UNI! 4 , Zl Reviews Of Number systems pe Codes ® , Numbey = grep of digits 25 collect qumber- age os Each Sarobol an the number iS called Figit . ‘ Classifications of lumber System Rodix:— The rodix or base of the cusnber syste denotes he | numbey ™ of digits usd fo the ai > Types of Number systema a Number Sytem octat Number Syste 2 Decimal number — sysiem * bexa Deckrnel — Ntunnbew Spiem. Deftoition of auumber system? A number System Consist of oa set of Symbol S and yules for vepreseohing ony ee , JfNusnber Suygsteno = ‘ Hor NEOs $ c > the vadty of — Bicor oumnber Sypleme 1 Bemuse He Symbsls presente “2 this System ore 0’ ond ‘Te And coll “em os BS Bit A sgl agit ‘axe called as either ‘0 ove BE. mHbe :- group of “4H BES ove called a@s nibble . Bye oe group of ‘g bis ove called oS byte . ssepresen tation » Exo ( olor ey, “NS ® Cit-o1o), radix- OCtol Number — Sybtem 5 @ > the symbols presented fn this Ry d are syster 0,1, 2) 3,4, 5, Sr T- > So the sad?x of octal number system es tg > en C eds /, (430s Decimal ntumber Syatem 1— > the Sqrnbels> (ox) dtgits presented | Sn decimal umber Sysiem ase 10 fnetude (0, 1,2, 3,4,5, 6, 1 8, 9): So the yadfx of — Deckmal number System {Ss 1o- ers C4599) oy (C148. 280 Hexa Decimal ntumber Syste ; > the vadip of Hexa Decfmol Number “fs 16. System > The Symbel s Presented fo This SypterSypnbols += 0,1, 2, 3,4) S, 6, Wy 8,9, *,®& c, BD, E,-F Tothes System a represents 10 g— p- "3 c- 1e 2-14 FAIS. Ext CAB DDS (a3) 2 Conversions from @e vadty to anothe va.dtx aerate we ore penis 1a conversions. Q Defmal to other rad? x C)o = Ce Hee Ye, Cie © @ other yadtx to Decimal Ge sy Ce, © de ad yo, 36 @ Binary to cetal © @ octat 0 Binary _ @® octal to Hexadecimal 6 © dexa +o octal @ Binary to Hexa decimal Yo Hexa clecimoh to Binory BD_— Hexadecteal — to Benny table . _* no Hexa clec? ra. t Bono ~ > 8 ma x al oo 0! 7 : 0010 : iz : oo! \ 7 q o 100 ! 7 5 o1 01 1 6 out oO 4 % 1 orld 7 f 8 10 00 ee i 1004 u 1 0(A) 1o1o ai = oul EP c 1100 1y D 1104 S E en) isa =e Proveure oe © Bicory to vectmal conversion +— oe > The dectmol value of she Broory number 'S of the — Praducts of all ts the sum ; ba ~the weights of thet __ bits muliplied " vespective positions, In general. 7 binary Number — worthy a Hae Port of -Cn+!) BES and a -frocton port of h bits can be written as dn dani dan = dy doe dy da dogdn. Its dedmal equivalent is (dn 2) + Got afl) 4p -- $d x2.) + (dox2) $ (are)! (daror)a ----- Bir O emer Grose CDi a 1101) = palpi? oxo p Peet 1x22 16+ 8+07+2H! QDio ie \rball @ Convert (nott0!), to decimal Sols Ly 3 Yoo 2 Lv ’ 1 [x2 = REF Wy on mee eZ KD FORD T +S 404241 + OF +0 + Ne (at 625 dip 0.1257 t @ Comevt Crtrorly), to dectmatl Sols- : ; 8 diya) + 1X2 Pq 1x0) + be + OTH, + ae 416 +8 40 +77) = (69),,@® octal oumber susie to — decfmal number Syphon Jo comvert an octal umber +0 a decimal number » mul tiply gach df t %m the octal number by the we. ihe of ts Position ond — add all the product terms. the decimal value of he octal number dn dy daw ---- dido --- dda --- dis (doxe) 4 (aa Xe) Fo + (ARS) 4(doBS) + (d-1¥8") 4 (dare )ar- a Fxomples -— ©. Paver, CSF Te ut Cvstdhy So]2— & 5 7q o = ORS HE SAS FRB = (A200ewe BO — convert (B6s2- 14S) to decimal Solt— 3 6 = 2 ; ras 3 i; Sennen \ ° 4 2k & BAS + CAE +SXE + 2xXG f KF +UXRKG 4 5*E " = 1636 + 384 + GO Fe + O2S 4 00625 0.003} = (1962+ 1942) 10 _ &y Heoca decimal to = pertmal conversion ;— © To convert 9 Hexadecimal number to decimal , mal biply gach agit fo the hex — number by SES Postkion wetaie and odd all those Product = terms. zt the her number as dn dav” Ado -dada~dx Ses dec?mal equolont ai (da x16”) + (doa xO) get (hints! 4 (doK1 6°) + Car xtet) + (da x1e*)4-—Fromples +— @® Convert SCT +o decimal , Sols— 5 c 1 W L ° BAG + CXIG + IKIG Vl BKIEN + XIE + TEIC? = U4t ao @ Convey (64-02 Jig to pectmol + Soli—- BR YW. pt 1 ° -! -L- BKIG FURIO + 1ZXIG 42X16 — fotet osies + 00078125 ° " (eu: S203128 ) lo Practce(pr) solve 0 convert CBIA3) i to C Dio @ comer C143c.2AE) et C dy, @ convert (esac. DDE) yy toe %za oe &y Dectenal to Bioory conver sioN @ Rules 1 owrtte down the. cumbey a. Diide ft by 2 and note the remainder 3B. piuide she gquottent obtained by 2 and note the vermaindey 4G. Repeat the same proce UL weg ee O os the quotient. Bq: e. write the Values of all the vewainders Stasuking from the bottom 40 the bop O C4Bo=° 0 [4 8 Gi ese 4 ; R=? 1 9000), 6-—d- Z3-—d. ; 1 a1 Ms Most signi feat BE Msp LSB least signi Rok bit - esis i Aa) fake traction p O13%2 = 0263 0 | / o26%2 = 0-52 30 Oo S2XR2 = POY s 4 BOUXL = 00% 6 (426-13), (10101010. 010), ® (as: 15)p = ¢ Oe OISA2= [+d o-SO%x = }00 0: 0O%2 = 6100 -3 oO 0 00xL = 000 730 (as-95) 0 = Litoo. 1100),_& Decimal + octol number System conversion : > Divide jt by 8 and note he vemoinder, > Finally See down vemotnders rom bottom 4p 40P exomples:-@ C6°U6)in= Cy % (60946 Sele — dH (6046 yo = (134 20g ® se- 4S50= C Vg Slt SRE HK ZEB % 3% O6XB = Us Sy y % Q- 2 OEXE =6USE 1-4 O4xe = 322-5 3 TBS4S) yp = Gurr . xue2& Deckmal to Hex «= dectnal conversion — a oe pone an > pivide deetmal number by 1G and : tovite down yematnders cdrom bottom to +op to gk dex decimal number - Ge © (urre)io= 6 Deg 16/4044 16| 256 —0 16, 16 —0o ee Solt— (40496) io = C10 do) 7 ® ($945), = Cone (S49 ue 6,569 -1 1b 34 —IS +F Lt —2 Solt- (89e5) lo = (2 ae ae@ (49 BS)w= C Me Solt- OSS Ab = 13-6 D3 \ 16/496 0 6 XIb = 956 3 9/ ) wlel-2 or 6xlb = 966 95/9 ae 06x16 29-659 arse — (496-89) = (EO D919) jg QL. Beary to octal sumber sysiem conversion Rulet- Take the Binary number. and from vighE to left, group all place hollers *9 fplets- add leodtng Beros if necemany. EL @ covert (loony = .¢ Yeo! Sol .- bor1olt gor Ol OL} : Ueintokoh ites) Amsi- (roo) = C133) — @ cwrvert Ctrot-ollo)2 +0 Cc y Solt— sO LL OLL. O11 000 = C3 3: 30g@ @ _ Birory to Hexaclecinl agversion 7 “Rulez- Take. the bicary cumber and group gach 4 bits from: Right —to — left betore -the decitmol. porot ond tom ett — to — ought adter re deotval pomt- £2-- O coovert Atorsi0)1), to Kena” Sol Ooo! JOO Ses aa ® covert Crrierity. ©0110) ya to Hexa dec? mal. Sol .- jot t 03111, 0011 0 ooo (Gres); , Arse (MONIT 00110), = (e = 30) 16,G octal number to, Birory Conversion Rule?- ‘Take, @ach etal igi and convert” och digit to a benaxy ciple. Sxt— — @ ~Goowert (uss 20g =. yy Solt— 4 3 5 2 O too ol) 10) 010 000 Hod t- (43520) 5 2 (dooor! 101 b10000), geomet (ED, = Ce Soli— a 5 4 00) oro .- 10) 1th Hrai— (iest)e = (oororoltt),Hexa decfmal to Bfoary Cooversion *_ “Rule :— Take Hexa decfmal digit and jwavert Eoch digit io 4 fs 4 - bit bioasy POP Fx O tomers £ AIS), to Binary. Sols — ER 9g & 1110 fo1o (00 1000 ans (E98) ¢= (10 1010 10011000") ® coverE (5G 3+ CTH), to Binary. Soi FO UE 3 CG 1000 100) {ll} ool! too Olt 0100 An (89F3- C1416 = (iv00100) Holl. OOOl! 10100),® octal Rule s— to +P2.0. Conversion . octal —> Binowy —> Hexo cone mi (res4)g = D6 slt- (4 6S 4 )g-(t Wo 101 100) = (FRO'NG @O convert : : T1644. = | C1644 326)¢ ae Ve Sele 4 6 44> 32 6 = JIT jlo 100 loo - OU CID NOoovo MW (FRY OBO) Ange (64-326 )q = (FAY 6B0)\¢a » Rule 2- ‘ UL Hexa —> BG octal . Hexa decimal to octal cumber Saptem @ Eerowt(F ACV = ( % So l— FR 6 4 = it to1o Olo =ppy 11010 0! 10100 \ e151 SI), err QO Coorvert” (etc y- aid )y octal number system . Sols — eA7C4 21D ve 1000 OLN! 1100 0100 -0010000) 101 1 0,3 F © 4 a oO 3as a (1 0 3404 - 1036 \,Loecimal 40 onjothey “dfx + — y. ext- O LYFE) m= C 5 3 (uss Dro = (2.0000). Bowl 32.14 t= Ce pote RUB axe Trandl + DEP 6u¢ US 454) (12) 1p It 4 @ > Convert Ctz10),-t C Ye step it- ConverE = -fevst — Craio)g t2 C Diy then (Din «tO octal,_ Representation of Signed Numbers vsing the © as Cov i's) Comple ment Method :_— Sign r magnitude corm, an additional sign bit 45 ploced tq at -the Sian be os > Fo bit called the tvont of the number . js o 0 » the oumbey 13. pocitive- at, the _)pusober Gs “negative. S44 ts ee jo pyolfoleTy = +41 co BE. ee etude. cigoste ie the a's (ov 1's) complement sugtem se (peg qumbers — works tke this: is Pposttive ; =the | ‘meantiude io ts true Loa form © is plozed $n front signed a4 - the number fs 3 sepresented ond a Sign bit of Re MSB - mognitix Q- aR Pe oumley %s negative , the is sepresented fq $45 als Cont's) Complemant-SND and a sian LIE } 4s) ploced 85 5 front of 4+Re MSB, z ify Tojot: |! = 451 on 8,0 (G0 Sign ituda Signet rognitude : roe Can 9° as Complement -form) (aq sigo "'S. complemenk form ) ‘Juli tol ofr ft = -51 A ~~~ Cin Sigo ePognitode sign BE Mognitude tos a) Lloret + -<) Sign Bit Magnitude Cin sigo "S complement Tt oa sfocm’) ohh poli) -+5) a enero sign bit Magnitade “In sign 3's complement fori) Q's Coxmplament form , Epes as in gute Sol +A 4q GE Sor = 9 010110) 's jmp > 11010010 ogy Seeme Ploroohs -> -457Complements —_— ds ond | 10's Complement S * © Subtroction of dectinal numbers an be. accom plished by -the q's and (10S complement methods. > the © 4's complement of a decimal curober %5 obtained by subtracting gach dite of that — deefmal number from 9. The 108 complement of O dectmal number fs obtained. by adding a 1 to 4 Q'S Complement Exacoples o— Find she qls and 105 complements -tor Re hollowing decimal numbers . ® 4064 solt- FS complement of 4007 49.9 4 yo 64 3 0 ee 10S complemen” of 4069'S S930 +! Tits AMethod of ‘Subtyaction -_ a's comple ment @- obtain qs complement of the Subtyahand to the miouend. call sand add. ft this cumber is the resule- Foterymedtate @® af there ts @ corny, 1 Pt Fndicakex © the vesutt % pogikive and add te airy fo the LSD of his wesulk to gee the. ealca ela a 3S called nd around corr « ® tt there fs 90 carry , FE fedteates ‘the angwey %s negakive vette 9S FES gig - Complement”. Take the. q!s complement of = vesutt and “place o eae Sigh subtract ‘the “Blowing oe osing 9's fo Complement enethod + O ays -— 385 Solt— a's complement of 387 3 Add 61q to tar Ly 74 3 & é yas ose Be 3059 ae Add oacund 0 mou and the Yntermedioke. front +o dt the * ongoer . LhSubtract the following osing q's. complement (19) © G) uss. 12 — 23614 solt- 4's complement of 2.36.14 18 J. 4 A 94 6 z tT 63+ 8S Add 4S5I12 and 463.8@5° Cie 7 + V6 3. 3s Feats Orts-97 Lost 5 Add anound carry , 243-98 The result fs + gue. 48 Gry 98-15 = Praqere Sole— a's compl’ pe -yQu2 78 4 ea Ve a be poy LPL 1 Geta eee Eel $457 37 ; Add 98-95 @ 845.84 9st ; sis: 7 Theat 1S mo cosy wesult ig —ve etre = So +d 9'5 cormp of jotermediale wexrlt- AAA AD | vocubkis — 25-37 44 Be AS.to's Complement’ method of subtraction > obtain ~— the to's complement of. -Ihe reyauerAd and add fb to He subhrend— Subtyahend minuend , > Tt there is Corry fn Sntermedale a t - ¥9 ore the care 4 and the sau b- 1S postbive + —+> If wu is no carry fo Fokeamedioke result . Find te ols womplememt™ of tha {nteamedioke vedull and place negout ve Sign before “bea Susu Beau FL indicobey xtsub 4s negative : Example -— Subtract te following oumbers vsing 10'S cosmpleme wi * GY) GSO — 3226 Sols 10'S Complement o-+ 324 ts Add Uso to 614 en east > qs . +) erg Oe: ae igoere the Cons ~The suautb 7? te SO he vesubis +124S (Q) Subtract the ~follow'n9 dectwol ovumber Using 9°8 and 10's complement —_ mekhed. 1) : ie Cia ae Cet Sa 13).- (365-485 Solt— Using as complement ee etna 265-18 coan eee eee 634-21 634-21 o's, corp. of 365-1% 3 Add W46-13 to 634/29) A4GS13 6342) aah - M3719 fy Cd ossbind cons ) aaa 344 °35 solution ts (tas-13) — (3688) = +379-35~ using to's Complement SS 499-44 to's Comp. of «365-18 S 3 6S: 1B ie see TGS-13 Cees ei ae C3yor 63y -22- + Gare s Zi: 4 ignore the Cadoug: - So the Solubion 1S (44-13) — (868-18) 54319: 35(it) subtract C465 36) 19 -— (897-1310 vsing gs complement 1— \ 494-949 a's comp. of (8911310 —> sat 3 To2’ 86 Add 6S +36 s6g.2e —> Sotermediote reyule- 5 68° there §g 90 conor so the weyelb is -vVe so find ouk 9! Comp, of — Fotermadiabe regu 999+ 94 a's @mp- of 56S 22 ieee agra Finally he antuer $8 — 43-17 using ws corplemert— 3 — a fe re : 494-49 1's Complement oF Ceqt 3) p> F911 3 1o2:36 ! add 46s 36 > 10287 Tegned si —_——_}+4+ S625 "Here, onto carry preseats Sd eee the result 4s ve. find out 10'S Comp. OF * intermadionbke wes 499-99 pols comp of 66°23 56 &-23 . oe 3 N eats Sola rwesull 7S — ; sei ee : : nena Gatedts and 8's complement —_ subtraction ® @ Subtract ae Plein osing +3 and 3/3 complement - (? 46S Yo ( J - (436)5 Hs a complement of G26 7S uae ber | 37? 5 Add aet to 165° 34} Se Wo-S 22 oo SE he vest 18 4304 vsing alg complemen b— if ne ae 4.97 aS complemenr of 436 195 Uses Ba) \ 4) Ciera add 3uz to 5 5 ce BQ 327 1o-B= 2Ory Subtract the eer vsing B's and 1's Complement method - Gaé6-12g — (643.23 ( de 4a, tS 643-23 als Complement of 643-23 134-o4 add shear a lay sy 10-2 G6 2-646 Hee “There fs no carry so dake the t's onplout ot “iokermedioke — vautlb - 711.779 t's comp. of 462.66 18 ues, 6% So the wesult 1S ~3i5.u eee sae = 7 6U R28 a's cop. et 643-23 1S Taes4 4) ) a 134-057 Zr a Ad 13B4SS ere gered “thexe 13 re casey So take siscompumak of Yotermediake rexel = tt) 17 6067 eater tere B1IS71 d 1 BO VdL Vs and” als Complement! s a) Notes the mon —aadtan tage of — Partorm “4 Subttactos by the Coenplarneot melhod is. xeduchos Im the hoadWare,. Ns and a's Compliment fs used. 79 Binoy athemeble operaktons . NS tocaplimentt:- Ta 1's Complement b's vecoms 11'S ad ls becowes O'S hel for a. Fireo boon Oumber : ats Complement t— Add 41 to the 158 of . sls compliment of & ee numbey- chorackent Shes of o's compliment -_ 1 There TS. oe _ unique Zero Qs the old complement of O 38 O 3. the left most bot cannot be vsed te eapress A quonkity . Te isa gigo bit - at 44 13 al ,the number ts eo and 2846 45 A +0, the oumber is posrbine &)Table. > signed bioary oumbers pectma | 880 sign ls SPO US oy j Magnitude -forr, complument Bim Complement form 44 OM ont: ory 46 Ollo * 0110 Did Os, +5 010) on oe ae +4 0100 “or 60 o {00 +3 0011 oo' 1 Ole xx | 0 010 oo1o 0010 +A 0001 000} “000 \ +0 000.0 0 000 0000 -0 1000 | 1 bait ie i fool | t 410 bys a2 1010 Hgeplstt yOu | 1.1.10 -3 “1011 1 100 4101 -y 11 00 bP Ode 11 00 -5 1101 1 010 1.0 14 at rio | | ool 1 010 -4 ruil 1-000 1 oo} -$ oo aad | 00.0Rules or 18 Compliment Axtthmese ; e = = 1 > To 's complement eubtraction , add the "3 complement of the gubtrahand to the minuend - > aif sthere 1S a coney ouk bring the Corry oround ond Ye to the LSB. “this is colle 4 end axraund cont : > Now — Look at mse, tf this is a 0, the vesult ts positive and 43 io tue Gea at the. MsmB fs a | , te sesulé is negakive and 33 Io. FES Ys comple ment frm , > ‘Stoke i's complement to gee the cognitude aa Bioorg : Rules or alg Compliment Artth mete ¢— ieee fae te UR ae ion M8 _coroplement™ Subtrackion , add the sis compliment” of the Subtiohend 40 the rrrournd- > at here is & corer out , iqnere ae+> took ak th MSR, ft +he msg iS 20, the vesult. ts positive and fg jo true Broo cforro - > at Arm mspais ail the wesult Fake 3 Complement to find tks rao mi EWE ko binor4 - Erompes + _ Subtract 35 from 95 usingedt!s ood o's Compliment form. aac. BS 7 tt Solt- AS- 3s” u i cen ; We a-O Binary do aS —> oyowe Sion Us BS > ~—-g 0100011 eee ei i-0 \ ° apy VS Comp. of 35" 1S WoWt080 Ls as pron) ape * 3S oS 11041100 ary ty tt oe Doors rs (Add around corr) = DoIIiid2 : Coote he result 45 posikive thob is + 00111100gs als Complement method . CY qs - 3 7 als complement of as is 001000 14 NS compe 11OLI (00 41 eee go > oho prota! —35 —> 110119) jeer asd yy vit Go D0,11100 go the | result iS = 4 ool 02: @ Subtract 49 -+from 35 vsing e-bit "8 aod 3s Complement ~fose . $ol— Bioosy ewe or 9S O10 Broact|. NOUEe do 35s 3 00109001! 35-95 ; co dace 1S complement of - 957 35 0010001) = 45° > ,10100000 > Li's compen) _— oso a fea 60d Tr} 0000 wa so the Here “Thane fx 90 Cassy ood Msb=!wesull- 1S negative : 60 -fted «out MS coroplamew oF — Yotermuadiale wesutt and put (—) before tha vesutl: 'S comp. of Fatermediale wesull = O01l!100 So -+he vesultis ~ooll!1060 “(-60) by usted a! comp. eaekhod = = a —— 35-457 = ora’ 'S"109100000 35 ~—s 001 0001) erro as > 41010000! Yo} 0001400 Here -tRere 78 90 Casry presentS and: HMSB= | so the result 75 oegpkive So od als complement of Sabermedioke vesule- tg Comp - ool 2'p eon P- ee Doli od So the yesule{s - 001100 te -6da ® Add -25 bo ~45 osing e-bt is £28 complament , fern. using 1's comP Soli- 1S complement of —2¢ to alas ae-) ° ° — 0 sot form iS > 09011001 2G=e 1! 11100110 Be las S-brE form of 453 001 01101 5 t Vs Vs tomplement of 46-3 11010010 =) foe Add 25 +o -457 se 2D Hoon. THe NT Od OP LO 4 — 11no 0 en 1d Ovortie al (add around Grd) 1oirtoo!} A Lok at MSb=) ‘so the vesute is VE ge is aa it's Conplement + So find cub — s commplemerd ot Fntermedioke veswtE te o1000110 Pesce So the | vesuUrE iS — O1000IL0=-40 2784 = 4 10° 1 using Qs Comp Shik ar representokvoo of 25 —> 0001) 00\ 1's complimenE of 35 5 1100110 S-kk po sepresentokion of as 3 0010/10) gis compliment of 45 —5 1010010 + Hee eee pporeey (ee FS tornpliment” of 25 _y , 100110 +) i shee ae Toot Add aS+o—4s Hog —S 10011) “fs +> rigroon) =A et. 1ti _— “ao OM 101210 look ot MSB=1+ $0 -the wesult ig © negakive and 3t 98) fm ‘its compliment - So fend ook als compliment of fotermediote result and Put ‘_’ ‘Belove the wesull- a's comp. of — LOI 1010 1% 0100010) +) so the xegult ig Ee et oO 10003) 0 ieee eaten — Oolo00lloO, = 2710eY @® -pdd +25 to +45 usingrtl's and a's ; Compliment method - Sa\- vsteg Ng compliment 00011001 “Bt by ‘ ; oe a por lol i 0 Swit | | dor of 445° 1S 1'3 compliment —vepresentation of +25 ig 0001100! "compliment cepreseotakton af 445 75 00101101 Add +28 f +45 0001100) yor 7 oto Sl eis eae, ri \ a ape 01000110 at so the Here 90 tel Presents but =NISB=O sesulE {S$ 4NVE- vs 7 2s cocoplinersy— 9 001100 | 0110) oo)! O)pd 0110 ee as wmp. of 28 > oi] ome To ras 3 Here 74sa20 Hence the vesuth 15 Positive. So the vreswt 18 401000110 FE + TO® Add -89.18 to +4325 ein athe abet 1! Ng complementr —methads . “\'- Bloasy -for B41 8 ea x or1SX 2 = LS 14 . OsxD eno ay SI O-0%2 = 6-0 = 0 0-0Xr2 =00 = O 1A-biE “sepresentakion of gq, pionool . 100 Bin ay for Aaas OWRr= O'S DO L OSA) = tO 3) 0'0%0 = 0-0 30 0'OXO =00 30 bik represent att on of 43.25 18 001010)" D100 Is comp, of 89,718 —5 10100110-001) Bid 43:25° —> 0010101), 0100 es ° do »oo) aes OS =— 46°50 110,900! O88 g : ian ae. SF — 00101110:1000 =—46-S0 = 463° ——— Ott i TO8Using » als: Coca &, 1 oot) = = = ie oo 00100 [e190 000! > 101000 (2s ) , 000 eee peeaegeceeeuatrtee 7 Tet» MSBe1.- So Had 2's Comp. of Inkormads abe weSOle * Ws 5 61001) A Il Psy» 10100 roe ous ee —— } So the result Wt OLN 00 =—20, oe as's 18s compliments > Iq Hexadecteral cumber subtrachons 15/5 and Ws complements ave used. > 15'S compliment of (a. Wexadetina) number 1S obtained by exbpracting Boch agit of Hexadecimal number tyomy 15 Example ,— find 18'S comp. oF (ABe)y igs weep. of 6A ge SIS 1 IS 6 : 6 A 8 ¢ ase 2 = a ' a Hexadecimal number i's obtained by ek) t! to t5's compliment - a S13, BE ils wmmp. of eARC = ate P eae. ~ 18s compliment 9(D subbvact- the —fellowing Hera decimok number (using 15'S aod les coon plame nk-- = (89 -U6C),. Solt- Da 15'5 compleme wt- 1S aS 15 15'8 ton. of Ee SS ‘ 4 6 ¢ 64 4 Add GAS" amd B49 3. Luge) » GH GAB abso — 46c 4 BAS 1-6 o2 oo ba) " (Biel oreund eovty) cromalh. 2S al ERE Contin oe PS pay lol's comp. od ee > a a add | '6A3. ont yee ee 6AB W-16 = 3B oer mw Pe ee agnor’ St Hence ~He. result ty. +234Gray code ;_ _ eee 24 > “the Groy code %S OG On weighted code , and #8 not suttable for avtthmetic operations. > F ts a cyclic code becouse succers'e code words. to thts code dtHer one bE ees i Position ooly bE fe fs a ont distance code - > Te 48 oko called aS *efleckive code- > Gro codes gyre vsed fo tastrumentation and linear OF data —acquistion sysiems where They Ne. on gulor displacement ts ‘measured - also used in shagt Encoders’, Tlo devices , AID @overterS and other — pexipherall aqustprnent. Boe ae Gro conversion’ Tf an mbit Boary cumber fs wepresented ba. By Bra “=n By and Rts Grey Code Equivlent by Gn = Gri" Ga “toheré Gn &Sp ore the H6Q5, Then the G@ code bits oxe obtained from “the btoary code 43Gaz 8n > Gort 8a @ Bn ; Gost BiG) Sra #- 6 = BOR. Examplez— — Conver t- ee eos 4 1001 to the Gray code + ' [>@> 0-80-04 4 yd “t 1 1 a4 Grey — to ~ Binoy Con\ier 09 — — Baz Go Bate Cn) Gr} Ser® BOG ee Dh 8+. BOG, example~ CooverE = Ilo} tO binar ¢ - So |4— Binory # col Greg ol hh hUlL Binam UP aeur | Oo QA-Nt binar4y +0 Goro sable . 2S. ea A-bit- A-o te so baat ag 4 ¥ ooo 0 000 : i 00) Oe fi 0 ; to. > | 5 010 ol 3 ® +o WA ih : y : 0.2 \ foe oN owl 5 ot on ot 110 7 St 0! 0? oa | 1 p00 f ua 0 4 1 00d pry ky lo" VOd Dy ab whos! Nn 0.14 Le ay yt 0d yo vo 13 -4u0t i 10) at i ,ii9 100) is tt 1 Tt (07-0'O) ae Example § eae @ coovert O10 1,10), +0 Groy code Birat4 Grog 1 Or Qovor Ov Oo v wy yw | 0 fees y 0 y \@ , comert (521)g “to Coro ede sol't- fisst — Coovert ( 52g =C Oh (52Vy= G 001000010),_ Btoors > 1 ®@ 0 Oo ©! O0G0 0806160 v Se] YY dys OF Tg bey 6 004 y WEB ety - Fy cede is Gi0110001!) © convert Gray oumbeys 1011 0010 to phoary! and Hera > aed | ockal number - ele Gro =>) 1 op , Q @7} 4 us 7 vp dy se a 78 a ee f Btn} > aioe “EL code => rr10o\IVOO (D.C dng: octal, - Code 5 ONOUIO® 6 64) (e805Chasstficattion of Binary codes -_ igh poetic ee d —— ® Numeric, aod. Alphaoumerte codes Pi > Numesic ‘codes ove codes «which represent aumerte. fnfesmation - be “only numbers Ag Series of 03 and IS - § Eut- B42l, Exceg-a Gray code . > Numeric “codes used to wepresent- the a degtts ore called ; Bioary Coded Deion (eed) codes Et%- B42', ou21, S21) ove’ BCD codes s Alpko numer?e toles are Codes : which are sepiesent alpha numexte ferformatton , ‘Le letters of “the. alshoker Boal decimal eummbers as A sequence of 08 and JS. Eun Ewevie , Asc codes . Nokes A — of - Kroon y ages which vepresents a - decimal digit is called a cede word : All BCD codes’ hove at least six egal codes,@ Weighted and = Non- ede cade s SS oc op ne weighted codeR axe — those which obey the postlion — weighting principle . Foch position of the — aumber represents a specie welghr. For foch ger of sum of the weights of Hore ies || athe \ Positions where. the binary digi E is 4s equal +o the dec? mal a which the Group ee : €xt- 6421, 242), Sy-2-1 “ane Rei ghled codes, > Non- weighted codes are codes which oxe not assigne 4 with an woe ght to gach di re Posi tion re gach dig 7s position uithio “Re cumber ts ook assigned ited Value: ext- Exeeh—3 (H-3) > Grog once - ® Positively weighted @ Hapkivaly Lighted cols ‘Positively weigintt d Codes 2 —'@y2",2U2, S21, Bart, 4a. neegodtucly wee giuted Codes 4 642-73),68 141, 8491)© sequential codes : an 24 JA “sequentiok code *5 one, tq which gach Suceee ding. code wosd tS 9 one non cumbe ¥ green than tS precedtog code word. Such a ode ~factlitakes ‘nokh ematical crori pulakion of daka. the sq2i a %S-3 Codes one, seqinentratl Codes » © Self complementing codes 2— Big cepfe is t gasd, | ~bem eet “complementing, > pp the code fof 4 fs. the complament of tne code for 0» rhe oie for 8 35 the commplemen od. he © code. fos 1: and .So 60, ext aart, T2N", pura BY-P—V, QHZ ®) cyclic codes o cyclic ; codes ove “Robe - fo whieh a succurive code word difleres trom precesty ene tn only oné bit - position. the or e also called , unit digtance cades. he unit —_dfstanee_ code kame Spectal advantage fo > that they eninimige -trongitonal Errors,eee Dav} \ Spe ~GoB_sPAML lin ait lois} Wa Ppa} @tolypyia aii | (oN F gan | otvt fF grat} pool | avai (aul A9°N)} ggoif,arl Fi aol aoolh yal 109 | yivo} (iro | aig rita | 00! paod | M92} 109] qi. 0 | caro] orto | 1191. 6900+} 1009] ooo |i 01a] arog|ioie| ate! Spe N MEY VATU ASE VOtO lisa vault 1 taro) ss (fat eso Fo co (un We MLW a ga a Pr pated Fae (Cerin Tt | Co Nk | aiot}yoo!t},ortlarotlagaithortiriire yaol}a19ll}ayie 10a '}qiOljaol \ 1e+O th & cools}, tO yO looo@Pooo! {i190 Bir ore 1VEF}oQa1 9} 9019], aH 0 vir G@lgor1ajool? fen 19109]; GO! piqolyor1of, 190} rie? att %lgto%-a1e @, 1o0}g1 ee}? aol a 1110] ,or%-.,ooo;1 000 1000}1000 ylaa aoaee 00a00\-0qa000 0000 Am Tb or No : i Weal ithe] ichs esx |i-c-he]e-249| \e-44® Retleckive codes -_ : = = ° 28 code ts binary cede in’ “A vefleative 5 code which the ‘oleast — 3i aa bits fo fecal atte “teough arty, ase The = mmivfor ‘mages of itobe ‘fox 0 shrug Por EA Graq code. ae B42 Bed COE + (nota Bed ade ) eee = > do ths code, gach ° dectral digit , 0 through Q ’p ts coded by a 4 bik Pa number - Tt is olso called the | noturall _ binary code becarige of the iS ,4,2y 00d | weights attached +o tb : a > Bt Woo metahted ‘code on fs alo sequential: . : the main advantage of Ris , cede ts tts cose of- conversion +o and. -*4o™m dectmo.l - Peohe fe cilesg cefficient than the » pure binory,| or Example the decal. number 14 con be ssopresented . OS U0 fm puve benory but a4 0001 0100 2a Burl Code : : > he fsaceatoge of ‘the ‘Red code %s ‘at, ovttheneti c operations ose | were _ comple tron ey Ox in pure frase . > here axe six illegal covbinations 1010, en. AREA , Code . TOU, WOO, NOL, tO ond, tn) ~ Rules for) Bed addftions © the Fy med addttiod «ts. performed by ; individually adit “ihe aa tgs of “the deePinal’ “ otimbeirs expressed . fo Albi foioary Gate stoaking ror “tha. «LSD. © af there ete oo 7 and “she Sim ee an Sllegal code’, correction wy needed + J 5 ® qi shéve a out of one que to the = next grou ) oF 4% an Weg all veede , + “ene by (oilo) ts added +o “the Bum tera of ffok group. Pf the - gum termdedwal additions Examples Examples 7 Perfor the “lolowsing fo the: «= B42! Code. 24 ©. B5+23 Sol 8 a5 ool oto) (3s to Be D> Sea 9010 001d (8 te BeDD — t never 5 8 Oto] 1900 ore} —*’~ Io he above , mo carrey no tlegad codes axe Present . so the wesutt %s 5 @=.0101 1000 © 614-6 + 536% Sel“ ; 6 iNBCD = 619.6 O1tO ‘Oly 1001. Ore Gra ) = 7 oO 8 iNAdD wag:6 e104 ool! orp. 1000 (S366 ined) - 1110 1216: yoty 'dto iitet Cones eee eeEEE 4 O10 go tro pio ot 10 im egal codes, us aT D110 +0100 (Add otto to Gach) _ 0010 O00: poo 0010 0001 OO: 0100 ite ct Pd aN Oe eee ‘ i eee 6 + Y Corrected Sum ) Bed» subtraction. ¢— ‘ ©, wep . -Subsracton ts Performed by subtyacsting she | diets of goth 4 - bit Goer of the Subtrahend = -from the tovcespondiog Abe qe of +he wiquend io Soory Stankicg dron the LSD.TL. here %s 00 bovTOW ror the ete highey qr the n 20 25 a borrow from the ert group, ther, Gi Ono) TS subttacded from the difference erm of this op: Ez les correction #5 requsived - Sf there FS Perfor the ee deci subtractions 1 the $421 BcD code © 38-10 e (38 fn BED) a 001) 1000 TS. 0016 000! tno. beerar? ecled deference ), zw 3 Ceost & 206.1— utd . er “oO 000 110 ory Gee. Fo eco 206-7 oolo 0000-0 ) eae 0001 9100 Olly» 1000 C1478 SoRCd) Eh 0000 a ere ATT ood TDOI «| SHAwM One 13 hea WIDE Ee Sug (toweeded i gibferente = 58-0Bed +» gubtraedton vsion gis and 303 complement™ Hethads : 20 > subtiachon ts peclormed by Whe complement Ot he deetmal method. Since 2 Ne subtracting decimal dig ts, we must form the “Tals ‘or tots Complement ofthe decimal Subtwhend -and- Encode that number 70 the. ‘Sunl .code - Examples Pecfore> the “folowing decimal subtractions fn Bep by the’ “als Cormple ment” method. @ 4os-S — 208.% ‘ : cla) ' 2oe-% Sols— 43'S cornp, of 206-§ 14 = sa) 4os. = aos _. = Soe AAted aap 19q6°6 Cesa : 196-4 SEE fe axouind coreg ) (46.4 aeoo (Hoss in BH) HOd Ss ©0100 0000 Olo|, m1 > gO ttT 1001 0001 0001 (2oB% 4s comp), potl 100! OOD | 4 oto (one Tivegall (ode, coae | eee varthere 0) DDD. 1001 OUD+ OUD edd oo) Seneca (end around ci ae caxry’) 000) loo) OUD. ott) o e \ 4 6.4 Ctowetled didgrence ) , © 88 — vos. s- i <) q's comp. o¢ GOSS 7. aang ‘i SS 8S Nee vagy 20S'S pereeereeer eet S944 : SOs 12 Here ne carry peeseotS So tare : e949 q's complement of $03.2 ee piesteeee -V96' 3 Lis’ 7 2086'S _ 9010 9000. 1000. 1000 s4u4 ae O101 006 0100+ 0100 “yore O1t1 100% 110011100 See [eu 6 or cote dtd ieee eters SL aa aera lo DDD Doo H 001170010 ° Beu 6 mahmeete coded Present. sheactore ee vesube ONd FS in HS als complement” dori. ~the 4! comp-of oR 3-6-7 ra —VE.~ Pertorm the — follow Subtraction fo B42) _ vsing the ols @mfamnent method . @© BAIT —108 9 444. Is complement” of 108-9 1S at nae sqiro one Bua O01 clove 0010: INN Saran ie ’ oO Sateeee 1800 100! ooot + 000) ea * . " eee T0111 tor OFL +1 0:00 Saco 0110 old apo “4 oe @ 0d, 0 00!! ool!» 1000 v ; Aqnoe the comp: code uence tha. corrected Suen FS “0010 001) o0}1+1000 = 223-%® 206-8 501-6 \ds 206-4 UA ry eee 693'8 S465 = wl 206'Y4 wary 7 Were Nie ' 9949-4 Complement of Bone) fs Sot 6 A723 +) 492-4 Here 0 Carr Presents tore Lol complement oo d-vesulb : a 444 gy complement => (ONS ‘ Zool) pategeect dena 0010 ©0000 Oflo, dI00 )eelge 0100 1001 0010 »oL00 a to \ 7 0110 1001 100011900 °° ean qyeneroked MeONS vesulle is to's complement of 696.6 iS = 30l,2~EXcess—3 codDe;—' eben ; Fc > “the x$-3 code ghted . Red code. tf, @ oN— wer cane fro the foct word 18 The corresponding Tr twa sel4 ahs code derives ts that gach — binar code. Burl Code, word plus (00 11) 3 - code hos Six Complementing code. the %$-3 fovalid stakes 0000, 0001, 0010, N01, 10 and WI) XS-3 Add?kod =f ory ea eS. add the XS-3 oumbers by 8: Each column Lop. at mthexe %s on hon | of any’ ot sre 4e-bit- adding the” ae qrers stoakiog for he cquk.,, from the groups = sulstoct” ‘ool aide groups + ad Gere “28 & Cant oon "40" the © Shen Hein’ o-f es FoUrs > | > To add 9 X8-3, addi | cron the. Suro jason oF t ouk- add ex ocpple Aoupe “5 perform the browsing addons 49 8-3 de. © 31428 oe al oto taro Sot nna aol lou} .3q 010 «lol. C3 Fo x8-3) >= 010) Vl +28 ia Co8in xs-3) aeeeeeeee eee : 65 10110010} ' aera wd) See ( Propogole carey) 1100 0101 too oe aCOk vy ee TOO! 100° Ceorrecked sumin MS-3=65. : i - 10/ © AQtb + 3sqy AU dior ory 1rd» pond C2Keé inxs-3) 254 0110 (000 1100+ OL} (35914 in AS-3) Coase. Sarah oes ee foarte ‘Vout bittQ@0110-00000 2 : 1 far ey i : nd Preegste carry 0000 : 1os1 Oooo O11! a\y : : See “40 [100 ~pd00 oll » 0000 0000) 0111,000 & port spolt 00 40011 Stab. Obl Ato 4 ee yjn HOR) loo)” poy) 1010 0015 i (tovecte Sun 10 XS-3= 607,00XS-3 Subtraction cabtract' 23 mea To °. ‘2 subtract fo xs-3 , Subtract the *s-3 bx3 numbers *4 subtraching gach 4-bit group of the subtrahend from + ‘he corresponding qbit group oF “pehquend cad trom ‘the LSD: borrow from the next 4bit a4 -there . is ne / ditternce term ot Yor > add oot) such - YOUPS - a4 “there 00 \ trom “ane diferente “erm: es “the ts a ‘borrow , sebbratt Per fore> the. followt og Subboetion io xs-y_ Code - Jor. bdfe @ russ a 24s Lisp! F ovod 1d ON}L 5 1000 eS HOMO F009, 1ODVE 1000 (tes ia 25-3) (sus fA x5-3) 082 0000 A Bus “on 0.000 : UO 000 4 001N edowy ,o0t! pot Toll, ool), this ts corvected — difference is XS—3 ce ool! 10 OOL| = +O%O® fe Ge B16 I 1000 Yolo . 100) (57-6 in x5-3) mace o10\ old. 1 eo : t » ‘tos ‘ ne ea i (21. © in xs-3) LAWG if “0.01 0 el age a 4 001! goth +-00t! uu This 1S the TT : No.8 correckd didference &@ 29°6 19 XS-B = 0101 Noo, 1OIl, , © asyise vies asus o10\ -\0ll olbg - 1000 ce pioO gi0l 101 1000 at anon 156°° “Y gob Olot: 110.0 +0002 an cae 1 «001 + oor! oo on a | O100 [900 joo! ooll fae ee corrected’ yitference; CS: 0100 1000 100) +00' =, ,/ 1960.29, 8-3 9