Introduction to
Gas Dynamics
Anubhav Sinha
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (BHU)
[email protected] 1
Syllabus (Unit I)
❑ Basic equations of compressible flow,
❑ Wave propagation,
❑ Stagnation properties,
❑ Steady-state one dimensional compressible flow,
❑ Stream tube, De-Lavel nozzle, Diffuser,
❑ Pressure coefficient.
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Introduction
❑ Gas Dynamics – extension/ specialized domain of Fluid Mechanics
❑ What specialized concepts does it cover ?
▪ High speed flows
▪ Change in temperature and density (associated with the flow)
▪ Compressibility effects
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_diamond
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/features/supersonic-shockwave-interaction.html 4
▪ Compressible flow
▪ Mach number
▪ Shock
Gas Dynamics, Rathakrishnan 5
Compressibility 𝑝 + ∆𝑝
Bulk Modulus / Volume Modulus of Elasticity 𝑉 + ∆𝑉
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 ∆𝑝 𝑝
𝑬= =−
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 ∆𝑉 Τ𝑉
𝑉
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑝 + ∆𝑝 (V + ∆V)
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑝𝑉 + 𝑝∆𝑉 + 𝑉∆𝑝 + ∆𝑝∆𝑉
𝑝∆𝑉 + 𝑉∆𝑝 = 0
𝑉∆𝑝 ∆𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑝=−
∆𝑉
=−
∆𝑉 Τ𝑉
→ 𝑬=𝒑 𝐸 = −𝑉
𝑑𝑉
Compressibility can be defined as the volume modulus of pressure 6
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑉 𝑝 + ∆𝑝
𝜌 + ∆𝜌
𝜌𝑉 = (𝜌 + ∆𝜌)(𝑉 + ∆𝑉)
𝑉 + ∆𝑉
𝑝
𝜌𝑉 = 𝜌𝑉 + 𝜌∆𝑉 + 𝑉∆𝜌 + ∆𝜌∆𝑉
𝜌
𝜌∆𝑉 + 𝑉∆𝜌 = 0 𝑉
∆𝑝
𝐸=−
∆𝜌 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉 Τ𝑉
=−
𝜌 𝑉
∆𝑉
𝐸 − = ∆𝑝
∆𝜌 𝑉
∆𝑝 = 𝐸
𝜌
Compressibility can be defined as the density modulus of pressure
7
When a flow can be classified as compressible ?
General convention is to take 5% change in fluid density
∆𝜌
< 0.05
𝜌
Mach Number
𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑀= =
𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑎
8
Sound waves
Sound waves are infinitely small pressure disturbances
https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/great-trick-help-sing-high-notes-5337/ 9
Sound waves
https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/speaker4.htm
https://sites.google.com/a/perthgrammar.co.uk/physics/courses/s3-physics/12-how-is-sound-made 10
Speed of Sound
𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝 𝑝
𝑑𝑉 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑠
Observer is stationary
𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝 𝑝
𝑎 − 𝑑𝑉 𝑎
Observer is moving
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Speed of Sound
𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝 𝑝
𝑎 − 𝑑𝑉 𝑎
Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Mass
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝒅𝝆 𝒅𝑽
𝜌𝑎 = (𝜌 + ∆𝜌)(𝑎 − 𝑑𝑉) → =
𝝆 𝒂
𝑝 − 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝 𝐴 = 𝑚ሶ [ 𝑎 − 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑎]
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑎 → 𝒅𝒑 = 𝝆𝒂 𝒅𝑽 𝜕𝑝
𝑎2 = 𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝜌 𝑠 𝑎=
𝜕𝜌 𝑠
Laplace equation
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Speed of Sound
Sound waves are assumed to be isentropic
𝑝 2
𝜕𝑝
𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎 =
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝑠
𝛾𝑝 𝑝=𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝑎2 = For a perfect gas
𝜌 𝑠
𝑎= 𝛾𝑅𝑇
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Speed of sound
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/sound.html
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Why aeroplane is not getting heated
up like space re-entry vehicle ?
Re-entry vehicle
(Apollo)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry
https://www.rd.com/article/why-airplane-also-spelled-aeroplane/ 15
What can be inferred about the speed by looking at these images ?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry 16
Change in Temperature
For isentropic flow
𝑝
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌𝛾
For a perfect gas
𝑝=𝜌𝑅𝑇
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For isentropic flow
Applied Gas Dynamics, Rathakrishnan 18
Using T and 𝑎
of free stream
𝑎2 = 𝛾 𝑅 𝑇
(from last slide)
For air 𝛾 = 1.4
Total temperature, temperature at the stagnation point
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Waves
t=-1 t=-2 t=-3
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Stationary source
• Pressure fields produced by a point source at different times
• 0 is for the present time
• -1 is for the position of the source one unit of time previously,
and so on.
𝑴=𝟎
Shapiro, Vol 1 21
Moving source
𝑴<𝟏 𝑴=𝟏
22
Shapiro, Vol 1
What happens when the source is moving at a speed
higher than the sound speed (at M>1) ?
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Source moving at supersonic speeds (M>1)
𝑴 = 𝟏. 𝟒
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom 24
Source moving at supersonic speeds (M>1)
Mach waves/
Mach Lines
Mach Angle
Shapiro, Vol 1 25
A person outside the Mach cone (Zone of Silence) will not hear that sound from plane
Only person inside the Mach cone (Zone of Action) will hear that sound from plane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom 26
0.8 1.2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressible_flow 27
Hypersonic Speed
𝑴=𝟓
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speed 28
Mach Wave
❑ 𝛿 is infinitesimal (very small), the disturbances will be small.
❑ The disturbance waves can be considered identical to sound
waves (Mach waves)
❑ In such a case, the deviation of streamlines will be small.
❑ Infinitesimally small increase of pressure across the Mach
cone.
Applied Gas Dynamics, Rathakrishnan 29
Shock
❑ 𝛿 is finite, the disturbances introduced are finite - then
the wave is called shock wave
❑ The angle of shock 𝛽 is always smaller than the Mach
angle.
❑ The deviation of the streamlines is finite
❑ The pressure increase across a shock wave is finite.
Applied Gas Dynamics, Rathakrishnan 30
Reference Books
❑ Rathakrishnan, E. (2017). Gas dynamics. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd..
❑ Rathakrishnan, E. (2019). Applied Gas Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons.
❑ Liepmann, H. W., & Roshko, A. (2001). Elements of Gasdynamics. Dover.
❑ Anderson, J. D. (2003). Modern compressible flow. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
❑ Shapiro, A. H. (1953). The dynamics and thermodynamics of compressible fluid flow,. John
Wiley & Sons.
❑ Zucker, R. D., & Biblarz, O. (2002). Fundamentals of gas dynamics. John Wiley & Sons.
❑ https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/bgc.html
❑ https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/shortc.html
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Thank
You
[email protected]
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