitles the Pélerin de la Vie Humaine, (although this
name is not given it in any of the editions on the very full list of
this volume,) and dismisses the subject with a wary vagueness that
has to our ear a soupçon of Podsnappery, and somehow makes us
doubt if the worthy laureate ever read the book at all. But, at any
rate, this is by far the most extended comparison yet made, and all
the better in that it does not argue a preconceived theory.

One thing, at least, it plainly proves—that Master Bunyan very

much overstated his originality in saying that manner and matter
too were all his own. It shows that from the time of the Norman
troubadors (not to go back to the Apocalypse of St. John) the
dream-form which is the framing of The Pilgrim's Progress was a
common and favorite device, and instances Piers Plowman's
Vision, (A.D. 1369,) Walter de Mapes's Apocalypsis Golice, the
older poem, The Debate of the Body and the Soul, Lydgate's
Temple of Glass, Hampole's Prycke of Conscience, (1349,) Sir
David Lyndesay of the Mount's poem, The Dreme, (1528,) and
Dunbar's Daunce, (1470.) Probably Bunyan, not being accused of
stealing so obvious and public an artifice, did not have it in mind at
all when he made his sweeping self-assertion.

In looking further for resemblances, those who expect to find

strong similarity of any sort will be disappointed. In fact, they
would in ordinary cases be dismissed as trivial. But we must
remember the vast difference between the two works. De
Guileville's is a true mediaeval monastic "boke," justly described in
this volume as "a cold and lifeless dialogue between abstract and
unembodied qualities." It is, in all but its ancient quaintness, the
dullest and driest of books; there is not a ray of reality in it
anywhere. Bunyan, on the contrary, gives us men and women
where the old prior of Chaliz has nothing but ghosts of abstract
ideas. One is like the antiquated masques or miracle-plays; the
other like the theatre before Garrick's day. Thus between a
galvanized French Roman of 1330 and a live English book of 1670,
by a man innocent of French, any resemblance in diction would not
only be matter of wonder but matter of the merest chance. We will,
however, cite a few of the parallelisms given in the comparison
which forms the gist and pith of these volumes. And first comes
one which we cite because it contains the only lines we have seen
worth remembering in De Guileville's dreary waste of dialogue. He
is describing the lady (Gracedieu) whom his Pélerin meets at the
outset.

De Guileville.

"Moult courtoise et de douce chère

Me fut grandement car première
Me saulua en demandant
Pourquoy nauoie meilleur semblant
Et pour quelle cause ie pleuroye
Et saucune defaulte auoie.
Adonc ie fuz comme surpris
Pource que pas nauoye apris
Que dame de si grant atour
Daignast vers moi faire vng seul tour
Fors et seullement pour autant
Que cil qui a bonte plus grant
Plus a en soy dhumilite
Grant doulceur et benignite
CAR PLUS A LE POMMIER DE POMMES
PLUS BAS SENCLINE VERS LES HOMMES,
Et ne scay signe de bonte
Si grant comme est humilite,
Qui ne porte ceste baniere
Na vertu ne bonte entiere." [Footnote 52]

[Footnote 52: "Full courteously, and in most gentle wise

Made she first salutation, questioning Wherefore that I
bore not more cheerful mien And why I wept, and if in
aught I lacked. And then I was as one o'erta'en with
wonder, That lady of so great nobility Should even deign
to turn towards such as I, Saving for this sole cause,
that whoso most Of gracious ruth doth bless, the same
alway Most in his bosom bears of lowliness. For the
more rich in store of golden fruit, More deeply bendeth
unto man the tree. Nor know I any sign of graciousness
Great as humility. Who bears not that Graved on his
banner, hath not truly virtue."]
 Lydgate's Translation.

This ladye that I spak of here

Was curteys and of noble chere
And wonderly of gret vertu,
And ffyrst she 'gan me to salue
In goodly wise axynge of me
What maner thyng yt myght be
Or cause why I should hyr lere
That I made so heavy chere,
Or why that I was aye wepyng,
Wher of when I gan take hede
I ffyl into a maner drede
For unkonnyng and leudnesse
That ache of so great noblesse
Dysdenede not in her degre
To speke to on so pore as me;
But yiff it were so, as I guess,
Al only of hyr gentyllenesse,
For gladly wher is most beute
Ther is grettest humylyte,
And that ys verrylye the sygne
Suych ar most goodly and benygne,
An apple tre with frut most lade
To folk that stonden in the shade
More lowly doth his branches loute
Then a nother tre withoute.
Wher haboundeth most goodness
There is ay most of meeknesse,
None so gret token of bewte
As is parfyt humylyte.
Who wanteth hyr in hys banere
Hath not vertu hool and entere.
"The same gracious salutation," says our book, "is made by
Evangelist to Christian whilst he is weeping." "I looked then," says
Bunyan, "and saw a man named Evangelist coming to him, who
asked, 'Wherefore dost thou cry?' 'Because I fear,' replies Christian,
'that this burden that is upon my back will sink me lower than the
grave, and I shall fall into the grave.'"

The simile of the fruit-tree is excellent, and perhaps strikes us the

better for its being the one oasis. The resemblance also is strong
between the greetings of Gracedieu and Evangelist, and in fact, in
the whole situation, and seems hard to account for without
supposing Bunyan to have known Lydgate's or some other
translation of the earlier author.

The next point is one of apparent discrepancy, but really of

likeness. The Pélerin is stopped by a stream, at which he
desponds—signifying the water of baptism at the entrance to the
church. Bunyan being a Baptist, with strong liberal views of
communion, (which, indeed, embroiled him at one time with the
radicals of his sect,) naturally balked at this abhorrent papistical
metaphor, and substituted his famous Slough of Despond, which,
it will be remembered, he makes to be sixteen hundred years old—
the age of Christianity at his day.

Another slight touch, perhaps worth noting, is where De Guileville's

pilgrims come from Moses, (the Mr. Legality of Bunyan,) as if

"Yssys du bourbier,
Ou dun noir sac a charbonnier:"

while Pliable, in a like case, is represented as seeming "bedaubed

with dirt," as if he had been "dipped in a sack of charcoal." This
certainly looks like a pebble for Goliath's forehead. Also these same
muddy pilgrims of the Pélerinage, returning "Enbordiz et
encore tous familleux" come back all of a tremor and beg to
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