Republic of the Philippines
Bacolod City College
Teacher Education Department
Ethics
The Human Acts and Acts of Man
Group 2:
Dacumos, Rose Marie Pique Espares, Kevin Clint Andrade
Dagang, Eleza Rose Osorio Fernandez, Clarence Mondragon
Ebro, Caryll Abaring Gubat, Jessa Mae Gordoce
Español, Mhace Galang Gutierrez, Samara Balore
cannot content itself with simply registering
facts; it attempts to reflect on the
I. Objectives meaningfulness or meaninglessness of such
After of the day, the students must have; facts, establish or reject them on a rational
basis, understand their implications, draw
1. Differentiated human acts from acts relevant consequences and, above all, intuit
of man; their ultimate cause. There is a continuous
2. Analyzed the different kinds of effort made for studying our own moral
human acts; beliefs and our moral conduct and striving to
3. Understood the imputability of human ensure that we, and the institutions we help to
acts and contrasted the different kinds shape, live up to standards that are reasonable
of voluntariness of human acts; and morally based. This contributes towards
4. Enumerated the different principles establishing sound moral foundation on
governing the voluntariness of human which people build their lives. Hence one can
acts; reasonably aver that Ethics represents a broad
5. Recognized and explained the framework for determining a core value
different modifiers of human acts; system one uses for our day-to-day
6. Named the different norms governing existential situation.
human acts: law and conscience;
7. Defined and classified the different III. Activity
kinds of values; and a. shared the Question: What comes into your mind when
guides to appropriate value selection. you hear the word “Human Actions”?
II. Overview IV. Human Acts
Humans are said to be evaluative in In ethics, a "human act" refers to an
nature. Whenever a person does something action performed knowingly, freely, and
we find others analyzing his/her behavior and voluntarily by a person, meaning they have
commenting that it was good, bad or at times full awareness and control over their choice,
indifferent. Ethics is said to be a while an "act of man" is an action that occurs
philosophical treatise which studies human naturally or instinctively, without conscious
behavior and tries to determine whether the deliberation or free will, essentially shared
act performed was morally right or wrong. It
with other animals; making only "human persons. Acts of people asleep or under the
acts" morally evaluable as good or bad. influence or other drugs. The loss of direct
responsibility is voluntary; however, the
This is referred to as the human power of will might still be present. Is a
activity of man as man by which he attains an mental agitation brought on by the
end he wants to obtain. They are the free and apprehension of some present or imminent
conscious acts of a human being proper to danger? Considered as mental responses,
man alone, emanating from deliberately and either tendencies towards desirable objects or
free will. Human Acts are those acts of tendencies away from undesirable objects. Is
rationality of man. Requires knowledge of a constant disposition that tends to influence
the action and its consequences. Involves free one to perform repeatedly similar actions. Is
will and choice. a force exerted on a person by another in
“An act which proceeds from the order to compel him to perform a certain
deliberate free will of man” -PAUL J. action against his will? Primo-primi acts or
GLENN acts that are quick and nearly automatic
reactions.
It is that which a person does or
performs in a given situation when he/she Origin of the Concept
decides and thinks for himself/herself. A This distinction is primarily attributed to
human act is also that which is classified as the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, who
good or bad, right or wrong, and thus, subject argued that only actions performed with full
to morality and its norms. (Baldemeca et al. knowledge and free will can be considered
1984: 92) truly human acts and therefore subject to
The Right Reverend Msgr. Paul J. moral evaluation.
Glenn, Ph.D. and S.T.D. He is a Catholic VI. Human Acts VS. Acts of Man
priest, teacher, rector and principal at St.
Charles Preparatory School and Seminary, Human Acts
and writer. He is also an author of the
twentieth century. Example of his work is “In • Knowledge - the will can decide for
Apologetics: A Philosophic Defense and something and seek it only if it is first
Explanation of the Catholic Religion”, his known.
purpose was to direct his readers towards the • Freedom - every person is usually
welfare of ideas that Catholics must face in and naturally autonomous.
modern society. • Voluntariness - anything that is an
object of the will is called “willed.”
V. Acts of Man • The act must be deliberate
Acts of man are instinctive, such as • Can be judged morally as good or evil
physiological in nature. These are actions Acts of Man
done under the circumstances of ignorance,
passion, fear, violence, and habits. Acts that • Spontaneous reactions, like anger and
are performed by men without being master sympathy,
of them through his intellect and will, • Forced acts - acts which are carried
therefore acts of man are involuntary actions. out against one's personal decision
It is naturally inclined to the good, but man and will.
may sometimes deliberately choose evil. • Indeliberate, involuntary, not free,
Acts which proceed from a deliberate free • Not under one's control, and beyond
will. A man is fully responsible with the the mind and the will
consequences of his acts. Involves and man’s
responsibility and accountability of the VII. Principles
results of his/her actions. 1. A simple apprehension of the good;
Acts of persons without the proper use 2. A simple volition to acquire it;
of reason. For example, children or innate 3. A judgment that the good is possible;
4. An intention of taking the means to The classification of Human Acts
attain it; Human acts are classified as ELICITED
5. An examination of these means; ACTS and COMMANDED ACTS.
6. A consent of the will to these means;
7. Discernment of the fittest means; • Elicited acts emanate from the will
8. A choice of this means; of the agent. It is a will-act begun
9. An indication of what is to be done and completed in the will without
for the execution of the action; bodily involvement.
10. An impulse given to the faculties or • Commanded acts are body-mind
powers destined to execute the action; acts done to carry out the elicited act
11. The exercise of these faculties or of the subject or agent.
powers; XI. Elicited Acts
12. Delectation of the will.
Paul Glenn enumerated six elicited acts.
VIII. Voluntariness They are the following:
Voluntariness comes from the • WISH. It is the natural inclination of
Latin word “Volunias” referring to the the will towards an object.
will. It is one of the constituents of
• INTENTION. This is the will’s
human acts. A willed act guided by the
tendency towards something
intellect. In voluntariness, the greater
attainable but not obligatory.
voluntariness, the greater
• CONSENT. Consent is the
responsibility that we acquire in many
acceptance of the will to implement
things. Voluntariness is a choice or
the agent’s attention.
action that is free from coercion and
undue influence from other people. • ELECTION. The agent chooses from
among a variety of means what he
IX. Kinds of Voluntariness believes to be the most effective to
carry out an intention.
• Direct Voluntariness - Intended for • USE. This is will’s command to make
their own sake. use of the selected means in carrying
• Indirect Voluntariness - Unintended out the intention.
consequences that follow from an • FRUITION. This is the enjoyment of
action. the will as a result of the attainment of
• Active Voluntariness - Decisions and the object desired earlier.
intention-formations.
• Passive Voluntariness - Motivations XII. Commanded Acts
that are passive attitudes or passions.
Classification of commanded acts:
• Perfect Voluntariness - Presents in
the person who fully knows and fully • INTERNAL ACTS. These acts refer
intends an act. to the purely mental faculties under
• Imperfect Voluntariness - Action the command of the will.
who acts w/o fully realizing what he • EXTERNAL ACTS. These acts are
means to do or without fully intending done by the body commanded by the
to acts. will.
• Simple Voluntariness - Dong an act • MIXED. As the term connotes, mixed
will full, whether he likes to do it or acts are those done by bodily and
not. mental powers.
• Conditional Voluntariness - Forced
by circumstances beyond his control XIII. Modifiers of Human Acts
to perform an act. The modifiers of human acts include
X. Kinds of Human Acts ignorance, passions, fear, violence, and
habit. Each of these can influence people's
actions negatively.
Ignorance is the absence of knowledge • Internal Acts (Will and Consent) -
that a person is expected to have. It The human will remain beyond the
influences voluntariness in different ways: reach of physical violence.
• Invincible Ignorance - This occurs Habit is a behavior formed through
when a person is unaware of their repeated actions, making it second nature to
ignorance and has no means of a person. It affects voluntariness based on
overcoming it. whether or not the person actively tries to
• Vincible Ignorance - A person aware resist it:
of their ignorance is obligated to seek
knowledge before acting. • Acts Performed Due to Habit - If a
person makes no effort to change a
• Affected Ignorance - This is when a
habit, actions resulting from it are
person deliberately avoids gaining
considered voluntary and morally
knowledge to escape responsibility.
accountable.
Passions (Emotions), also called • Acts Performed While Trying to
concupiscence, are emotional responses that Overcome a Habit - If a person is
influence human actions. They can be actively struggling to change, actions
categorized as: that result from the habit may be
considered less voluntary or even
• Antecedent Passions - These arise involuntary.
before a person makes a decision and
can cloud judgment. XIV. Laws and Conscience
• Consequent Passions - These are
Law
emotions that a person deliberately
nurtures, making them fully voluntary Laws are rules made by the government
and even increasing accountability. to keep order and protect people. They tell us
what is right and wrong according to society
Fear is a mental disturbance caused by
and help prevent harm. Good laws promote
perceived danger. It affects voluntariness in
fairness and justice, but not all laws are
different ways:
perfect. Some have been used to control or
• Acts Done With Fear - Actions discriminate against certain groups, showing
performed despite fear remain fully that laws can sometimes be unfair.
voluntary. Conscience
• Acts Done Out of Fear - These
actions are voluntary but Conscience, on the other hand, is a
conditionally, meaning the person person’s inner sense of right and wrong. It
chooses to act due to fear but retains comes from personal beliefs, values, and
control. experiences. Sometimes, what the law says is
• Acts Done in Panic - When fear right may not feel right to a person’s
reaches extreme levels (panic), the conscience. This is why people throughout
mind becomes clouded, making history have stood up against unfair laws,
actions involuntary. fighting for change to make society better.
Violence is the physical force exerted XV. Values Selection
by another person to compel action against
Factors influencing value selection:
one's will. It can modify voluntariness in
two ways: • Upbringing and family: Early
exposure to values instilled by parents
• External Actions Under Violence -
and family dynamics.
If a person resists as much as possible
but is still forced to act, the action is • Cultural background: Societal
involuntary and not accountable. norms and expectations that shape
values.
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individuals prioritize. Rjd9vo6UYuJOfit9FcZ_urwpCQuXtv4CuI
• Religious beliefs: Spiritual teachings
Ethics by Paul Glenn,
and principles that guide values.
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Importance of value selection: 2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F4
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sense of purpose and satisfaction. Y
• Ethical conduct: Strong values guide
moral behavior and decision-making Ethics (final),
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helping others or social responsibility.
ETHICS MODULE 2: THE HUMAN
XVI. Conclusion ACTS REPORT.pptx,
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What are the modifiers of human acts?
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