1200 Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

50. T is the upper hemisphere bounded by the sphere 56. Find the average value of f(x, y, z)  x 2 y 2 z 2 over the
x 2 y 2 z 2  1 and the plane z  0; tetrahedron bounded by the planes x y z  1, x  0,
r(x, y, z)  21 x 2 y 2 y  0, and z  0.
51. Let T be a cube bounded by the planes x  0, x  1, y  0, 57. Find the average value of f(x, y, z)  xyz over the solid
y  1, z  0, and z  1. Find the moments of inertia of T region lying inside the spherical ball of radius 2 with center
with respect to the coordinate axes if T has constant mass at the origin and in the first octant.
density k. 58. Average Temperature in a Room A rectangular room can be
52. Let T be a rectangular box bounded by the planes x  0, described by the set B  {(x, y, z) 冟 0  x  20,
x  a, y  0, y  b, z  0, and z  c. Find the moments of 0  y  40, 0  z  9}. If the temperature (in degrees
inertia of T with respect to the coordinate axes if T has con- Fahrenheit) at a point (x, y, z) in the room is given by
stant mass density k. f(x, y, z)  60 0.2x 0.1y 0.2z, what is the average
temperature in the room?
53. Let T be the solid bounded by the planes x y z  1,
x  0, y  0, and z  0. Find the moments of inertia of T 59. Find the region T that will make the value of
兰兰兰T (1  2x  3y  z ) dV as large as possible.
2 2 2 1>3
with respect to the x-, y-, and z-axes if T has mass density
given by r(x, y, z)  x. 60. Find the values of a and b that will maximize
兰兰兰T (4  x  y  z ) dV, where
2 2 2
54. Let T be the solid bounded by the cylinder y  x and the
2

planes y  x, z  0, and z  x. Find the moments of inertia T  {(x, y, z) 冟 1  a  x 2 y 2 z 2  b  2}.

of T with respect to the coordinate axes if T has mass den-
sity given by r(x, y, z)  z. In Exercises 61–64, determine whether the statement is true or
false. If it is true, explain why. If it is false, explain why or give
The average value of a function f of three variables over a solid an example that shows it is false.
region T is defined to be 61. If B  [1, 1]  [2, 2]  [3, 3], then
兰兰兰B 2x
2
y 2 z 2 dV 0.
冮冮冮 f(x, y, z) dV
1
fav 
V(T) 62. If T is a solid sphere of radius a centered at the origin, then
T
兰兰兰T x dV  0.
where V(T) is the volume of T. Use this definition in Exercises 2 3 4
55–58. 63. 12  冮 冮 冮 21
1 1 1
x2 y2 z 2 dz dy dx  6130
55. Find the average value of f(x, y, z)  x y z over the
冮冮冮 k dV 
28pk
rectangular box T bounded by the planes x  0, x  1, 64. , where
y  0, y  2, z  0, and z  3. 3
T
T  {(x, y, z) 冟 1  (x  1)2 (y  2) 2 (z 1)2  4}
and k is a constant

14.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

Just as some double integrals are easier to evaluate by using polar coordinates, we will
see that some triple integrals are easier to evaluate by using cylindrical or spherical
coordinates.

Cylindrical Coordinates
Let T be a z-simple region described by
T  {(x, y, z) 冟 (x, y) 僆 R, h 1 (x, y)  z  h 2(x, y)}
where R is the projection of T onto the xy-plane. (See Figure 1.) As we saw in Section
14.6, if f is continuous on T, then
h2(x, y)

冮冮冮 f(x, y, z) dV  冮冮 冮 c
h1(x, y)
f(x, y, z) dzd dA (1)
T R
 14.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 1201

z = h2(x, y)

z = h1(x, y)
0

r = t1(¨) R y
¨=b
x
FIGURE 1 r = t2(¨)
¨=a
T viewed as a z-simple region

Now suppose that the region R can be described in polar coordinates by

R  {(r, u) 冟 a  u  b, t1(u)  r  t2 (u)}
Then, since x  r cos u, y  r sin u, and z  z in cylindrical coordinates, we use Equa-
tion (2) in Section 14.3 to obtain the following formula.

Triple Integral in Cylindrical Coordinates

b t 2(u) h2(r cos u, r sin u)

冮冮冮 f(x, y, z) dV  冮冮 冮
a t 1(u) h1(r cos u, r sin u)
f(r cos u, r sin u, z) r dz dr du (2)
T

Note As an aid to remembering Equation (2), observe that the element of volume in
cylindrical coordinates is dV  r dz dr du, as is suggested by Figure 2.

z
r d¨
dz
dr

d¨
r y
FIGURE 2
The element of volume in cylindrical x
coordinates is dV  r dz dr du.

EXAMPLE 1 A solid T is bounded by the cone z  2x 2 y 2 and the plane z  2.

(See Figure 3.) The mass density at any point of the solid is proportional to the dis-
tance between the axis of the cone and the point. Find the mass of T.

Solution The solid T is described by

T  5 (x, y, z) 冟 (x, y) 僆 R, 2x 2 y2  z  2 6
1202 Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

z where R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x 2 y 2  4}. In cylindrical coordinates,

T  {(r, u, z) 冟 0  u  2p, 0  r  2, r  z  2}
and
T
z=2 R  {(r, u) 冟 0  u  2p, 0  r  2}
Since the density of the solid at (x, y, z) is proportional to the distance from the z-axis
R to the point in question, we see that the density function is
y
r(x, y, z)  k2x 2 y 2  kr
x 2
x +y =4 2

FIGURE 3 where k is the constant of proportionality. Therefore, if we use Equation (8) in Sec-
The arrow runs from the lower surface tion 14.6, the mass of T is
z  h 1 (x, y)  2x 2 y 2 to the
upper surface z  h 2(x, y)  2 of T. m 冮冮冮 r(x, y, z) dV  冮冮冮 k2x 2
y 2 dV
T T
2p 2 2
 冮 冮冮0 0 r
(kr) r dz dr du
2p 2 2p 2
k 冮 冮 Cr zD
0 0
2 z2
zr
dr du  k 冮 冮 (2r
0 0
2
 r 3) dr du
2p r2 2p

冮 c r 3  r 4d 冮
2 1 4 8
k du  k du  pk
0 3 4 r0 3 0 3

EXAMPLE 2 Find the centroid of a homogeneous solid hemisphere of radius a.

z z = √a2 – x2 – y2 Solution The solid T is shown in Figure 4. In rectangular coordinates we can write
T  5 (x, y, z) 冟 (x, y) 僆 R, 0  z  2a 2  x 2  y 2 6
a

T where
R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x 2 y 2  a 2}
a In cylindrical coordinates we have
T  5 (r, u, z) 冟 0  u  2p, 0  r  a, 0  z  2a 2  r 2 6
R
a y
2 2 2
x +y =a and
x
FIGURE 4 R  {(r, u) 冟 0  u  2p, 0  r  a}
A homogeneous solid hemisphere of By symmetry the centroid lies on the z-axis. Therefore, it suffices to find z  M xy>V,
radius a
where V, the volume of T, is 12 ⴢ 43 pa 3, or 23 pa 3. Using Equation (9c) in Section 14.6,
with r(x, y, z)  1, we obtain
2p a 2a2 r2
M xy  冮冮冮 z dV  冮 冮 冮 0 0 0
z r dz dr du
T
2p a 2
r2 2p a
1 z2a
冮 冮 c z2d 冮 冮 (a
1
 r dr du  2
 r 2) r dr du
0 0 2 z0 2 0 0
2p ra

冮 c a 2r 2  r 4 d
1 1 1
 du
2 0 2 4 r0
2p
 a a4b 冮
1 1 1 4 1
du  a (2p)  pa 4
2 4 0 8 4

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 14.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 1203

Therefore,
M xy pa 4 3 3
z  ⴢ  a
V 4 2pa 3 8
so the centroid is located at the point 1 0, 0, 3a8 2 .

Spherical Coordinates
When the region of integration is bounded by portions of spheres and cones, a triple
integral is generally easier to evaluate if it is expressed in terms of spherical coordi-
nates. Recall from Section 11.7 that the relationship between spherical coordinates
r, f, u and rectangular coordinates x, y, z is given by
x  r sin f cos u, y  r sin f sin u, z  r cos f (3)
z (See Figure 5.)
P( ®, ƒ, ¨ ) To see the role played by spherical coordinates in integration, let’s consider the
or P(x, y, z) simplest case in which the region of integration is a spherical wedge (the analog of a
®
ƒ
rectangular box)
T  {(r, f, u) 冟 a  r  b, c  f  d, a  u  b}
O
where a  0, 0  d  c  p, and 0  b  a  2p. To integrate over such a region,
¨
y let
a  r0  r1  p  ri1  ri  p  rl  b
x
FIGURE 5 c  f0  f1  p  fj1  fj  p  fm  d
The point P has representation (r, f, u)
in spherical coordinates and (x, y, z) in a  u0  u1  p  uk1  uk  p  un  b
rectangular coordinates. be regular partitions of the intervals [a, b], [c, d], and [a, b], respectively, where
⌬r  (b  a)>l, ⌬f  (d  c)>m and ⌬u  (b  a)>n. The concentric spheres ri,
where 1  i  l, half-cones f  fj, where 1  j  m, and the half-planes u  uk,
where 1  k  n, divide the spherical wedge T into N  lmn spherical wedges
T111, T112, p , Tlmn. A typical wedge Tijk comprising the spherical partition P  {Tijk} is
shown in Figure 6.

® = ® i+1
ƒ = ƒj

® = ®i
ƒ = ƒj+1

Δƒ
Δ®
® i Δƒ

FIGURE 6 Δ¨
¨ = ¨k+1 y
A typical spherical wedge in r i  ® i sin ƒj ® i sin ƒj D ¨
x
the partition P of the solid T ¨ = ¨k

If you refer to Figure 6, you will see that Tijk is approximately a rectangular box
with dimensions ⌬r, ri ⌬f (the arc of a circle with radius ri that subtends an angle of
1204 Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

⌬f) and ri sin fj ⌬u (the arc of a circle with radius ri sin fj and subtending an angle
of ⌬u). Thus, its volume ⌬V is
⌬V  r2i sin fj ⌬r ⌬f ⌬u
Therefore, an approximation to a Riemann sum of f over T is
l m n

a a a f(r*
i sin f*
j cos u*
k , r*
i sin f*
j sin u*
k , r*
i cos f* j ⌬r ⌬f ⌬u
i sin f*
2
j )r*
i1 j1 k1

But this is a Riemann sum of the function

F(r, f, u)  f(r sin f cos u, r sin f sin u, r cos f)r2 sin f
and its limit is the triple integral
b d b

冮冮冮
a c a
F(r, f, u) r2 sin f dr df du

Therefore, we have the following formula for transforming a triple integral in rectan-
gular coordinates into one involving spherical coordinates.

Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates

b d b

冮冮冮 f(x, y, z) dV  冮冮冮

a c a
f(r sin f cos u, r sin f sin u, r cos f)r2 sin f dr df du (4)
T

where T is the spherical wedge

T  {(r, f, u) 冟 a  r  b, c  f  d, a  u  b}

Equation (4) states that to transform a triple integral in rectangular coordinates to

one in spherical coordinates, make the substitutions
x  r sin f cos u, y  r sin f sin u, z  r cos f, and x2 y2 z 2  r2
then make the appropriate change in the limits of integration, and replace dV by
r2 sin f dr df du. This element of volume can be recalled with the help of Figure 7.

d®

® sin ƒ d¨

®r
ƒ dƒ
Δ®
® dƒ

FIGURE 7 d¨
The element of volume in spherical ¨ y
coordinates is dV  r2 sin f dr df du. x
 14.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 1205

z Equation (4) can be extended to include more general regions. For example, if T is
®  h 2(ƒ, ¨)
R-simple, that is, if the region T can be described by
T  {(r, f, u) 冟 h 1 (f, u)  r  h 2(f, u), c  f  d, a  u  b}
then
®  h 1(ƒ, ¨)

0 冮冮冮 f(x, y, z) dV
T
y
x b d h2(f, u)

FIGURE 8
A r-simple region is bounded by
 冮冮冮
a c h1(f, u)
f(r sin f cos u, r sin f sin u, r cos f)r2 sin f dr df du (5)

the surfaces r  h 1 (f, u) and Observe that r-simple regions are precisely those regions that lie between two surfaces
r  h 2(f, u) r  h 1(f, u) and r  h 2(f, u) , as shown in Figure 8. To find the limits of integration
with respect to r, we draw a radial line emanating from the origin. The line first inter-
sects the surface, r  h 1 (f, u) , giving the lower limit of integration, and then inter-
sects the surface r  h 2(f, u) , giving the upper limit of integration.

z
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate 兰兰兰T x dV, where T is the part of the region in the first octant
lying inside the sphere x 2 y2 z 2  1.
x2 y2 z2  1
T or ® 1
Solution The solid T is shown in Figure 9. Since the boundary of T is part of a sphere,
let’s use spherical coordinates. In terms of spherical coordinates we can write
T  5 (r, f, u) 冟 0  r  1, 0  f  p2 , 0  u  p2 6
y
x
FIGURE 9 Furthermore, x  r sin f cos u. Therefore, using Equation (4), we obtain
T is the part of the ball p>2 p>2 1
x 2 y 2 z 2  1 lying in the first
octant.
冮冮冮 x dV  冮 冮 冮0 0 0
(r sin f cos u)r2 sin f dr df du
T
p>2 p>2 1
 冮 冮 冮r
0 0 0
3
sin2 f cos u dr df du
p>2 p>2 r1 p>2 p>2

冮 冮 c r4 sin2 f cos ud 冮 冮
1 1
 df du  sin2 f cos u df du
0 0 4 r0 4 0 0
p>2 p>2 p>2 fp>2

冮 冮 冮
z 1 1 1
 (1  cos 2f)cos u df du  cos ucf  sin 2fd du
®  cos ƒ 8 0 0 8 0 2 f0
p>2 p>2

冮 sin u `
T p p p
 cos u du  
16 0 16 0 16
π
__
4
EXAMPLE 4 Find the center of mass of the solid T of uniform density bounded by
y
the cone z  2x 2 y 2 and the sphere x 2 y2 z 2  z. (See Figure 10.)
x
FIGURE 10 Solution We first express the given equations in terms of spherical coordinates. The
The solid T is bounded below equation of the cone is
by part of a cone and above
by part of a sphere. r cos f  2r2 sin2 f cos2 u r2 sin2 f sin2u  r sin f
1206 Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

which simplifies to cos f  sin f, tan f  1, or f  p>4. Next, we see that the equa-
tion of the sphere is
r2  r cos f or r  cos f
Therefore, the solid under consideration can be described by
T  5 (r, f, u) 冟 0  r  cos f, 0  f  p4 , 0  u  2p 6
Let the uniform density of T be k. Then the mass of T is
2p p>4 cos f
mk 冮冮冮 dV  k冮 冮 冮 0 0 0
r2 sin f dr df du h 1(f, u)  0, h 2(f, u)  cos f
T
2p p>4 rcos f

冮 冮 c r3 sin fd
1
k df du
0 0 3 r0
2p p>4 2p fp>4

冮 冮 冮 c cos4 fd
k k 1
 cos3 f sin f df du  du
3 0 0 3 0 4 f0
2p

冮
k pk
 du 
16 0 8
By symmetry the center of mass lies on the z-axis, so it suffices to find z  M xy>m.
Using Equation (9c) in Section 14.6, with r(x, y, z)  1, we obtain
2p p>4 cos f
M xy  冮冮冮 kz dV  k 冮 冮 冮
0 0 0
(r cos f)r2 sin f dr df du
T
2p p>4 rcos f

冮 冮 c r4 cos f sin fd
1
k df du
0 0 4 r0
2p p>4 2p fp>4

冮 冮 冮 c cos6 fd
k k 1
 cos f sin f df du 
5
du
4 0 0 4 0 6 f0

k ( 12) 6 2p 2p
a 6  1b 冮 冮
7k 7kp
 du  du 
24 2 0 192 0 96
Therefore,
M xy 7kp 8 7
z  ⴢ 
m 96 pk 12
so the center of mass is located at 1 0, 0, 127 2 .

14.7 CONCEPT QUESTIONS

1. Write the triple integral 兰兰兰T f(x, y, z) dV in cylindrical 2. Write the triple integral 兰兰兰T f(x, y, z) dV in spherical coor-
coordinates if dinates if
T  {(r, u, z) 冟 a  u  b, t1 (u)  r  t2(u), T  {(r, f, u) 冟 h 1(f, u)  r  h 2(f, u) , c  f  d, a  u  b}
h 1 (r cos u, r sin u)  z  h 2(r cos u, r sin u)} 3. Write the element of volume dV in (a) cylindrical coordi-
nates and (b) spherical coordinates.
 14.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 1207

14.7 EXERCISES
In Exercises 1–4, sketch the solid whose volume is given by the 17. Find the moment of inertia about the z-axis of a homoge-
integral, and evaluate the integral. neous solid bounded by the cone z  2x 2 y 2 and the
p>2 3 r2
paraboloid z  x 2 y 2.
1. 冮 冮冮
0 0 0
r dz dr du
18. Find the moment of inertia about the z-axis of a solid
2p 2 2r bounded by the cylinder x 2 y 2  4 and the planes z  0
2. 冮 冮冮
0 1 0
r dz dr du and z  3 if the mass density at any point on the solid is
2p p>2 2
directly proportional to its distance from the xy-plane.
3. 冮 冮 冮r
0 0 0
2
sin f dr df du
In Exercises 19–24, solve the problem by using spherical
2p p>4 2 sec f coordinates.
4. 冮 冮 冮
0 0 0
r2 sin f dr df du 19. Evaluate 兰兰兰B 2x 2 y2 z 2 dV, where B is the unit ball
x 2 y 2 z 2  1.
In Exercises 5–18, solve the problem using cylindrical coordi- 2 2 2 3>2
20. Evaluate 兰兰兰B e(x y z ) dV, where B is the part of the unit
nates.
ball x 2 y 2 z 2  1 lying in the first octant.
5. Evaluate 兰兰兰T 2x 2 y 2 dV, where T is the solid bounded
21. Evaluate 兰兰兰T y dV, where T is the solid bounded by the
by the cylinder x 2 y 2  1 and the planes z  1 and
z  3. hemisphere z  21  x 2  y 2 and the xy-plane.
2 2 22. Evaluate 兰兰兰T x 2 dV, where T is the part of the unit ball
6. Evaluate 兰兰兰T ex y dV, where T is the solid bounded by the
cylinder x 2 y 2  4 and the planes z  0 and z  4. x 2 y 2 z 2  1 lying in the first octant.
23. Evaluate 兰兰兰T xz dV, where T is the solid bounded above by
7. Evaluate 兰兰兰T y dV, where T is the part of the solid in the
first octant lying inside the paraboloid z  4  x 2  y 2. the sphere x 2 y 2 z 2  4 and below by the cone

8. Evaluate 兰兰兰T x dV, where T is the part of the solid in the z  2x 2 y 2.

first octant bounded by the paraboloid z  x 2 y 2 and the 24. Evaluate 兰兰兰T z dV, where T is the solid bounded above by
plane z  4. the sphere x 2 y 2 z 2  4 and below by the cone
9. Evaluate 兰兰兰T (x 2 y 2) dV, where T is the solid bounded z  2x 2 y 2.
by the cone z  4  2x 2 y 2 and the xy-plane. 25. Find the volume of the solid that is bounded above by the
2
10. Evaluate 兰兰兰T y dV, where T is the solid that lies within plane z  1 and below by the cone z  2x 2 y 2.
the cylinder x 2 y 2  1 and between the xy-plane and the 26. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the cone
paraboloid z  2x 2 2y 2. z  2x 2 y 2, the cylinder x 2 y 2  4, and the plane
11. Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the sphere z  0.
x 2 y 2 z 2  9 and below by the paraboloid 27. Find the volume of the solid lying outside the cone
8z  x 2 y 2. z  2x 2 y 2 and inside the upper hemisphere
12. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the paraboloids x 2 y 2 z 2  1.
z  x 2 y 2 and z  12  2x 2  2y 2.
28. Find the volume of the solid lying above the cone f  p>6
13. A solid is bounded by the cylinder x 2 y 2  4 and the and below the sphere r  4 cos f.
planes z  0 and z  3. Find the center of mass of the solid
29. Find the centroid of a homogeneous solid hemisphere of
if the mass density at any point is directly proportional to its
radius a.
distance from the xy-plane.
30. Find the centroid of the solid of Exercise 28.
14. A solid is bounded by the cone z  2x 2 y 2 and the
plane z  4. Find its center of mass if the mass density at 31. Find the mass of a solid hemisphere of radius a if the mass
P(x, y, z) is directly proportional to the distance between P density at any point on the solid is directly proportional to
and the z-axis. its distance from the base of the solid.

15. Find the center of mass of a homogeneous solid bounded by 32. Find the center of mass of the solid of Exercise 31.
the paraboloid z  4  x 2  y 2 and z  0. 33. Find the mass of the solid bounded by the cone
16. Find the center of mass of a homogeneous solid bounded by z  2x 2 y 2 and the plane z  2 if the mass density at
the paraboloids z  x 2 y 2 and z  36  3x 2  3y 2. any point on the solid is directly proportional to the square
of its distance from the origin.
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