INTERMEDIATE

MATHS I A

BASIC LEARNING
MATERIAL
(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

District Collector Nodal Officer

Sri Rajarshi Sha, I.A.S Sri K. Satyanarayana
Medak Dist. Medak Dist.

Under the Guidance of

Smt. N.Sridevi
TSMS Shankarampet R
Medak Dist.

Compiled by
G.Narendar, Jr Lecturer in Mathematics, GJC(girls) Medak
D.Sanjeev Kumar, Jr Lecturer in Mathematics, TSMS Jr College Shankarampet R
B. Ramesh, Jr Lecturer in Mathematics, GJC Papanapet
V. Srikanth Jr Lecturer in Mathematics, GJC Chegunta
G.Ramesh Jr Lecturer in Mathematics, Siddharatha Jr College, Medak
 2 Basic Learning Material

Equality of functions: Let f and g be functions. We say f and g are equal and write f = g if
domain of f = domain of g and f ( x)  g ( x) for all x  domain f.
Identity function: Let A be a non-empty set. Then the function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x 
x  A is called the identity function on A and is denoted by IA.
Unit 1 Constant function: A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if the range of f
contains one and only one element i.e. f(x) = x  x  A, for some fixed c  B. In this case
the constant function f will be denoted by C itself.
FUNCTIONS Very Short Answer Questions
1 2
1. If f : R \{0}  R is defined by f ( x)  x  then prove that  f ( x )   f ( x ) 2  f (1) .
x
Functions: Let A and B be non-empty sets and f be a relation from A to B. If for each element
aA, there exists a unique bB such that (a, b)f, then f is called a function (or) mapping  1
Sol. Since f ( x)   x  
from A to B. It is denoted by f : A  B . The set A is called the domain of f and B is called  x

E
the co-domain of f. 1  1

I
Range: If f : A  B is a function , then f(A), the set of all f-images of elements in A, is called f ( x 2 )  f (1)  x 2   1  
x2  1 
the range of f. Clearly f ( A)   f (a) / a  A  B . Also f(A) = {bB/b = f(a) for some
1

B
aA}.  x2  2
x2
Injection or one-one function:A function f : A  B is called an injection if distinct elements

S
2
of A have distinct f-images in B. An injection is also called a one-one function.  1 2
  x     f ( x)
f : A  B is an injection  a,a 2  A and a1  a 2  f (a1 )  f (a 2 )  x
 a 1 , a2  A and f (a1 )  f (a2 )  a1  a2
Sujrection: A function f : A  B is called a surjection if the range of f is equal to the co-
domain.
f : A  B is a surjection  range f = f (A) = B (co-domain)

 B  f ( a ) a  A
2.
T 3 x  2, x  3

If the function f is defined by f ( x)   x 2  2, 2  x  2 then find the values, if exists
2 x  1, x  3

(i) f (4) (ii) f (2.5), (iii) f (–2), (iv) f (–4), (v) f (0), (vi) f (–7) .

Sol. Note that the domain of f is ( ,  3)  [ 2, 2]  (3,  )

 for every bB f atleast one aA such that f(a) = b. (i) Since f ( x)  3 x  2, x  3 we have f (4)  12  2  10
Bijection: f : A  B is both an injection and surjection then f is said to be a bijection or one to (ii) 2.5 does not belong to domain f, f (2.5) is not defined.
one from A into B.
(iii) Since f ( x)  x 2  2, 2  x  2 , we have f (–2) = (–2)2 – 2 = 2
(i.e.) f : A  B is a bijection  f is both injection and surjection.
(iv) Since f ( x)  2 x  1, x  3 , we have f (4)  2( 4)  1  7
 (i) If a1, a2  A and f (a1) = f (a2)  a1 = a2
(v) Since f ( x)  x 2  2, 2  x  2 , we have f (0)  02  2  2
(ii) for every b  B  atleast one aA such that f (a) = b.
Finite set: If A is empty or  n  N such that there is a bijectio nfrom A onto {1,2,3...........n} (vi) Since f ( x)  2 x  1, x  3 , we have f (–7) = 2(–7) + 1 = –13
then A is called a finite set. In such a case we say that the number of elements in A is n and     
3. A= 0, , , ,  and f : A  B is surjection defined by f ( x)  Cos ( x ) then find B.
denote it by |A| or n(A).  6 4 3 2
Sol. Let f : A  B be a surjection defined by f ( x)  Cos ( x )
Maths-IA 3 4 Basic Learning Material

             Sol. (i) Since f(x) = x + 2, x > 1 we have f(3) = 3 + 2 = 5

Then B = rang of f  f ( A)   f (o), f   , f   , f   , f   
  6   4   3   2  (ii) Since f(x) = 2, -1  x  1 we have f(0) = 2

 π π π π (iii) Since f(x) = x–1, –3<x<–1 we have f(–1.5) = –1.5–1 = –2.5

= Cos0, Cos , Cos , Cos , Cos 
 6 4 3 2 (iv) Since f(x) = x+2, x > 1 we have f(2) = 2+2 = 4
f(x) = x–1, –3<x<–1 we have f(–2) = –2–1 = –3
 3 1 1  f(2) + f(–2) = 4 + (–3) = 4 – 3 = 1
= 1, , , , 0
 2 2 2 
(v) –5 does not belong to domain f, f (–5) is not defined.
e| x|  e  x
4. Deterimine whether the function f : R  R defined by f ( x)  is an injection 1 1
e x  e x 7. f : R \{O}  R is defined by f ( x)  x 3  then show that f ( x)  f    0.
or a surjection or a bijection. x3 x
1
e| x|  e x Sol. f ( x)  x3 
Sol. f : R  R be defined by f ( x) = then f is not injection as x3
e x  e x
3
1 1 1

E E
e0  e0 ee f    
f (0)   0 and f (1)  1  0 and also f is not a surjection since for y = 1 3
 x  x 1

I I
e0  e0 e e
 
there is no x  R / f ( x)  1 .  x

B B
If there is such x  R then e| x|  e  x  e x  e  x 1 1
f    3  x3
Clearly x  0 for x > 0 this equation gives –e–x = e–x which is not possible. x x

5.

Sol.
If f ( x) 

f ( x) 
2

T
Cos x  Sin x
S
Cos x  Sin 4 x
2

Sin 2 x  Cos 4 x
4

Sin 2 x  Cos 4 x
2
x < 0 this equation gives –e–x = ex which is also not possible.

 x  R then show that f (2012)  1 .

4
8.

Sol.
1
x x

S
1 1
 f ( x)  f    x3  3  3  x3  0

T
x

If f : R  R is defined by f ( x) 

f ( x) 
1  x2
1  x2
1  x2
1  x2
then show that, f (tan  )  Cos 2 .

1  Sin x  Sin x

1  Cos 2 x  Cos 4 x
Sin2
1  Sin2 x (1  Sin2 x) 1
1  tan 2  Cos 2
 f ( x)  =
1  Cos 2 x (1  Cos 2 x) 1  tan 2  Sin2
1
1  Sin 2 x Cos 2 x Cos 2

1  Sin 2 xCos 2 x
Cos 2  Sin 2
f ( x)  1 Cos 2  Sin 2
f ( x)  Cos 2 =
2 2
f (2012)  1 Cos   Sin  Cos 2  Sin 2
Cos 2
 x  2, x  1
 f ( x)  Cos 2  Sin 2 = Cos 2
6. If the function f is defined by f ( x)  2 -1  x  1 then find the values of
 x -1 -3<x <-1

(i) f (3) (ii) f (0) (iii) f (–1.5) (iv) f (2) + f (–2) (v) f (–5)
Maths-IA 5 6 Basic Learning Material

1 x 2x  x2  x  1
9. If f : R \ [ 1]  R is defined by f ( x)  log then show that f  2 
 2 f ( x) . 11. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A  R is a function defined by f ( x)  then find the
1 x  1 x  x 1
range of f.
1 x
Sol. f ( x)  log Sol. f : A  R  f (A)=R
1 x
x2  x  1
2x f ( x) 
1 x 1
 2x  1  x2
f 2 
 log 12  1  1 1
 1 x  2 x f (1)  
1
1  x2 11 2
22  2  1 3
1  x2  2x f (2)   1
2
2 1 3
 log 1 2 x
1 x  2x 32  3  1 7
f (3)  
1  x2 3 1 4

E E
(1  x)2 42  4  1 13

I I
 log f (4)  
(1  x)2 4 1 5
 1 7 13 

B B
1 x
2
Range =  ,1, , 
 log 2 4 5 
1 x

S S
3 x  3 x
12. If the function f : R  R defined by f ( x)  then show that
1 x 2
 2 log

T T
1 x f ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  2 f ( x) f ( y ) .

 2x  3 x  3 x 3 y  3 y
f  2 f ( x) Sol. f ( x)  f ( y) 
2  2 2
 1 x 
10. A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A  B is a surjection defined by f ( x)  x 2  x  1 then 3( x  y )  3 ( x  y ) 3x  y  3 ( x  y )
LHS  f ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  
find B. 2 2
1 x y ( x y ) ( x y ) ( x y )
Sol. f : A  B is a surjection,  b  B  a  A  f ( a )  b LHS  3  3 3 3 
2
A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
1 x y
f ( x)  x 2  x  1 LHS  3 3  3x 3 y  3 x 3 y  3 x 3 y 
2
f (2)  (2) 2  (2)  1  4  2  3 R HS  2 f ( x) f ( y )
f (1)  (1) 2  (1)  1  1
 3x  3 x  3 y  3 y 
 2  
f (0)  (0) 2  (0)  1  1  2  2 
f (1)  12  1  1  3 1 x x
f (2)  (2) 2  2  1  7

2
 3  3  3y  3 y 
B  {1, 3, 7} 1 x y

2
 3 3  3x3 y  3 x3y  3 x3 y 
 Maths-IA 7 8 Basic Learning Material

1 x y  (2  x )  0 2 x 1

2
 3  3x y  3( x y )  3( x y 
x–2<0 –x  –1
1 ( x y ) ( x y ) ( x y ) ( x y x<2 x  1

2
3  3  3  3 
Domain of f is ( , 2)  {1}
LHS = RHS
iv) f ( x)  x  3
f ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  2 f ( x) f ( y )
f ( x)  x  3
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 x if x  0
4x f ( x)  x  
1. f : R  R defined by f ( x)  x then show that f (1  x )  1  f ( x ) and hence deduce  x if x  0
4 2
1 1 3  x  3 if x  0
the value of f    2 f    f  .  x 3  
4 2 4 ( x  3) if x  0
Domain of f is R.

IE E
Real valued function

I
If X is any set, f : X  R then f is called a real valued function. v) f ( x)  4 x  x 2

13. Find the domains of the following real valued functions f ( x)  4 x  x 2

i) f ( x) 

1
2
1
( x  1)( x  3)
R

S B  4x  x2  0
2
 x  4x  0
 x ( x  4)  0

S B
T T
 2 R  R
( x  1)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  1)( x  3)  x  0, x - 4  0
 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  3)  0  x  1,1, 3, Domain of f is [0, 4]
Domain of f is R \{1, -1, -3} 1
vi) f ( x) 
2
2 x  5x  7 1  x2
ii) f ( x) 
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) 1
f ( x) 
2
2 x  5x  7 1  x2
 R
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) 1  x2  0
 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)  0  x2 – 1 < 0
 x  1, 2,3  (x + 1) (x – 1) < 0
 (x + 1) < 0, (x – 1) < 0
Domain of f is R \{1, 2,3}
x > –1; x < 1
1
iii) f ( x) 
log(2  x ) Domain of f is (–1, 1)

1 14. Find the range of the following real valued functions

R
log(2  x) i) log 4  x 2
 Maths-IA 9 10 Basic Learning Material

Sol. f ( x)  log 4  x 2 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

f ( x)  log x ; Range = ( ,  ) I. Find the domains of the following real valued functions

f ( x )  | x | ; Range =  0,  3x
(i) f ( x)  Ans: R – {–1}
x 1
f ( x)  R  4  x 2  0, x 2  4, x  2, 2
Domain of f  R  {2, 2} (ii) f ( x)  x 2  25 Ans: R – (–5, 5)

Range of f = R (iii) f ( x)  x  [ x] Ans: R

ii) f ( x)  [ x]  x (iv) f ( x)  [ x]  x Ans: Z
Sol. f ( x)  [ x]  x 1
(v) f ( x)  Ans: R – {1, 5}
f ( x)  [ x]  x  0 6 x  x2  5

 [ x]  x 1
(vi) f ( x)  (a  0) Ans: R – [–a, a]
x  a2
2
Domain of f = Integers Z

IE E
(vii) f ( x)  ( x  2)( x  3) Ans: R – (–2, 3)

I
Range of f = {0}
Sin [ x] (viii) f ( x)  ( x   )(  x) (0     ) Ans: x  [ ,  ]
iii) f ( x) 

B B
1  [ x2 ] (ix) f ( x)  2  x  1  x Ans: [–1, 2]
Sin [ x]

S S
Sol. f ( x)  2 1
1  [ x2 ] (x) f ( x)  x  1  Ans: R – [–1, 2]
x 2  3x  2

T T
2
 1 [x ]  0 II. Find the ranges of the following real valued functions
Domain of f = R [ Sin  0]
(i) 9  x2 Ans: [3,  )
Range of f = {0}
x2  4
iv) f ( x) 
x2 1. If f = {(4,5) (5,6) (6,-4)}, g = {(4,-4) (6,5) (8,5)] then find

x 42 (i) f  g (ii) f  g (iii) 2 f  4 g (iv) f  4 (v) fg

Sol. f ( x)  2
x2 (vi) f / g (vii) | f | (viii) f (ix) f (x) f 3
x2 0 Sol. Domain of f A = {4, 5, 6}
x2  4 Domain of g B = {4, 6, 8}
f ( x) 
x2 Domain of f  g A  B = [4, 6]
( x  2)( x  2) (i) f  g  {(4,5  4), (6, 4  5)}  {(4,1)(6,1)}
  x2
( x  2) (ii) f  g  {(4,5  4), (6, 4  5)}  {(4,9)(6, 9)}
f ( x)  2  2  4 (iii) Domain of 2 f A = {4, 5, 6}
Domain of f = R – {2} Domain of 4 g B = {4, 6, 8}
Range of f = R – {4}  2 f  {(4,10), (5,12), (6, 8)}
 Maths-IA 11 12 Basic Learning Material

 4g  {(4, 16), (6, 20), (8, 20)} 3

 x x  0
Domain of 2 f  4 g = [4, 6] (iii) ( fg) (x) = f(x)g(x) = x2|x| =  3
 x x  0
2 f  4 g = {(4, 10–16), (6, –8+20)} = {(4, –6), (6, 12)} (iv) (2f) x = 2f(x) = 2x2
(iv) Domain of f + 4 A = {4, 5, 6} (v) f 2(x) = (f(x))2 = (x2)2 = x4
f + 4 = { (4, 5+4), (5, 6+4), (6, –4+4)} (vi) ( f + 3)(x) = f(x) + 3 = x2 + 3
= {(4, 9), (5, 10), (6,0)}
3. If f and g are real valued functions defined by f ( x )  2 x  1 g ( x)  x 2 , then find
(v) Domain of f g A  B = {4, 6}
 f 
f g = { (4, (5)(–4)), (6, (–4)(–5))}  ( x)
(i) (3f – 2g) x (ii) (fg)(x) (iii)  g (iv) (f + g + 2) (x)
= {(4, –20), (6, 20)}  
2
f Sol. f ( x)  2 x  1 g ( x)  x
(vi) Domain of = {4, 6}
g  ( f  g ) x  f ( x)  g ( x)

 5   4   (i) 3 f ( x)  2 g ( x)  3(2 x -1) - 2( x 2 )

E E
  4,   6,  
 4   5    6x  3  2x2

(viii) Domain of f {4,5}

B I
(vii) Domain of | f | A = {4, 5, 6}
| f | = {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4)}
(ii)
 2 x 2  6 x  3
(3f – 2g) x  2 x 2  6 x  3
( fg )( x )  f ( x ).g ( x )

B I
S S
2 3 2
f  {(4, 5), (5, 6)}  (2 x  1)( x )  2x  x
2
(ix) Domain of f  A = {4, 5, 6}  f  f ( x) 2x 1

T T
(iii)  g  x  
f 2  {(4, 25), (5, 36), (6, 16)}   g ( x) x2

(x) Domain of f 3  A = {4, 5, 6} (iv) ( f  g  2) x  f ( x)  g ( x)  2

f 3  {(4, 125), (5, 216), (6, -64)}  2x 1  x2  2
2
2. f ( x)  x 2 and g ( x)  | x | find the following functions  x 2  2 x  1  ( x  1)

(i) f + g (ii) f – g (iii) fg (iv) 2f (v) f 2 (vi) f + 3 4. f  {(1, 2)(2, 3)(3, 1)} then find
Sol. f(x) = x2 (i) 2 f (ii) 2  f (iii) f (iv) f 2
 x, x  0 Sol. f  {(1, 2)(2, 3)(3, 1)}
g(x) = |x| = 
 x x  0 Domain of f A = {1, 2, 3}
Domain f = Domain of g = R (i) 2f = {(1,4) (2,–6) (3,–2)}
Hence the domain of all the functions is R. (ii) 2 + f = {(1, 2+2) (2, –3+2) (3, –1+2) }
2 + f = {(1,4) (2,–1) (3,1) }
 x 2  x, x  0
(i) (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = x2 + |x| =  2 (iii) f = {(1, 2 )}
 x  x x  0
2
(iv) f = {(1,4) (2,9) (3,1)}
 x 2  x, x  0
(ii) (f – g((x) = f(x) – g(x) = x2 – |x| =  2
 x  x x  0
Maths-IB 13 14 Basic Learning Material

2 0 1
4  1 2 
Ex: If A =  then Tr  A   2   1  9  10
7 6 9 

Unit 3 4. Diagonal Matrix

If each non-diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to zero, then the matrix is called
a diagonal matrix.
MATRICES Trace of Matrix

2 0 0
0 0 
Matrix Ex:  , 0 1 0  are diagonal matrices.
0 2  
An ordered rectangular array of elements is called as matrix. 0 0 1 

1 2 4 1 2  5. Scalar Matrix
Ex: A = 

E E
B=
3 0  6  
4  3 
If each non-diagonal element of a square matrix is zero and all diagonal elements are equal

I I
to each other, then it is called a scalar matrix.
Order of Matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is said to be of order m × n, read as m cross n or m  1 0 0

B B
by n. 2 0 0 0  0  1 0 
Ex:  ,  ,  are all scalar matrices.
0 2 0 0  0 0

S S
1. Types of Matrices   1
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a square
6. Unit matrx / Identity matrix

T T
matrix.
If each non-diagonal element of a square a matrix is equal to zero and each diagonal
2 0 1 element is equal to 1º then that matrix is called a unit matrix or identity matrix.
1  1 4  1
Ex:    2 
0 4  22 1 0 0
7 6 9  33 1 0 0
Ex: 0 1 0  are identity matrices.
 1 22 , 
2. Principal Diagonal / Diagonal 0 0 133
If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, the elements a11, a12 .... ann said to constitute its
principal diagonal or simply the diagonal. Hence aij is an element of the diagonal according
7. Null Matrix or Zero matrix
If each element of a matrix is zero, then it is called a null matrix or zero matrix. It is
as i = j.
denoted by 0m×n or 0.
2 0 1
4  1 0 0
2  0 0 0

Ex.: 0  O  0
7 6 9   0  22 ,  
0 0 3 2
3. Trace of Matrix
8. Row matrix
The sum of the elements of the diagonal of a square matrix A is called the trace of A and is
A matrix with only one row is called a Row matrix.
denoted by Tr(A).
n Ex: 1 3  213
Tr  A    aij
i 1
Maths-IB 15 16 Basic Learning Material

9. Column Matrix (ii) (+ )A =  A + A

A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix. (iii) OA = O
2 (iv)  O = O
1 
E x:
  (v) (A + B) = A + B
3 31
Very Short Answer Questions
10. Triangular matrices
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be upper triangular if aij = 0 for all i > j.  1 3 2 1  x1 x2 
1. If A =  , B= ,X=  and A + B = X then find the values of
 4 2  3
  5  x3 x4 
* A is said to be lower triangular if aij = 0  i < J
x1, x2, x3, x4 .
2 4 0   3 1
Ex: 0  2 ,  0 are upper triangular matrices. 2 1  x1 x2 
 3 4   1 3
x
Sol. A = 
 4 2 
,B= 3
  5
,X=
 3 x4 
0 0 1 

E E
A + B = X
1 0 0

I I
0 1 0 3  2 1   x1 x2 
1 0 ,   1
= 
  2 3 
are lower triangular matrices. = 
 4
+
2  3  5  x3 x4 
 2 0 1 

Equality of matrices

S
Matrices A and B are said to be equal.

B
IF A and Be are of the same order and the corresponding elements of A and B are the same.
1
= 
7
= 

S
4   x1
 3  x3
x2 

B
x1  1
x2  4
x4   x3  7

 a11 a12
Thus A =  a
 21 a22

T a13 

a23  , B =
b11 b12

b21 b22
are equal if aij = bij for i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2, 3
Sum of two matrices
b13 

b23 

Let A and B be matrices of the same order. Then the sum of A and B, denoted by A + B is
defined as the matrix of the same order in which each element is the sum of the corresponding
2.
 1  2
 1
A= 
2
 2  1

 1  2
T
3
4
3 
B=

3
1  2
1  2

1
5
x4  3

2 , C =

2  3 

1  2 5
 2
 1

 2
1
1
0

 2
2
2
1

1
then find A + B + C.

2
 1 4  1  2  1 2 
elements of A and B.
Sol. A= 
2
B= 2 , C =  1
 
Scalar multiple of a matrix  2  1 3  1 2  3   2 0 1
Let A be a matrix of order m  n and k be a scalar. Then the m  n matrix obtained by
multiplying each element of A by k is called a scalar multiple of A and is denoted by kA.  1  1   2   2   2   1 35 2 
 
If A = [aij] m  n then KA = [kaij]m  n A + B + C =  1 0 1 2   2   1 422 
 2 1 2 1  2  0 3   3  1
Properties of Scalar multiplication of a matrix 
Let A and B be matrices of the same order and  be scalars. Then
(i)  ( A) = ()A =  ( A)  2 3 10 
=  2 1 8 

 5 1 1
Maths-IB 17 18 Basic Learning Material

5 – y = 3 y = 5 – 3 = 2  y  2
3 2  1  3 1 0
2 2 0  2 1 3  z– 1 = 4 z = 4 + 1 = 5  z  5
3. If A =  B=  and X = A + B then find X.
1 3 1  4 1 2 
a– 5 = 8  a  5
Sol. X = A + B
1 3 5 
3 2  1  3 1 0  2 1 5 
6. Find the trace of A =  .
2 2 0  2 1 3
X=  +  2 0 1 
1 3 1  4 1 2
1 3 5 
3   3 2   1 1  0   
0 1 1  Sol. A =  2 1 5 
 
X = 3  2  2 1 0  3 = 4 1 3   2 0 1 

1  4 3   1 1  2  5 2 3

Trace of A = 1 + (–1) + 1 = 1

4.
x  3
If 
z  2

x  3
Sol. 
z  2
2 y  8  5
=

2 y  8  5
=
2 
6   2 a  4 

2 
6   2 a  4 

B I E
then fin dthe values of x, y, z, a.
7.
0
2
If A = 
 4
1 2
3 4 
5 6 
and B =
 1
0

 0
1

B I E
2 3
0 
0 1 
then find B – A and 4A-5B.

S S
0 1 2  1 2 3
x– 3 = 5 x = 5 + 3 = 8  x  8 2 3 4  0 1 0 

T T
Sol. A =  ,B= 
2y – 8 = 2 2y = 2+ 8 = 8  4 5 6   0 0 1 
2y = 10
 1 2 3 0 1 2
10 0 1 0  2 3 4 
y=  5  y  5 B – A =  – 
2  0 0 1   4 5 6 
z + 2 = –2 z = –2–2 = 4  z  4
 1 1 1
6 = a – 4 a = 6 + 4   a  10  2 2 4
B –A=  
 4  5 5 
 x 1 2 5  y  1 2 3 
  0 4 7 
5. If  0 z  1 7  =   then find the values of x, y, z, a. 0 1 2  1 2 3
2 3 4  0 0 
 1 0 a  5  1 0 0  4A – 5B =  –5  1
 4 5 6   0 0 1 
 x 1 2 5  y 1 2 3 
  0 4 7 
Sol.  0 z  1 7  =   0 4 8  5 10 15
8 12 16   0 
 1 0 a  5  1 0 0    –  0 5
16 20 24   0 0  5 
x– 1 = 1 x = 1 + 1 = 2  x  2
Maths-IB 19 20 Basic Learning Material

5 6 7  14 10 
A2 = 
8 7 16   5  1
4A – 5B = 
16 20  19 
i 0
11. If A =  then find A2.
0 i 
1 2 3 3 2 1
8. If A =   and B = 1 2 3  then find 3B – 2A.
3 2 1    i 0 i 0
Sol. A2 =   
1 2 3 2 4 6 0 i  0 i 
Sol. A =   2A = 6
3 2 1   4 2 
i 2  0 00 
3 2 1 9 6 3 A = 
2 
B=   3B = 3 0  0 0  i 2 
1 2 3   6 9 

9 6 3  2 4 6 7 2  3  1 0 
3B – 2A =  – =  A2 =    A 2  I
3 6 9  6 4 2   3 2 7  0  1

9.
i 0 
If A =   then show that A 2= –I (i2 = –1).
0  i 

i 0 

B I E 12.
2 4 
If A =   and A2 = 0 then find k.
 1 k 

2 4 
Sol. A =  

B I E
S S
Sol. A =    1 k 
0  i 
2 4  2 4 

T T
i 0  i 0  A2 = A  A =    
A A =     1 k   1 k 
0  i  0  i 

i 2  0  4   4  8  4k 
0  0   1 0 
A2 =   =  A2 =  
  2   k   4  k 2 
0  0 0  i 2   0  1

1 0  0 8  4k 
A2 = –   A 2  I A2 =  
0 1  2  k  4  k 2 

A2 = 0
4 2
10. If A =  then find A2.
 1 1   0 8  4k   0 0
 2 = 
 2  k  4  k  0 0
4 2 4 2
Sol. A2 =  
 1 1   1 1  8 + 4k = 0
4k = – 8
16   2  8 2
=   8
 4   1  2  1 k
4
=–2  k= –2
Maths-IB 21 22 Basic Learning Material

 2 1   4  16  10  12 
 2 3 1 AA1 = 
13. If A =  5 0 and B =  then find 2A+B1 and 3B1–A.  10  12 25  9 
   4 0 2 
 1 4 
 20  22 
AA1 = 
 22 34 
 2 1   2 3 1
Sol. A =  5 0 , B =  Symmetric matrix
   4 0 2 
 1 4  A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A1 = A.

1 2 0
 2 1   4 2 2  3  1 
 0  E x: A =  
2A = 2  5 0 = 10
 
 0  1 4 
 1 4   2 8 
Skew Symmetric matrix
 2 4 A square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric if A1 = –A.

E E
 2 3 1  3 0 

I I
B=  B1 = 
 4 0 2   1 2 
 0 1  2
 1 0 4 
Ex: 

B B
 4 2   2 4   6 6  2  4 0 
 0  = 13

2A + B = 10
1 0  +  3 0 

S S
  1 2 3
 2 8   1 2   1 10  2 5 6 
15. If A =  is a symmetric matrix, then find x.

T T
 3 x 7 
 2 4   6 12
  0 
3B = 3  3
1 0  =  9  1 2 3  1 2 3
 1 2   3 6  Sol. A=  2 5 6  , A1=  2 5 x 

 3 x 7   3 6 7 
 6 12  2 1   4 11
  0 
3B – A =  9
1 0  –  5 0  =  4 Symmetric matrx A1  A

 3 6   1 4   4 2 
 1 2 3  1 2 3
2  4   2 x  =  2
 5 5 6 
14. If A =  then find A+A1 , AA1. 
 5 3  3 6 7   3 x 7 
2  4   2  5 x6
Sol. A =  A1 = 
 5 3  4 3 
0 2 1
2  4   2  5  4  9  2 0  2 
A+A1 =  + = 16. If A =  is a skew symmetric matrix, then find x.
 5 3  4 3   9 6   1 x 0 
2  4   2  5
AA1 = 
3  4 3 
Sol. Skew symmetric matrix = A1   A
 5
Maths-IB 23 24 Basic Learning Material

 0 2 1  0 2 1 Short Answer Questions (4 marks)

2 0 x   2 0  2 
 =–  1  2 
1  2 0   1 x 0  0 1 2
  1 0
1. If A = 1 2 3  and B =   then find AB, BA.
 2 3 4   2 1
 0 2 1   0  2 1 
2 0 x   2 0 2 
 = 0 1 2 1  2  0  1  4 0  0  2
1  2 0  1  x 0  1 2 3   1 0  1  2  6  2  0  3 
Sol. AB =    = 
 x  2  2 3 4  33  2 1  32  2  3  8  4  0  4 

 cos  sin  
3  2
17. If A=  then show that AA1 = A1A = I.
  sin  cos   5  5 
AB = 
7  8 
 cos  sin   cos   sin  

E E
Sol. A=  A1= 
  sin  cos   sin  cos  

I I
1  2  0 1 2
 cos  sin   cos   sin    1 0  1 2 3 
AA1 =  BA =    
cos   sin  cos  

B B
  sin    2 1  32  2 3 4  33

S S
cos2   sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos   Since the number of column of B is not equal to number of rows of A. BA is not defined.
=  
  sin  cos   cos  sin   sin 2   cos2   1 0 2

T T
 1 2 3
 0 2 
2. If A =  2 3  1 and B =  1
then examine whether A and B commute
1 0
=  =I  3 1 2 1 2 0 
0 1
with respect to multiplication of matrices.
cos   sin    cos  sin  
1
AA =  Sol. Both A and B are square matrices of order 3. Hence both AB, BA are defined as matrices
sin  cos     sin 
 cos  
of order 3.
cos2   sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos    1 2 3 1 0 2
=     1 0 2 
  sin  cos   cos  sin   sin 2   cos2   AB =  2 3 
 1
 3 1 2  33 1 2 0 33
1 0
=  =I
0 1 1  0  3 026 2  4  0
2  0  1 0  3  2 4  6  0 
 AA1  A1A  I = 
 3  0  2 0  1  4  6  2  0 

4 4 2 
1 1 10 
= 
 1 5  4 
Maths-IB 25 26 Basic Learning Material

1 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 0 5 0 0
2  1  0 0 

BA = 0 1 
2   3 5I = 4 0 1 0  =  5

 3 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 5
1 2 0
Hence A2 – 4A – 5I
1  0  6 202 3 0 4 
0  2  6 03 2 0  1  4 
=  9 8 8  4 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 0
8 8 8 8 0 0 0 
1  4  0 260 3  2  0 
= 
9
–
4
– 5 0  =  0
8 8 9 8 8 4  0 0 5 0 0 0 

 5 0 7
 4 5 3  A2 – 4A – 5I = 0
= 
 5 4 133 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 then do AB and BA exist? If they exist find
4. If A =  and B = 
Which shows that AB  BA.
 4 2 5  2 1 

E E
 A and B do not commute with respect to multiplication of matrices.

I I
them. Do A and B commute with respect to multiplication?
1 2 2
 1 2 3

B B
3. If A =  2 1 then show that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0.
1 2 3 4 5
 2 2 1 33 Sol. A =  4 2 5 23 , B = 

S S
 1  32
2
1 2 2

T T
2 1 1 AB multiplication matrix is 2×2 matrix
Sol. A = 
 2 2 1  BA multiplication matrix is 3×3 matrix

2 3
1 2 2  1 2 2 1 2 3 4
2  5
2 1 1   2 1 1  AB = 
4 2 5 
A =    2 1 
 2 2 1   2 2 1 
 28 6 3  10  15  0 8
1  4  4 224 2  4  2 AB =  =
 12  10  5 10 3
2  2  4  8  8  10
4 1 4 4  2  2 
= 
 2  4  2 422 4  4  1  2 3
 1 2 3
BA =  4 5  
 4 2 5
9 8 8 
8  2 1 
9 8
= 
8 8 9  2  12 46 6  15   10 2 21
 4  20  8  10 12  25  16 2 37 
=  =  
1 2 2 4 8 8
 2  4 42 6  5   2 2 11 
2 1 2  8 4 8
4A = 4  =
 2 2 1 8 8 4  AB  BA, A and B are not commutate with respect to multiplication.
Maths-IB 27 28 Basic Learning Material

3 0 0 1 2 1
 0  then find A4. 0 1  1
5. If A = 0 3
7. If A =  then find A3–3A2–A–3I (where I is unit matrix of order 3).
0 0 3 3 1 1

3 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1
 0 0    1
Sol. A = 0 3 0  = 3  1 Sol. A = 0 1
0 0 3 0 0 1 3 1 1

4 4
 1 0 0  1 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 1
   0 0  
4 3 0 1 0   = 34  1 A = A A = 0
2  1  1  0 1  1
A = 
 0 0 1  0 0 1 3 1 1 3 1 1
 

1 0 0  81 0 0 1  0  3  2  2 1 1 2 1  4 5 4
0  2  2 
0  0 0   0  1  1 =  3

E E
1 81 A2 = 0  0  3 0 11
A4 = 81  = 

I I
0 0 1 0 0 81 3  0  3  6 11 3  1  1   6 8 5 

 4 5 4  1 2 1
 1 1 3

B B
 5 
 3 2  2   0 1  1
2 6 A3 = A2  A = 
6. If A =   then find A3 .  6 8 5  3 1 1

S S
 2  1  3 
 4  0  12 85 4 45 4 

T T
 1 1 3  3  0  6 622  3  2  2
 5  A3 = 
2 6 6  0  15  12  8  5 6  8  5 
Sol. A =  
 2  1  3 
16  17 13 
 1 1 3  1 1 3  9 10  7 
 5   5  A3 =  
2 2 6   2 6  21  25 19
A =  
 2  1  3   2  1  3 
 4 5 4  12  15 12
1  5  6 1 2  3 3 69   0 0 0  3 2  2   9 6  6 
2
5  10  12 5  4  6 3A = 3  =
15  12  18  3 3 9  6 8 5  18  24 15 
=  =
 2  5  6  2  2  3  6  6  9   1  1  3 
1 0 0 3 0 0
 0 0 0  1 1 3  0  =
0 3 0 
 3   5  3I = 3 0 1 
2  3 9  2 6
 0 3
3 0
A =A A=   0 0 1
 1  1  3   2  1  3 
A3 –3A2–A–3I
0  0  0 000 0  0  0  0 0 0
3  15  18 3  6  9 16  17 13  12  15 12 1 2 1 3 0 0
9  18  27 0 0 0  9  
A3 =  = 10  7  –  9 6  6  0 1

 1 –  0 3 0 
 1  5  6  1  2  3  3  6  9  0 0 0 =  –
 21  20 19 18  24 15  3 1 1  0 0 3

Maths-IB 29 30 Basic Learning Material

0 0 0 cos2  cos sin   cos2  cos  sin  

0 
0 0  9. If – then show that     0.
=  =0 2 cos  sin  sin   cos  sin  sin 2  
2
0 0 0 33
cos2  cos sin   cos2  cos  sin  
 A3  3A 2  A  3I  0
Sol.    
cos  sin  sin   cos  sin  sin 2  
2
1 0  0 1
8. If I =  ,E= 0 0  then show that (aI+bE)3 = a3I + 3a2bE. (Where I is unit matrix). cos2  cos2   cos sin   cos sin  cos2   cos sin   cos sin  sin2  
0 1  
  
Sol. LHS = (aI + bE)3 cos  sin   cos2   sin 2   cos sin  cos sin  cos sin  sin2   sin2  
3  
 1 0  0 1  –  
= a    b 0 0   2 2
 0 1  
 
3 3 cos = cos     = –sin
  a 0  0 b   a b 2 

E E
= 
0 a   0 0   = 0 a 
      

I I
 
sin  = sin     = cos
2
a b a
2
b  a  0 ab  ba   a 2 2ab  2 
a b
=    =   =  
a  

B B
0 a 
 0 0 a  0  0 0  a 2  0 a 2  sin 2  cos2   sin 2  cos2  sin 2  cos sin   sin  cos sin2  
 
 
=   sin  cos  cos2   cos2  cos sin 

S S
a b
3
a b
2
a b  a
2
2ab   a b    sin  cos cos sin  cos2  sin2  
 
=     = 
0
 a  0 a  0 a  0 a 2  0 a 

T T
0 0
= 
 a3  0 a 2b  2 a 2b   a 2 3a 2b  0 0 
L.H.S. =   =  
0  0 0  a3  0 a3 
Singular Matrix
R.H.S. = a3I + 3a2bE
A square matrix is said to be singular if its determinant is zero.
1 0  0 1
= a3   + 3a2b 0 0  Non-singular Matrix
0 1  
A square matrix is said to be non-singular if its determinant is non-zero.
 a3 0  0 3a 2b   a
3
3a 2b 
=  +  = 
Adjoint of a matrix
0 a3  0 0  0 a3 

 L.H.S. = RHS The transpose of the matrix formed by replacing the elements of a square matrix A, with
the corresponding co-factors is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by Adj A.
 aI  bE 3  a3I  3a 2bE
Invertible Matrix
Let A be a square matrix, we say that A is invertible if a matrix B exists such that
AB = BA = I, where I is the unit matrix of the same order as A and B.
Maths-IB 31 32 Basic Learning Material

 a1 b1 c1  Long Answer Questions (7 Marks)

AdjA
10. If A =  a2 b2

c2  is a non-singular matrix then A is invertible and A–1 = .
 det A 1 3 3
 a3 b3 c3  
1. Find the adjoint and the inverse of the matrix A = 1 4 3  .
1 3 4 
 a1 b1 c1 
Sol. A =  a2 b2 c2 

 1 3 3
 a3 b3 c3   3 
Sol. A = 1 4
 A1 A2 A3  1 3 4 
 
B B2 B3  detA = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4)
AdjA =  1
C1 C2 C3  = 7 – 3 – 3 = 1 0
 A is invertible.
 a1 b1 c1   A1 A2 A3 

E E
A . AdjA =  a2   B B2 B3 

 7 1  1
 b2 c2   1

I I
C1 C2 C3   3 1 0
 a3 b3 c3  The cofactor matrix of A is B = 
 3 0 1

B B
 a1A1  b1B1  c 1C1 a1A 2  b1B2  c 1C2 a1A3  b1B3  c 1C3 
 
 a2 A1  b2 B1  c 2C1 a2 A 2  b2 B2  c 2C2 a2 A3  b2 B3  c 2C3   7 3  3

S S
 a3A1  b3B1  c 3C1 a3A 2  b3B2  c 3C2 a3A3  b3B3  c 3C3  1 1 0 
T
Adj A = B = 
1 0 1 

T T
det A 0 0  1 0 0
 0 det A 0  0 1 0 
= = det A   7 3  3
AdjA  1 0 
 0 0 det A  0 0 1 –1
A = = 
1
 det A = 1
det A
= det A . I  1 0 1 

Hence det A  0
1 2 1
A.(AdjA) = det A . I  3 is non-singular and find A–1.
2. Show that A = 3 2
 AdjA  1 1 2 
A I
 det A 
1 2 1
 AdjA  
Similarly  A  I Sol. A = 3 2 3
 det A 
1 1 2 
AdjA
Let B = then AB = BA = I det A = 1 (4 – 3) – 2 (6 – 3) + 1 (3 – 2)
det A
= 1 – 6 + 1 = –4  0
AdjA
Hence A is invertible and A–1 = B = Hence A is a non-singular matrix.
det A
Maths-IB 33 34 Basic Learning Material

 1 3 1  9 8  2
 1   6 
The cofactor matrix of A is B =  3 1 Adjoint matrix of A =  8 1 7

 4 0  4   5 4  1 

 1 3 4  1 2 2
 3 1 0  4. If A =  2 1  2  then show that adjA = 3A1. Find A–1.
Adj A = BT =  
 1 1  4   2 2 1 

 1 3 4  1 2 2
1  Sol. A =  2  2 
AdjA 3 1 0  1
A–1 = = 4 
det A  1 1  4   2 2 1 

 1 3   1 2 2
 4 1    2 

E E
4 A =  2
1 1
 

I I
 3 1  2 2 1 
A–1 =  0
 4 4 
 1   1 2 2

B B
 1
 1 
 4 4  3A1 = 3  2 1  2 

S S
 2 2 1 
 1 2 3

T T
 4 then find (A')–1.  3 6 6
3. If A =  0 1
 6 3  6
 2 2 1  1
3A = 
 6 6 3 
 1 2 3
 4  3 6  6
Sol. A =  0 1
  6 
 2 2 1  Cofactor matrix of A =  6 3
 6 6 3
 1 0  2
 2 1 2   3 6  6   3 6 6
A1 =  
 3 4 1

AdjA =  6 3  6  =  6 3  6
 6 6 3  6 6 3 
del (A1) = 1 (–1–8) + 0 – 2 (–8+3)  Adj A = 3AT
–9 + 0 + 10 = 1  0
det A = – 1 (1–4) + 2 (2+4) – 2 (–4–2)
 9 8 5 = 3 + 12 + 12 = 27  0
 8 7  4
Cofactor matrix of A1 = 
 2 6  1 
Maths-IB 35 36 Basic Learning Material

 3 6 6 9 0 0  1 0 0 
1  6 1
–1
AdjA
 3  6 0 9 0   0 1 0   I
A =
det A
=
27  6
= 9
 6 3  0 0 9  0 0 1 

AA1 = I
 3 6 6 
A–1 = A1
  27 27 27 
   1 2 2
 6 3 6 Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations
A–1 =   27   = 1  2 1  2 
27 27  9  Cramer's Rule
   2 2 1 
 6 6 3 
Consider the system of equations
 27 27 27 
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
 A 1 1 a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
A

 1 2 2 a3x + b3y + c3z = d3

E E
  2  then show that A–1 = AT.
5. If 3A =  2 1  a1 b1 c1 

I I
 2 2  1   
Where A =  a2 b2 c2  is non-singular matrix
 a3 c3 

B B
b3
 1 2 2
  2 

S S
Sol. 3A =  2 1 x   d1 
 y
 2 2  1   
Let X =   be the solution of the equation AX = D where D = d2 

T T
 z   d3 
 1 2 2
1
2 1  2  a1 b1 c1
A= 3
 2 2  1  a2 b2 c2
 Let A =
AA1 = I  A–1 = A1 a3 b3 c3

1 2 2 a1x b1 c1
1
A1 = 2 1 2  a2 x b2 c2
3 Then x =
 2 2  1
a3 x b3 c3

1 2 2 1 2 2  On applying C1  C1 + yC2 + zC3 we get

1   1 2 1 2 
T 2 1 2
A×A = 3   3  a1x  b1 y  c1z b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
 2 2 1  2 2 1
a2 x  b2 y  c2 z b2 c2 d 2 b2 c2
x = =
 1 4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2  a3 x  b3 y  c3 z b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
1
2  2  4 4  1  4 4  2  2
= 9 d1 b1 c1
 2  4  2 4  2  2 4  4  1 
d 2 b2 c2 1
 1 = , then x =
d3 b3 c3 
Maths-IB 37 38 Basic Learning Material

Hence we can solve the given equation by using Crammer's rule.

a1 d1 c1
a d2 c2 2 18 4 5
Similarly 2 = 2 then y = 13 1 8
a3 d3 c3  1 = = 408
20 2 7
a1 b1 d1
a2 b2 d2 3 3 18 5
3 = then y =
a3 b3 d3  2 13 8
2 = = 136
5 20 7
x y z 1
  =  =  = . This is known as Crammer Rule.
1 2 3  3 4 18
Matrix Inversion Method 2  1 13
3 = = 136
Consider the matrix equation AX = D, where A is non-singular. 5  2 20
Then we can find A–1.

E E
Hence by Crammer's rule

I I
AX = D  A–1 (AX) = A–1D
1 408
(A–1A) X = A–1D x= = =3
 136

6.

S
I X = A–1D
–1

B
X = A D. From this x, y and z are known.
Solve the following simultaneous linear equations by using Crammer's rule.
y=
 2 136

=
136
3 136

S
=1

B
T T
z= = =1
3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 2x – y + 8z = 13 5x – 2y + 7z = 20  136
Sol. 3x + 4y + 5z = 18, The solution of the given system of equations is x  3, y  1, z  1
2x – y + 8z = 13
7. Solve the following system of equations by Crammer's rule.
5x – 2y + 7z = 20
(i) 5x – 6y + 4z = 15, 7x + 4y – 3z = 19, 2x + y + 6z = 46
3 4 5 x  18 
 y 13  Sol. (i) 5x – 6y + 4z = 15,
 8  X =
A = 2 1   D=   7x + 4y – 3z = 19,
5 2 7   z   20
2x + y + 6z = 46
Then we can write the given equations in the form of matrix equation as AX = D.
5  6 4  x 
15   y
3 4 5   19  X =
 det A = 7 4  3  , D =  
 = det A =  2 1 8     z 
 2 1 6  46 
5 2 7 
5  6 4 
= 3 (–7+16) – 4 (14–40) + 5 (–4+5)  
det A =  = 7 4  3  =5(24 + 3) + 6 (42 + 6) +4 (7–8)
= 3 (9) – 4 (–26) + 5 (1)  2 1 6
= 27 + 104 + 5 = 136  0
Maths-IB 39 40 Basic Learning Material

= 135 + 288 – 4 1 1 1
 = 419  0 6 2 3
1 = = –21
3 4 9
15 6 4
19 4 3
1 = = 1257 1 1 1
46 1 6
2 6 3
2 = = 30
1 3 9
5 15 4
7 19 3 1 1 1
2 = = 1676
2 46 6 2 2 6
3 = = –12
1 4 3
5 6 15
7 4 19 From Crammer's rule
3 = = 2514

E E
2 1 46 1 21
x= = =7

I I
 3
From Crammer's rule
2 30

B B
1 1257 y= = = –10
x= = =3  3
 419

S S
3 12
 2 1676 z= = =4
y= = =4  3
 419

8.
z=
3 2514

=
419
=6

 x  3, y  4, z  6

x+y+z=1
2x + 2y + 3z = 6
T 9. x – y + 3z = 5
4x + 2y – z = 0
–x + 3y + z = 5

 1
 4
1
T
 x  7, y  10, z  4

3 5  x 
x + 4y + 9z = 3 2  1 0  y
Sol. A= , D=   ,X=  
 1 3 1  5   z 
1 1 1 1  x 
2 2 3 6   y 1 1 3
Sol. A=  ,D=   ,X=  
1 4 9 3   z  4 2 1
det A =  = = 1(2 + 3) + 1 (4 –1) +3 (12 + 2)
1 3 1
1 1 1
= 5 + 3 + 42 = .50  0
2 2 3
det A =  = = 1(18 – 12) – 1 (18 –3) +1 (8 – 2)
1 4 9 5 1 3
0 2 1
 = 6 – 15 + 6 = –3  0 1 = =0
5 3 1
Maths-IB 41 42 Basic Learning Material

1 5 3 1 9 1
4 0 1 2 52 7
2 = = 50 2 = = –12
1 5 1 2 0 1

1 1 5 1 1 9
4 2 0 2 5 52
3 = = 100 3 = = –20
1 3 5 2 1 0

From Crammer's rule From Crammer's rule

1 0 1 4
x= = =0 x= = =1
 50  4

2 50 2 12
y= = =1 y= = =3
 50  4

E E
3 20

I I
3 100 z= = =5
z= = =2  4
 50
  x  1, y  3, z  5

B B
 x  0, y  1, z  2
11. Solve the following systems of equations by using matrix inversion method.

S S
10. x+y+z=9
i) 3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 2x – y – 8z = 13, 5x – 2y + 7z = 20
2x + 5y + 7z = 52
Sol. 3x + 4y + 5z = 18

Sol.
2x + y – z = 0

1
2
A=
 2
1
5
1

1
T1
7 
 1 

1 1
9 
52 
, D=   , X =
0 
x 
 y
 
 z 
3 4
Let A =  2  1

5  2
T
2x – y – 8z = 13
5x – 2y + 7z = 20

5

x 
 y
8  , X =   and D =
7   z 
18 
13 
 
 20 

2 5 7 Then we can write the given equations in the form

det A =  = = 1(–5 – 7) – 1 (–2 –14) +1 (2 – 10)
2 1 1 AX=D

= –12 + 16 – 8 = –4  0 3 4 5
 = –4 2 1 8
det A =  = = 3(–7 + 16) – 4 (14 –40) +5 (–4 + 5)
5 2 7
9 1 1
52 5 7 = 27 + 104 + 5 = 136  0
1 = = –4
0 1 1  9 26 1
 38 4 26
Cofactor matrix of A = 
 37  14  11
Maths-IB 43 44 Basic Learning Material

 9  38 37   2 2  4
 26  4 0 1
 14  Adj A = 
1
Adj A = 
1 26  11  2 1 3
–1
X =A D
X = A–1 D
 AdjA 
 AdjA  =   .D
X=   .D det A 
 det A 
 2 2  4  9 
1 
9  38 37  18  0 1 1  6 
X = 2 
1  26  4  14  13   2 1 3   2 
=    
136  1 26  11  20 
 
 2 
1  4 
 408 X=  
136  2  6 

E E
1  
=  

I I
136 136  1   x  1 
2  y  2
X =      =  

B B
 3
1  3   z  3 
X =    x  3, y  1, z  1

S S
1    x  1, y  2, z  3

T T
12. 2x – y + 3z = 9 13. x+y+z=1

x+y+z=6 2x +2 y +3 z = 6
x + 4y + 9z = 3
x–y+z=2
1 1 1 x  1 
2  1 3 x  9  2
1 1 2 3  y 6 
1   y 6  Sol. A =  , X =  , D =  
Sol. A=  , X =  , D =   1 4 9   z  3 
1  1 1   z   2 
AX  D  X  A 1D
AX  D  X  A 1D
1 1 1
2 1 3 2 2 3
det A = = 1 (18 – 12) – 1 (18 – 3) +1 (8 – 2)
1 1 1 1 4 9
det A =  = = 2 (1 + 1) + 1 (0 – 0) +3 (–1 – 1)
1 1 1
= 6 – 15 + 6 = –3  0
= 4 – 6 = –2  0
del A  0 = –3
 2 0 2 6  15 6
 2 1   5
Cofactor matrix of A = 
1 8  3
Cofactor matrix of A = 
 4 1 3
 1 1 0 
Maths-IB 45 46 Basic Learning Material

 6 5 1  9 1 7 
  1   1  5 
Adj A =  15 8
Adj A = 
 14
 6 3 0   7 5 3

X = A–1 D X = A–1 D
 AdjA   AdjA 
X =   .D X =   .D
det A  det A 

 6 5 1  1   9 1 7  8 
1 1 
  15 8  1   6  1  14  5  4
X= 3 X= 38   
 6 3 0  3   7 5 3 0 

x   21  7  76  1

 y 1  30    1 
 =  10 X=  76   1

IE E
 =  38 
 z  3  12  4   76  1

I
  

  x  7, y  10, z  4 1
x 

B B
 y 1
14. 2x – y + 3z = 8   = 
1

S S
–x +2y +z = 4  z 
3x + y – 4z = 0

T T
  x  1, y  1, z  1
 2 1 3 x  8 
 1 PRACTISE PROBLEMS
2 1   y 4
Sol. A =  , X =  , D =  
 3 1  4   z  0  3  3 4 
2  3 4
1. If A =   then show that A–1 = A3.
AX  D  X  A 1D 0  1 1 

2 1 3 2. Solve the following system of equations by Crammer's rule.

det A = 1 2 1 = 2 (–8 – 1) + 1 (4 – 3) +3 (–1 – 6)
(i) 2x – y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x – y + z = 2
3 1 4
(ii) 2x – y + 3z = 8, –x + 2y + z = 4, 3x + y – 4z = 0
= –18 + 1 – 21 = –38  0
(iii) 2x – y + 8z = 13, 3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 5x – 2y + 7z =
del A = –38  0
2. Solve the following system of equations by matrix inversion method.
 9 1 7  (i) x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + 3z = 6, x + 4y + 9z = 3
 1  14  5 
Cofactor matrix of A =  (ii) x – y + 3z = 5, 4x + 2y – z = 0, –x + 3y + z = 5
 7 5 3
(iii) x + y + z = 9, 2x + 5y + 7z = 52, 2x + y – z =
Maths-IA 47 48 Basic Learning Material

Note: l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 but a2 + b2 + c2  1, in general.

Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e. 1 unit) is called a unit vector. It is
represented by e .
Unit vector in the direction of a given vector a is denoted by a and it is given by,,

Unit 4 a =
a
a

The zero vector is denoted by 0 and it is also known as null vector. We can observe that
Addition of Vectors the initial and terminal points coincide for zero vector and its magnitude is the scalar 0.
Like vectors: If two vectors are having the same direction, then they are called like vectors.
Unlike vectors: If two vectors are in opposite directions, then they are called unlike vectors.
Vector: A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called a vector.
Negative of a vector: Let a be a vector. The vector having the same magnitude as a but
Eg.: Velocity, displacement, force etc.
having the opposite direction is called the negative vector of a and is denoted by – a .
Scalar: A physical quantity which has only magnitude is called a scalar.

E E
Eg.: length, volume, temperature Note:

I I
Position Vector: : Let 'O' and 'P' be any two points in space. Then the vector OP having 1. If a  AB then a  BA .

'O' and 'P' as initial and terminal points respectively, is called the position vector of the a

B B
2. Unit vector in the opposite direction of a =
point P with respect to 'O'. a

S S
A B
Position vector of P (x,y,z) w.r.t. origin O (0, 0, 0) is denoted by r . The line AB is called support of the vector AB .
Magnitude of OP is given by, OP  r  x 2  y 2  z 2 Collinear (Parallel) Vectors: Vectors with same support or parallel supports are called

T
Note: AB = OB - OA = Position vector of B – Position vector of A.
Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios:
Let the position vector of point P (x,y,z) w.r.t. origin 'O' be OP = r Let  ,  ,  be the
angles made by the vector r in the positive direction (counter clockwise direction) of X,
Y, Z axes respectively.
Note:1. a

T
collinear or parallel vectors.
b are collinear (parallel) vectors  a   b where  is a scalar..
2. The points A, B, C are collinear  AB =  BC where  is a scalar..
a1 a2 a3
3. If a1i + a2j + a3k and b1i + b2j + b3k are collinear vectors, then b  b  b .
1 2 3

Coplanar Vectors: Vectors whose supports are in the same plane or parallel to the same
Then Cos , Cos , Cos  are called the direction cosines of the vector r .
plane are called coplanar vectors.
These direction cosines are denoted by l, m, n respectively.
i.e. l = Cos Note:1. The points A, B, C, D are coplanar  AD  x AB  y AC where x, y are scalars.
m = Cos 2. If AB = a1i + b1j + c1k
n = Cos
AC = a2i + b2j + c2k
Thus the coordinates x, y, z of the point P are expressed as (lr, mr, nr).
AD = a3i + b3j + c3k, then the points A, B, C, D or
The numbers lr, mr, nr which are proportional to the direction cosines l, m, n are called the
direction ratios of the vector r These direction ratios are denoted by a, b, c. a1 b1 c1
i.e. a = lr AB , AC AD are coplanar  a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0
b = mr a 3 b3 c 3
c = nr
The vectors which are not coplanar are called non–coplanar vectors.
 Maths-IA 49 50 Basic Learning Material

Triangle law of vector addition: C Vector equation of the plane passing through three points A a  B(b) and parallel to the
In ABC AB and BC are two sides,
vector c is r = (1-t) a + tb  sc t, s  R
then their sum is represented by the third side, AC
i.e. AC = AB + BC A B
Vector equation of the plane passing through three points A a  
B(b) and C c is

This is known as the triangle law of vector addition. r = (1-t-s) a + tb  sc t , s R

Parallelogram law of vector addition: VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
If a b are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their sum Find the unit vector in the direction of vector a = 2i + 3j + k.
a  b is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram through b
b a + Sol. a = 2i + 3j + k
their common point.
a  22  32  12  4  9  1  14
This is known as the parallelogram law of vector addition. a
a 2i  3 j  k
Properties of vector addition: For any vectors a b and c  Unit vector in the direction of a is a = 
a 14

E E
(i) ab = ba (Commutative property)
2 3 1

I I
  
(ii) a  b  c  a  b  c  (Associative property)  a  i j k
14 14 14
(iii) a  0  0  a  a (Identity property)

B B
Let a  i  2 j  3k b  3i  j . Find the unit vector in the direction of a + b .
Here, the zero vector 0 is called the additive identity for the vector addition.
Sol. a  i  2 j  3k

(i)

(ii)
ab  a  b

a  b  ab

T S
Let a, b be two vectors, then

Note: Equality holds if and only if a and b are like vectors.

If a point P divides the line segment joining the points A( a ) and B( b ) in the ratio m : n,
b  3i  j

T
 a  b = 4i + 3j + 3k
2 2
S
a  b = i + 2j + 3k + 3i + j

2
a + b  4  3  3  16  9  9  34

a+b 4i  3 j  3k
mb + na 
then the position vector of P is .  Unit vector in the direction of a + b a+b
m+n 34
Linear combination of vectors: Let a1 , a2 , a3 ....... an be vectors and x1, x2, x3 ..... , xn be 1
 (4i  3 j  3k )
scalars. Then the vector x1 a1  x2 a2 + x3 a3 +.......  xn an is called a linear combination of 34
the vectors a1 , a2 , a3 ......., an . Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors a  2i  2 j  5k and
Vector equation of the straight line passing through the point A a  and parallel to the b  2i  j  3k .
vector b is r = a + tb t  R Sol. a  2i  2 j  5k b  2i  j  3k

Vector equation of the straight line passing through two points A a and B(b) is,
a  b = 2i + 2j – 5k + 2i + j + 3k
r = (1-t)a + tb tR
a  b = 4i + 3j – 2k

Vector equation of the plane passing through a point A a and parallel to the vectors b, c
a + b  4 2  32  ( 2) 2  16  9  4  29
is r = a + tb  sc t , s R
Maths-IA 51 52 Basic Learning Material

1
a+b 4i  3 j  2k AB =  AC
Unit vector in the direction of sum of a and b = a + b  4
29
Comparing with, AB =  AC we get,
Let a  2i  4 j  5k , b  i  j  k and c  j  2k . Find the unit vector in the opposite 1
 = 4
direction of a  b  c .
If OA  i  j  k AB  3i  2 j  k BC  i  2 j  2 k and CD  2i  j  3k , then find
Sol. a  2i  4 j  5k
the vector OD .
bi jk
Sol. OA  i  j  k
c  j  2k
AB  3i  2 j  k
a + b + c = (2i + 4j – 5k) + (i + j + k) + (j + 2k)
a + b + c = 3i + 6j – 2k BC  i  2 j  2 k

a + b + c  32  62  (2) 2  9  36  4  49  7 CD  2i  j  3k

E E
OA  AB  BC  CD  OD
 Unit vector in the opposite direction of a + b + c

I I
 OD  OA  AB  BC  CD
(a + b + c) = (i + j + k) + (3i – 2j + k) + (i + 2j – 2k) + (2i + j + 3k)


B B
a+b+c
 OD = 7i + 2j + 3k

S S
(3i + 6j - 2k) Write direction ratios of the vector a = i + j – 2k and hence calculate its direction cosines.

7
Sol. Let r = a = i + j – 2k

T T
If the position vectors of the points A, B and C are –2i + j – k, –4i + 2j + 2k and
6i – 3j – 13k respectively and AB   AC , then find the value of  . Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of vector r = xi + yj + zk
Sol. Let 'O' be the origin. Then the values of a, b, c are just the respective components x, y and z of the vector.
Hence, a = 1, b = 1, c = –2
Then, OA = –2i + j – k
If l, m, n are the direction cosines of the given vector, then
OB = –4i + 2j + 2k
OC = 6i – 3j – 13k r  12  12  (2) 2  1  1  4  6
 AB = OB – OA = (–4i + 2j + 2k) – (–2i + j – k) a 1
l 
= –4i + 2j + 2k + 2i – j + k r 6
 AB = –2i + j + 3k
b 1
m 
 AC = OC – OA = (6i – 3j – 13k) – (–2i + j – k) r 6
= 6i – 3j – 13k + 2i – j + k
c 2
= 8i – 4j – 12k n 
r 6
AC = –4(–2i + j + 3k)

AC = –4. AB  AB  2i  j  3k   1 1 2 
   The direction cosines are  , , 
 6 6 6
 –4 AB = AC
Maths-IA 53 54 Basic Learning Material

If the vectors –3i + 4j +  k and  i + 8j + 6k are collinear vectors, then find  and  . 11) Find the vector equation of the line joining the points 2i + j + 3k and –4i + 3j – k.
Sol. The vectors, –3i + 4j +  k and  i + 8j + 6k are collinear.. Sol. Let a = 2i + j + 3k
3 4  b = –4i + 3j – k
 
 8 6 Vector equation of line passing through a and b is
3 1  r = (1-t)a  tb t  R
  
 2 6
 r = (1 – t) (2i + j + 3k) + t(–4i + 3j – k)
3 1 1 
  and   r = (2 – 2t – 4t)i + (1 – t + 3t)j + (3 – 3t – t)k
 2 2 6
 r = (2 – 6t)i + (1 + 2t)j + (3 – 4t)k
   2( 3) 2  6(1)
 r = 2(1 – 3t)i + (1 + 2t)j + (3 – 4t)k
6
   6  3 12) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i – 2j + 5k, –5j – k and
2
–3i + 5j.
   3 and   6

E E
9) Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i + 3j + k and parallel to the Sol. Let a = i – 2j + 5k

vector 4i – 2j + 3k.
Sol. Let a = 2i + 3j + k
b = 4i – 2j + 3k

B I b = –5j – k
c = –3i + 5j

B I
 Vector equation of the plane passing through a , b and c is,

S S
Vector equation of the line passing through a and parallel to b is, r = (1-t-s)a  tb  sc t, s  R
r = (1 – t – s) (i – 2j + 5k) + t(–5j – k) + s(–3i + 5j)

T T
r = a + tb t  R 
13) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points (0, 0, 0), (0, 5, 0) and
r = (2i + 3j + k) + t(4i – 2j + 3k)
(2, 0, 1).
 r = (2 + 4t)i + (3–2t)j + (1+3t)k
10) OABC is a parallelogram. If OA = a and OC = c , find the vector equation of the side Sol. a = 0.i + 0.j + 0.k = 0
b = 0.i + 5j + 0.k = 5j
BC .
Sol. OABC is a parallelogram in which, c = 2.i + 0.j + 1.k = 2i + k
Vector equation of the plane passing through a , b and c is,
OA = a C B
r = (1-t-s)a  tb  sc t , s  R
OC = c  AB = c
 OB - OA  c c  r = (1 – t – s) 0 + t(5j ) + s(2i + k)

 OB = c  OA  r = (5t)j + s(2i + k)
O A
 OB = c  a a SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
 OB = a  c 1) Show that the points A(2i – j + k), B(i – 3j – 5k), C(3i – 4j – 4k) are the vertices of a right
angle triangle.
 The vector equation of BC , r = (1-t)c  t (a  c) t  R
Sol. Let 'O' be the origin, then
 r = (1-t+t)c  t a
OA = 2i – j + k
 r=c  ta
Maths-IA 55 56 Basic Learning Material

OB = i – 3j – 5k Sol. (i) Let 'O' be the origin. Then the position vectors of A, B, C, D are

OC = 3i – 4j – 4k OA = -a + 4b - 3c
 AB = OB – OA = (i – 3j –5k) – (2i – j + k) OB = 3a + 2b - 5c
= (1–2)i + (–3+1)j + (–5–1)k OC = -3a + 8b - 5c
AB = –i – 2j – 6k OD = 3a + 2b + c
 AB = (1) 2  (2) 2  ( 6) 2  1  4  36  41 AB = OB – OA = 3a + 2b - 5c ) – -a + 4b - 3c ) = 4a - 2b - 2c
AC = OC – OA = 3a + 8b - 5c ) – -a + 4b - 3c ) = -2a + 4b - 2c
BC = OC – OB = (3i – 4j –4k) – (i – 3j – 5k)
AD = OD – OA = -3a + 2b + c ) – -a + 4b - 3c ) = - 2a - 2b + 4c
BC = (3 – 1)i + (–4 + 3)j + (–4 + 5)k = 2i – j + k
4 -2 -2
BC = 22  (1) 2  12  4  1  1  6 A, B, C, D are coplanar  -2 4 -2  0
-2 -2 4
CA = OA – OC = (2i – j + k) – (3i – 4j – 4k)

IE E
4 -2 -2
CA = (2 – 3)i + (–1 + 4)j + (1 + 4)k = –i + 3j + 5k

I
-2 4 -2  4(16  4)  2( 8  4)  2(4  8)
CA = (1) 2  32  52  1  9  25  35 -2 -2 4

B B
2 = 4(12) + 2(–12) – 2(12)
AB  ( 41)2  ( 6)2  ( 35)2
= 48 – 24 – 24

S S
2 2 2
 AB  BC  CA =0

T T
 A, B, C are the vertices of a right angle triangle.  A, B, C, D are coplanar..
Second Method:
2) Is the triangle formed by the vectors 3i + 5j + 2k, 2i – 3j – 5k and –5i – 2j + 3k equilateral?
A, B, C, D are coplanar  AB, AC, AD are coplanar..
Sol. In ABC , let AB = 3i + 5j + 2k
 AB  x AC + yAD
BC = 2i – 3j – 5k
where x, y are scalars.
CA = – 5i – 2j + 3k
 4a - 2b - 2c  x(-2a + 4b - 2c)  y(-2a - 2b + 4c)
AB = 32  52  22  9  25  4  38  4a - 2b- 2c + 2a x - 4b x + 2c x  2a y + 2b y - 4c y  0

BC =  (4+2x+2y)a + (-2-4x+2y)b + (-2+2x-4y)c  0

22  (3) 2  (5) 2  4  9  25  38
a , b , c are non–coplanar
CA = (5) 2  (2) 2  32  25  4  9  38  4 + 2x + 2y = 0 .............(1)
–2 – 4x + 2y = 0 .............(2)
 AB  BC  CA  ABC is an equilateral triangle.
–2 + 2x – 4y = 0 .............(3)
3) a , b , c are non–coplanar vectors. Prove that the following four points are coplanar.. Solving (1) and (2)
2x + 2y + 4 = 0
(i) -a + 4b - 3c , 3a + 2b - 5c , 3a + 8b - 5c , 3a + 2b + c – 4x + 2y – 2 = 0
(ii) 6a + 2b - c , 2a - b + 3c , a + 2b - 4c , 12a - b - 3c + – + .
6x +6 =0
 Maths-IA 57 58 Basic Learning Material

x = –6/6 = –1 Sol. Let 'O' be the origin and A, B, C, D be the given points.
Substituting x = –1 in equation (1), we get Then, OA = 4i + 5j + k
4 + 2 (–1) + 2y = 0 OB = –j – k
4 – 2 + 2y = 0
2 + 2y = 0 OC = 3i + 9j + 4k
2y = –2 OD = –4i + 4j + 4k
y = –2 / 2 = –1
AB = OB – OA = (–j – k) – (4i + 5j + k) = –4i – 6j – 2k
Substituting x = –1, y = –1 in equation (3), we get
AC = OC – OA = (3i + 9j + 4k) – (4i + 5j + k) = –i + 4j + 3k
AD = OD – OA = (–4i + 4j + 4k) – (4i + 5j + k) = –8i – j + 3k
 AB, AC, AD are coplanar..
-4 -6 -2
 A, B, C, D are coplanar.
A, B, C, D are coplanar  -1 4 3  0
 Given points are coplanar.
-8 -1 3
(ii) Let 'O' be the origin. Then the position vectors of A, B, C, D are

E E
-4 -6 -2
OA = 6a + 2b - c

I I
 -1 4 3  4(12  3)  6( 3  24)  2(1  32)
OB = 2a - b + 3c
-8 -1 3

B B
OC = -a + 2b - 4c
= –4(15) + 6(21) – 2(33)

S S
OD = 12a - b - 3c respectively
= –60 + 126 – 66
AB = OB – OA = 2a - b + 3c ) – 6a + 2b - c ) = -4a - 3b + 4c = – 126 + 126

T
AC = OC – OA = a + 2b - 4c ) – 6a + 2b - c ) = - 7a - 3c

AD = OD – OA = 12a - b - 3c ) – 6a + 2b - c ) = 18a - 3b - 2c
-4 -3 4
A, B, C, D are coplanar  -7 0 -3  0
-18 -3 -2

5)
=0

T
A, B, C, D are coplanar
If a , b , c are non–coplanar vectors, then test for the collinearity of the following points
whose position vectors are given by
(i) a - 2b + 3c , 2a + 3b - 4c ,  7 b + 10c
(ii) 3a - 4b + 3c , 4a + 5b - 6c , 4a  7b + 6c
-4 -3 4
Sol. (i) Let 'O' be the origin and A, B, C be the given points.
-7 0 -3  4(0  9)  3(14  54)  4(21  0)
-18 -3 -2 OA = a - 2b + 3c
OB = 2a + 3b - 4c
= 36 + 3(–40) + 4(21)
= 36 – 120 + 84 OC = -7 b + 10c

= 120 – 120 = 0 AB = OB – OA = 2a + 3b - 4c ) – a - 2b + 3c ) = a + 5b - 7c .....(1)

 A, B, C, D are coplanar. BC = OC – OB =  7 b + 10c ) – 2a + 3b - 4c ) = -2a - 10b + 14c
4) If i, j, k are unit vectors along the positive direction of the coordinate axes, then show that BC = -2(a + 5b - 7c)
the four points 4i + 5j + k, –j–k, 3i +9 j + 4k and –4i + 4j + 4k are coplanar. BC = –2 AB [ from (1)]
 Maths-IA 59 60 Basic Learning Material

 BC = 2 BA 7) Find the vector equation of the plane which passes through the points 2i + 4j + 2k,
2i + 3j + 5k and parallel to the vector 3i – 2j + k. Also find the point where this plane meets
 A, B, C are collinear.
the line joining the points 2i + j + 3k and 4i – 2j + 3k.
(ii) Let 'O' be the origin A, B, C be the given points
Sol. Let a = 2i + 4j + 2k
OA = 3a - 4b + 3c b = 2i + 3j + 5k
OB = 4a + 5b - 6c c = 3i – 2j + k
OC = 4a - 7b + 6c  Vector equation of plane passing through a , b and parallel to c is given by,,
AB = OB – OA = 4a + 5b - 6c ) – 3a - 4b + 3c ) = 7a + 9b - 9c r = (1– t) a + t b + s c , t, s  R
BC = OC – OB = 4a  7b + 6c ) – 4a + 5b - 6c = 8a - 12b + 12c r = (1– t) (2i + 4j + 2k) + t(2i + 3j + 5k) + s(3i – 2j + k)
AB   BC , where  is a scalar.. r = (2 – 2t + 2t + 3s)i + (4 – 4t + 3t – 2s)j + (2 – 2t + 5t + s) k
 A,B, C are non–collinear. r = (2 + 3s)i + (4 – t – 2s) j + (2 + 3t + s) k ............................... (1)
6) If the points whose position vectors are 3i – 2j – k, 2i + 3j – 4k , –i + j + 2k and Let p = 2i + j + 3k

E E
146 q = 4i – 2j + 3k

I I
4i + 5j +k are coplanar, then show that = .
17 Vector equation of line passing through p and q is given by,,
Sol. Let 'O' be the origin and A, B, C, D be given points.
r = (1– x) p + x q , xR
OA = 3i – 2j – k

S
OB = 2i + 3j – 4k
OC = –i + j + 2k
B r = (1 – x) (2i + j + 3k) + x(4i – 2j + 3k)

S B
r = (2 – 2x + 4x)i + (1 – x – 2x) j + (3 – 3x + 3x)k
r = (2 + 2x)i + (1 – 3x) j + 3k ..............................(2)

T
OD = 4i + 5j +  k respectively..
AB = OB – OA = (2i + 3j – 4k) – (3i – 2j – k) = –i + 5j – 3k
AC = OC – OA = (–i + j + 2k) – (3i – 2j – k) = –4i + 3j + 3k
AD = OD – OA = (4i + 5j +  k) – (3i – 2j – k) = i + 7j + (  +1)k
-1 5 -3
T
Equating the corresponding coefficients of i, j, k from (1) & (2), we get
2 + 3s = 2 + 2x  2x – 3s = 0.
4 – t – 2s = 1 – 3x  3x – 2s – t = –3
2 + 3t + s = 3  s + 3t = 1

 3t = 1 – s  t =
1-s
3
.............................(3)
.............................(4)

A, B, C, D are coplanar  -4 3 3  0 Substituting 't' value in equation (4), we get

1 7  +1 1 - s 
3x – 2s –   = –3
 3 
–1[3(  +1) – 21] – 5[–4(  +1) – 3] – 3[–28–3] = 0 9x – 6s – 1 + s = –9
–1(3  +3–21) – 5(–4  –4–3) – 3(–31) = 0  9x – 5s = –8 .........................(5)
–1(3  –18) – 5(–4  –7) + 93 = 0
Solving (3) & (5), we get
–3  + 18 + 20  + 35 + 93 = 0
(2x – 3s = 0) × 5  10 x – 15s = 0
17  + 146 = 0
(9x – 5s = –8) × –3  –27x + 15s = 24
17  = – 146
–17x = 24
146
  =  24
17 x=
17
Maths-IA 61 62 Basic Learning Material

24 From (1) t + 2s = 3

Substituting x = in (2), we get
17 7
+ 2s = 3
  24     24   6
2  2   i  1  3    j  3k
r =   17     17   7 18  7
2s = 3  
6 6
 48   72 
r = 
2   i   1   j  3k 25 25
17   17  2s =  s=
6 12
 34  48   17  72 
i
r =  17   17 
j  3k From (3)

14 89 LHS = 9t + 6s
 r = 17 i  17 j  3k  7   25  21 25 21  25 4
= 9  + 6  =  = = = 2 = R.H.S.
 14 89   6   12  2 2 2 2
 Point of intersection of plane and line  , ,3 
 17 17  7 25

E E
 t= ,s= satisfy (1), (2) and (3) equations.
8) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through points 4i – 3j – k, 3i + 7j – 10k and 6 12

I I
2i + 5j – 7k show that the point i + 2j – 3k lies in the plane.  d lies on the plane passing through a , b and c .
Sol. Let a = 4i – 3j – k 9) Show that the line joining the pair of points 6a - 4b + 4c , - 4c and the line joining the
b = 3i + 7j – 10k
c = 2i + 5j – 7k
d = i + 2j – 3k

S B coplanar vectors.

S B
pair of points a - 2b - 3c , a + 2b - 5c intersect at the point –4c when a , b , c are non–

Sol. Equation of the line joining the first pair of points is,

T T
Vector equation of plane passing through a , b and c is r = (1 – t) ( - 4c ) + t ( 6a - 4b + 4c ), tR

r = (1 – t – s) a + t b + s c t, s  R r = (6t) a + (–4t) b + (–4 + 4t + 4t) c

r = (1 – t – s) (4i – 3j – k) + t (3i + 7j – 10k) + s(2i + 5j – 7k) r = (6t) a + (–4t) b + (8t –4) c ...............(1)
If the point d lies on this plane, then Equation of the line joining the second pair of points is,

i + 2j – 3k = (1 – t – s) (4i – 3j –k) + t(3i + 7j – 10k) + s(2i + 5j – 7k) r = (1 – s) ( a - 2b - 3c ) + s( a + 2b - 5c ), sR

i + 2j – 3k = (4 – 4t – 4s + 3t + 2s)i + (–3 + 3t + 3s + 7t + 5s)j + (–1 + t + s – 10t – 7s)k r = (–1 + s + s) a + (–2 + 2s + 2s) b + (–3 + 3s – 5s) c
i + 2j – 3k = (4 – t – 2s)i + (–3 + 10t + 8s)j + (–1 – 9t – 6s)k
Equating the coefficient of i, j, k on both sides, we get r = (2s – 1) a – (4s – 2) b + (–2s – 3) c ...............(2)
Equating the corresponding coefficients of a , b and c in (1) & (2), we have
4 – t – 2s = 1  t + 2s = 3 ................(1)
–3 + 10t + 8s = 2  10t + 8s = 5 ................(2) 6t = 2s – 1  6t – 2s = –1 ..............(3)
–1 – 9t – 6s = –3  9t + 6s = 2 ................(3) –4t = 4s – 2  4t + 4s = 2  2t + 2s = 1 ...............(4)
8t – 4 = –2s – 3  8t + 2s = 1 ...............(5)
Solving (1) & (2)
Solving (3) & (4), we get
(t + 2s = 3) × –4  –4t – 8s = –12
10t + 8s = 5  10t + 8s = 5 6t – 2s = –1
–––––––––––––––– 2t + 2s = 1
7 8t =0  t=0
6t = –7  t =
6
Maths-IA 63 64 Basic Learning Material

From (4) 2t + 2s = 1
2(0) + 2s = 1
1
2s = 1  s =
2

t = 0, s =
1
2
satisfy equation (5). Unit 5
1
 Substituting the value of t = 0 in (1) or s = in (2), the point of intersection of the
2
lines is –4c. Vector Products
10) Find the point of intersection of the line r = 2a + b + t(b - c) and the plane
r = a + x(b + c) + y (a + 2b - c) where a , b , c are non–coplanar vectors.
Scalar or Dot Product of two vectos
Sol. Given line is, r = 2a + b + t(b - c) .................(1)
Let a and b be two vectos. The scalar (or dot) product of a and b written as , a . b is
plane is, r = a + x(b + c) + y (a + 2b - c) ................(2) defined as

2a + b + t(b - c) = a + x(b + c) + y (a + 2b - c)
2a + (1+t)b - tc  (1+y)a + (x+2y)b + (x-y)c
 On comparing the corresponding coefficients,

B I E
At the point of intersection of the line and the plane, we have,

Note:
a .b = 0 if one of a or b is 0

I E
= a b Cos  if a  0, b  0 and  is the angle between a and b

B
S S
(i) a . b is a scalar
2=1+y  y=2–1=1  y=1 (ii) If a , b are non zero vectors, than a . b is positive (or) zero (or) negative according as the

T T
1 + t = x + 2y  1 + t = x + 2(1)  t – x = 1 ..............(3)
angle  beween a and b is acute or right or obtute angle.
–t = x – y  –t = x – 1  t + x = 1 ............ (4)
Solving (3) & (4) (iii) If  = 0 0 
t–x=1
a .b = a b
t+x=1
2t = 2
a .a = a a
t=1
2
From (4) t+x=1 a .a = a
1+x=1 Orthogonal Projection
 x = 1 –1
Let a = AB and b = CD be two non zero vectors. Let P and Q be the feet of the
 x=0
perpendiculars drawn from C and D respectively onto the line AB. The PQ is called the
Substituting t = 1 in (1) or substituting x = 0, y = 1 in (2), we get the point of intersection
orthogonal projection vector of b on a and the magnitude PQ Then is called the magnitude
of (1) & (2) as 2a + 2b - c .
of the projection of b on a .

(b.a)a b .a
The projection vector of b on a is 2 and its magnstude is
a a
 Maths-IA 65 66 Basic Learning Material

Note:
(a .b)b
The projection vectors a on b is = 2 (1) If a , b are non-zero and non collinear vectors, Then a  b is a vector, perpendicular to
b
the plane determined by a and b , whose magnitude is a b sin.
a.b
(2) a  b = –( b  a )
magnitude is =
b
(3) (–a)  b = a  (– b ) = –( a  b ) = b  a
Let a , b be two vector then (4) (– a )  (– b ) = a  b
(i) a .b = b.a (commutative law) (5) ( l a )  ( b ) = l( a  b ) = a  (l b ), l  R
(ii) (l a ) . b = a .(l b ) = l( a , b ) = l  R (6) (l a )  (m b ) = lm( a  b ), l, m  R
(iii) (l a ) . (m b ) = lm ( a . b ), = l, m  R (7) a (b + c) = a  b + a  c
(iv) (– a ) . ( b ) = a . (– b ) = – ( a . b ) (8) (a + b)  c = (a  c) + (b  c)
(v) (– a ) . (– b ) = a . b (9) If (i, j, k) is on orthogonal triade, Then

E E
Note: If i, j, k are mutually perpandiculars unit of vectors then (i) i  i = j  j = k k = 0

I I
(ii) i  j = k, j  k = i, k  i = j
i.i = j.j = k. k = 1
Theorem:If a = a1i + a2j + a3k
i.j = j. k = k. i = 0

B B
If b = b1i + b2j + b3 k then
Theorem a = a1i + a2j + a3 k

S S
b = b1i + b2j + b3 k Then i j k
a1 a 2 a 3
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 ab =

T T
b1 b2 b3
Note: (i) If is the angle between two non-zero vectors a and b then

 a.b  Theorem: For any two vectors a and b

  Cos 1  2 2 2 2
a b
 
a  b  a b  ab  
Theorem: The vector area of ABC is
 a1b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b3 
1
  Cos   1 1 1
 a 2 a 2 a 2 b 2 b 2 b 2
 1 2 3 1 2 3


=
2
AB  AC =
2
BC  BA =
2
CA  CB    
(ii) a , b ae perpendiculaor to each other of and only if  a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = 0 Theorem:If u a , b , c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of ABC , Then the
Cross Product f two vectors: 1 1
 
vector area of ABC is b × c + c × a + a × b and its area is b × c + c × a + a × b
2 2
Let a and b be non-zero non collinear vectors. The cross (or vector) product of a and b
Theorem:
written as a  b is defined to be the vectors ( a b Sin) n where is the angle between a
(i) The vector area of any plane quadrilateral ABCD in terms of diagonals AC and BD is
and b and n is the unit vector perpendicular to both a and b such that ( a , b , n ) is a right 1
handed system. 2

AC  BD 
If one of the vectors a , b is the null vectors or a , b are collinear vectors then cross 1
(ii) The area of quadrilateral is AC  BD
product a  b is defined as the null vector 0 2
Maths-IA 67 68 Basic Learning Material

(iii) The vector area of a parallelogram with a and b as adjacent sides is a  b and the area is b.a
ab , Magnitude =
a

The unit vector perpandicular to both a and b is b . a = (2i – 3j + k) . (i – j – k)

(a  b) = 2(1) + (–3)(–1) + 1(–1)= 2 + 3 – 1 = 4
=
ab
a = (1) 2  (1) 2  (1) 2 = 1  1  1 = 3
If a = 6i + 2j +3k , b = 2i – 9j + 6k Then find a . b and angle between a , b
(b.a)a 4(i  j  k) 4(i  j  k)
Sol: a = 6i + 2j +3k , b = 2i – 9j + 6k then,  Orthogonal projection of b on a = 2 = =
a ( 3) 2 3
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 & a = a12  a 2 2  a 32
4 4
a . b = 6(2) + 2(–9) + 3(6) = 12 – 18 + 18 = 12 Magnitude = =
3 3
a  36  4  9  49  7

Cos  
a.b
a b =
12
=
12
7 11 77 I E
b  22  (9) 2  62  4  81  36  121  11

B
Sol: a , b an perpendicular then a . b = 0
 ()(2) + (–3)(–) + 5(–1) = 0
22 + 3 – 5 = 0

B I E
If the vectors i – 3j + 5k and 2i – j – k are perpendicular to each other, find 

S S
22 + 5 – 2 – 5 = 0
 12 
1 (2 + 5) ( – 1) = 0

T T
  Cos  
 77  2 + 5 = 0 (or)  – 1 = 0
If a = i + 2j – 3k , b = 3i – j + 2k then show that a + b and a – b are perpendicular to each 5
= ; (or) = 1
other. 2

a + b = i + 2j – 3k + 3i – j + 2k = 4i + j – k Prove that the angle  between any two diagonals of a cube is given by cos   1
3
a – b = (i + 2j – 3k) – (3i – j + 2k) = –2i + 3j – 5k Sol: Let Z
( a + b ) . ( a – b ) = 4(–2) + 1(3) + (–1)(–5) OA = i; OB = j; OC = k
= –8 + 3 + 5 C D
OF GC diagonals
=0 [ a . b = 0  a  b ]
E
OF = OA + AD + DF F
 a + b  a – b =i+k+j
If a = i – j – k , b = 2i – 3j + k then find the orthogonal projection of b on a and its =i+j+k O
A X
magnitude. GC = GB  BO  OC
= –i – j + k B G
(b.a)a Y
Sol: Orthogonal projection of b on a is = 2 If is angle between OF and GC then
a
OF, GC 1(1)  1(1)  1(1) 1 1  1
Cos = = =
OF GC 1  12  12 (1) 2  (1) 2  12
2
3. 3
Maths-IA 69 70 Basic Learning Material

The Vectors AB = 3i – 2j + 2k and AD = i – 2k represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram a.b

If is angle between a and b  Cos = a b
ABCD, Find the angle between the diagonds.
Sol: AC = AB + BC 7 7 1
Cos = = = = Cos600
= 3i – 2j + 2k + i – 2k 14. 14 14 2
= 4i – 2j  = 600
BD = BA + AD If the vectors 2i + j – k and 4i – 2j + 2k are perpendicular to each other, find 
= –3i + 2j – 2k – i – 2k
Sol: Let a = 2i + j – k; b = 4i – 2j + 2 k
= –2i + 2j – 4k
If a and b are perpendicular, then a . b = 0
If is angle between AC and BD then
 2(4) + (–2) + (–1)(2) = 0
AC.BD 4( 2)  ( 2)2  0( 4)
8 – 2 – 2 = 0
Cos = AC BD =
42  (1) 2 (2) 2  22  ( 4) 2 2 = 6

E E
8  4 12 12 12 3 = 3
Cos = = = = =

I I
16  4 4  4  16 20 24 5 4 6 4 30 10. 3 For what value of  the vectors i – j + 2k and 8i + 6j – k are at right angles?
 3 Sol: Let a = i – j + 2k; b = 8i + 6j – k

B B
Cos =
10 If a and b are perpendicular, then a . b = 0

S S
Find the cartesian equation of the plane through A = (2, –1, –4) and parallel to the plane  1(8) + (6) + 2(–1) = 0
4x – 12y – 3z – 7 = 0.  8 – 6 – 2 = 0

T T
6 = 6
Sol: 4x – 12y – 3z – 7 = 0 normal to the plane 4i – 12j – 3 k
 = 1
P = xi + yj + zk be any point on the plan.
1
Let e1 and e2 be unit vectors making angle  If e1  e 2 = Sin, Then find 
AP  n 2
 
OP  OA . n = 0
Sol: e1 = 1; e 2 = 1
[(x – 2)i + (y + 1)j + (z + 4) k ] . (4i – 12j – 3 k ) = 0
e1 .e2
4(x – 2) – 12(y + 1) – 3(z + 4) = 0
Cos = e e = e1 .e 2
4x – 12y – 3z – 8 – 12 – 12 = 0 1 2

4x – 12y – 3z – 32 = 0 1
e1  e 2 = Sin
Find the angle between the vectors i + 2j + 3k and 3i – j + 2k. 2
Sol: a = i + 2j + 3k, b = 3i – j + 2k e1  e 2 = 2Sin
a . b = 1(3) + 2(–1) + 3(2) = 3 – 2 + 6 = 7 2
e1  e 2 = 4Sin2
a = 12  22  32 = 1  4  9 = 14
2
e1  e2 . e1  e2 = 4Sin2 ( e1.e1 = e1 )
b = 32  (1) 2  22 = 9  1  4 = 14 2 2
e1 – e1.e2 – e2.e1 + e2 = 4Sin2 ( e1.e2 = e2.e1)
Maths-IA 71 72 Basic Learning Material

1 – 2 e1.e2 + 1 = 4Sin2 Sol: a  r ( b + c )  a . ( b + c ) = 0

2 – 2Cos = 4Sin2  e1.e2 = Cos a .b+a .c = 0
2(1–Cos) = 4Sin2 b  (c+a )  b. (c+a ) = 0
r

2(Sin2/2) = 4Sin2  1–Cos2A = 2Sin2A b.c+b.a = 0

Sin2/2 = Sin2
c  (a +b)  c. (a +b) = 0
r

1
  c.a + c.b = 0
2
a .b + a .c + b.c+b.a + c.a + c.b = 0
If a = 2i + 2j – 3k , b = 3i – j + 2k then find the angle betwen the vector 2 a + b and
2 (a .b + b.c + c.a ) = 0
a + 2b
| a + b + c |2 = ( a + b + c ). ( a + b + c )
Sol: 2 a + b = 2(2i + 2j – 3k) + 3i – j + 2k = 7i +3j – 4k
= |a|2 + a.b + a.c + b.a + |b|2 + b.c + c.a + c.b + |c|2
a + 2 b = 2i + 2j – 3k + 2(3i – j + 2k) = 8i + k = |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + 2(a.b + b.c + c.a)

E E
If angle is  then = 22 + 32 + 42 + 2(0)

I I
= 4 + 9 + 16
(2a  b)(a  2b) 7(8)  3(0)  (4)(1)
Cos = = = 29
2a  b a  2b 7 2  32 (4) 2 . 82  12

B B
 |a +b +c | = 29
56  4 52 Show that the points (5, –1, 1), (7, –4, 7) (1, –6, 10) and (–1, –3, 4) are the vertices a

S S
= =
49  9  16. 64  1 74. 65
rhombus.
 52 

T T
Sol: OA = 5i – j + k
= Cos–1  74. 65  OB = 7i – 4i + 7k
OC = i – 6j + 10k
If a + b + c = 0, a = 3, b = 5, c = 7 find the angle between a and b
OD = –i – 3j + 4k
Sol: a + b = – c AB  OB  OA = 2i – 3j + 6k
2
( a + b ) = (– c ) 2
BD  OD  OB = –8i + j – 3k
( a + b ).( a + b ) = c . c AC  OC  OA = –4i – 5j + 9k
2 2 2 BC = OC – OB = –6i – 2j + 3k
a  a b  ba  b  c
CD = OD – OC = –2i + 3j – 6k
DA = OA – OD = 6i + 2j – 3k
2 a b Cos = 15
2(3)(5)Cos = 15 AB  4  9  6  7

1 BC  36  4  9  7
Cos = Cos600
2
CD  4  9  36  7
= 600
If |a| = 2, | b | = 3 and | c | = 4 and each of a , b , c is perpendicular to the sum of the other DA  36  4  9  7

two vectos, then find the magnitude of a + b + c . BD  64  1  9  74

Maths-IA 73 74 Basic Learning Material

AC  16  25  81  122 (52i  18j  10k)

=
(26) 2  ( 9) 2  52
i.e, AB  BC  CD  DA & BD  AC
(26i  9 j  5k)
ABCD is a rhombus. =
782
If a = 2i – 3j + 5k, b = –i + 4j + 2k them find a  b and unit vector perpendicular to both
Find the area of the parallelogram for which a = 2i – 3j, b = 3i – k are adjacent sides.
a and b .
Sol: Required area = a  b
i j k
2 -3 5 i j k
Sol: a  b =
-1 4 2 2 -3 0
Vector area of parallelogram a  b =
3 0 -1
-3 5 2 5 2 -3
=i –j +k = i(3 – 0) – j(–2 – 0) + k(0 + 9)
-1 2 -1 2 1 4

E E
= i(–6 – 20) – j(4 + 5) + k(8 – 3) = 3i + 2j + 9k

I I
= –26i – 9j + 5k Area = a  b = 32  22  92
Unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is
= 9  4  81

=

ab
ab

S
(26i  9 j  5k) B = 94

S B
If a = i + 2j + 3k and b = 3i + 5j – k are two sides of a triangle then find its area
1

T T
(26i  9 j  5k)
= = Sol: Required area ab
(26) 2  ( 9) 2  52 782 2

If a = 2i – 3j + 5k, b = –i + 4j + 2k Then find (a + b)  ( a – b ) and unit vector perpendicular i j k

to both a + b and a – b 1 2 3
ab =
3 5 -1
Sol: a + b = i + j + 7k; a – b = 3i – 7j + 3k
i j k = i(–2 – 15) – j(–1 – 9) + k(5 – 6)
1 1 7 = –17i + 10j – k
a + b)  (a – b) =
3 -7 3 ab = (17) 2  (102  (1) 2
= i(3 + 49) – j(3 – 21) + k(–7 – 3)
= 289  100  1
= 52i + 18j – 10k
= 390
| a + b )  ( a – b )| = (52)2  (18)2  (10)2 = 4[(26)2  (9)2  52 ]  2 782
1 1
Unit vector perpendicular to a + b , a – b  Required area = ab  390
2 2


a  b  a  b =
390
= 2
a  b  a  b
Maths-IA 75 76 Basic Learning Material

If is the angle between a = 2i – j + k and b = 3i + 4j – k then find sin

a  b  c  a  b c .Sin300
ab 1
Sol: Sin a  b (1)
a b 2
1
i j k = ab ...........(1)
2
2 -1 1
ab = i j k
3 4 -1
2 1 -2
ab =
= i(1– 4) – j(–2 – 3) + k(8 + 3) 1 1 0
= –3i + 5j + 11k
= i(0 + 2) – j(0 + 2) + k(2 – 1)
a  b  (3) 2  52  112  9  15  121  155
= 2i – 2j + k
a  22  (1) 2  12  4  1  1  6 ab = 4  4 1 = 3

E E
1 3

(1)  a  b  c =  (3) =

I I
b  32  42  (1) 2  9  16  1  26 2 2
155 155 Let a = 2i + 5j – k, b = i – 4j + 5k and c = 3i + j – k, Find vector which is perpendicular

B B
 Sin 
6. 26 156 to both a and b and c

S S
Let a = 2i + j – 2k, b = i + j If c is a vector such that a.c = c c - a = 2 2 and the angle Sol: There exist  such that  =  a  b
i j k

T T
between a  b and c is Then find the value of a  b  c 4 5 -1
ab =
1 -4 5
Sol: a  22  12  (2) 2  4  1  4  3
= i(25 – 4) – j(20 + 1) + k(–16 – 5)
b  12  12  2
= 21i – 21j – 21k
ca  2 2    = (21i – 21j – 21k)
2 2 = 21(i – j – k)
ca  2 2  
but  c = 21
2 2
c  a  2(c . a)  8 21 (i – j – k) . (3i + j – k) = 21
2 21 (3 – 1 + 1) = 21
c 92 c 8 21  3   = 21
2 1
c  2 c 1  8 =
3
2 1
 c  1 0   = 2  3  (i – j – k)
 
c 1 = 7(i – j – k) = 7i –7j – 7k
Maths-IA 77 78 Basic Learning Material

For any vector a show that |a  i|2 + |a  j|2 + |a  k|2 = 2|a|2 i j k

3 1 -1
Sol: If a = xi + yj + zk, then a = 2 2
x y z 2
a  b  ab = 
1 -7 3
i j k = i(3 – 7) – j(9 + 1) + k(–21 – 1)
x y z = –4i – 10j – 22k
a i=
1 0 0
2p
If 4i + j + pk is parallel to the vector i + 2j + 3k find p
= i(0 – 0) – j(0 – z) + k(0 – y) 3
= zj – yk Sol: If a = a1i + a2j + a3k, b = b1i + b2j + b3k Parallel then

a  i  z2  y2 a1 a a
= 2 = 3
b1 b2 b3
Similarly a  j  z 2  x 2 4 2p /3 p
 = =
1 2 3

E E
2 2
a  k  x y
p

I I
2 2 2 4=
 a  i  a  j  a  k 3

B B
= z2 + y2 + z2 + x2 + x2 + y2 = 2(x2 + y2 + z2)  p = 12
2 Find unit vector perpendicular to both i + j + k and 2i + j + 3k
 x2  y 2  z 2 

S S
= 2.
(a  b)
= 2| a |2 Sol: The unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is = 

T T
ab
If a = 2i – j + k, b = i – 3j – 5k than find a  b i j k
1 1 1
i j k ab =
2 1 3
2 -1 1
Sol: a  b = = i(3 – 1) – j(3 – 2) + k(1 – 2)
1 -3 -5
= 2i – j – k
= i(5 + 3) – j(–10 – 1) + k(–6 + 1)
 a × b = 2 2  ( 1) 2  ( 1) 2
= 8i + 11j – 5k
= 4 11 = 6
 a × b = 82  112  ( 5) 2
(2i - j - k)
= 64  121  25  Required unit vector = ±
6
= 210 Find the area of the parallelogram having a = 2j – k and b = –i + k as adjacent sides
If a = 2i – 3j + k, b = i + 4j – 2k then find a  b  a  b Sol: Required area = a × b
Sol: a  b = 3i + j – k
i j k
a  b = i – 7j + 3k
0 2 -1
ab =
-1 0 1
Maths-IA 79 80 Basic Learning Material

= i(2 – 0) – j(0 – 1) + k(0 + 2) = i(2 + 4) – j(–1 + 4) + k(–1 – 2)

= 6i – 3j – 3k
= 2i + j + 2k
a  b  b  c = (–2i + 9j + 5k) . (6i – 3j – 3k)
 a × b = 2 2  12  2 2
= (–2)(6) + (9)(–3) + (5)(–3)
= 4 1 4 = 3 = –12 – 27 – 15
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 1) and C(3, 1, 2) = – 54
Sol: OA = i + 2j + 3k Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points P(1, –1, 2),
OB = 2i + 3j + k Q(2, 0, –1) and R(0, 2, 1)
OC = 3i + j + 2k Sol: OP = i – j + 2k; OQ = 2i – k; OR = 2j + k
AB = OB - OA = i + j – 2k PQ = OQ – OP = i + j – 3k
AC = OC - OA = 2i – j – k PR = OR – OP = –i + 3j – k

i j k i j k

E E
AB  AC  1 1 -2 1 1 -3
PQ  PR =

I I
2 -1 -1 -1 3 -1

= i(–1 –2) – j(–1 + 4) + k(–1 – 2) = i(–1 + 9) – j(–1 – 3) + k(3 + 1)

AB  AC =
= –3i – 3j – 3k

999 =

S
27 = 3 3

B = 8i + 4j + 4k

S
= 4(2i + j + k)
|PQ  PR| = 4 4  1  1 = 4 6
B
T T
1 (PQ  PR)
Required area = AB  AC Required unit vector = ± PQ  PR
2
1 4(2i + j + k)
=
2
3 3   = ±
4 6
3 3 (2i + j + k)
= = ±
2 6

If a = 2i + j – k, b = – i + 2j – 4k, c = i + j + k then find a  b   b  c If a  13 b = 5 a . b = 60 then find a × b .
2 2 2
i j k Sol: a × b 2 = a b –  a.b
2 1 -1
Sol: a  b = = (13)2(5)2 – (60)2
-1 2 -4
= 4225 – 3600 = 625
= i(–4 + 2) – j(–8 – 1) + k(4 + 1)
= –2i + 9j + 5k  a × b = 25
i j k
-1 2 -4
 
If a = 2i + 3j + 4k, b = i + j – k, c = i – j + k then compute a × b × c and verify that
bc = it is perpendicular to a .
1 1 1
Maths-IA 81 82 Basic Learning Material

i j k i j k
1 1 -1 a × b + c = 7 -2 3
Sol: b  c =
1 -1 1
  3 1 9
= i(1 –1) – j(1 + 1) + k(–1 – 1) = i(–18 – 3) – j(63 – 9) + k(7 + 6)
= –2j – 2k = –21i – 54j + 13k ..................(1)
i j k a  b + a × c = –16i – 50j + 4k + (–5i – 4j + 9k)
a× b×c = 2 3 4
  = –21i – 54j + 13k ..................(2)
0 -2 -2 From (1), (2)..
= i(–6 + 8) – j(–4 – 0) + k(–4 – 0)
= 2i + 4j – 4k
  
a× b+c = a  b + a  c   
 Cross product is distributive over the vector addition.
 a ×  b × c . a = (2i + 4j – 4k). (2i + 3j + 4k)
If a = i + j + k, c = j – k Then find vector b such that a  b = c and a.b  3 .

E E
= 2(2) + 4(3) +(–4)(4)

I I
= 4 + 12 – 16 Sol: Let b = b1i + b2j + b3k
=0 a  b =c

 
 a × b × c is perpendicular to a .

B B
i j k

S S
1 1 1
If a = 7i – 2j + 3k, b = 2i + 8k and c = i + j + k then compute a  b a × c, =j–k
b1 b2 b3
 

T T
a × b + c . Verify whether the cross product is distributive over the vector addition.
i(b3 – b2) – j(b3 – b1) + k(b2 – b1) = j – k
i j k  b3 – b2 = 0; b1 – b3 = 1; b2 – b1 = –1
7 -2 3 Let b3 = b2 = k
Sol: a  b =
2 0 8 b1 – k = 1 k – b1 = –1
b1 = 1 + k; b1 = k + 1
= i(–16 – 0) – j(56 – 6) + k(0 + 4)
= –16i – 50j + 4k a. b =3
(i + j + k). (b1i + b2j + b3k) = 3
i j k
b1 + b2 + b3
7 -2 3
ac = k+1+k+k=3
1 1 1 3k = 2
= i(–2 – 3) – j(7 – 3) + k(7 + 2) 2
k=
= –5i – 4j + 9k 3
b+c = 2i + 8k + i + j + k 2 5
  b1   1 
= 3i + j + 9k 3 3
5 2 2 1
b = i + j + k = (5i + 2j + 2k)
3 3 3 3
Maths-IA 83 84 Basic Learning Material

If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a is perpendicular to the plan of b , c and the angle
π
a  b  c = (–8i – 8j + 8k).(4i + 5j – 2k)
between b and c is then find a + b + c
3 = (–8)(4) + (–8)(5) + (8)(–2)
Sol: a = b = c = 1 = –32 – 40 – 16
= –88
a  b  a. b =0
i j k
a  c  a .c = 0
-8 -8 8
2 2 2 2
a+b+c = a + b + c + 2 a.b+b.c+c.a   a  d =
31 -22 7

 π  = i(–5 – 6) – j(15 – 2) + k(9 + 1)

= 1 + 1 + 1 + 2  0 + b c Cos + 0  = –11i – 13j + 10k
 3 
 1  a  d   b = (–11i – 13j + 10k). (–i + 3j + 21k)
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 1.1. 
 2 = (–11)(–1) + (–13)(3) + 10(2)

E E
=1+1+1+1 = 11 – 39 + 20
= –8

I I
=4
   
  a  b  c - a  d .b = –88 – (–8)
 a + b + c = 2

B B
= –88 + 8
a = 3i – j + 2k, b = –i + 3j + 2k, c = 4i + 5j – 2k, d = i + 3j + 5k, then compute = –80

Sol: a  b
  

=
i j k
3 -1 2
-1 3 2


S    
(i) a  b  c  d (ii) a  b  c - a  d .b

T
= i(–2 – 6) – j(6 + 2) + k(9 – 1)
= –8i – 8j + 8k
Sol: b  c

(iii) a × b  c

=

i j k
1 -3 4
2 -5 3
T S   
a = (1, –1, –6), b = (1, –3, 4), c = (2, –5, 3) then compute (i) a  b  c (ii) a  b  c 

i j k = i(–9 + 20) – j(3 – 8) + k(–5 + 6)

4 5 -2 = 11i + 5j + k
cd =
1 3 5 
a b  c  = (i – j – 6k) . (11i + 5j + k)
= i(25 + 6) – j(20 + 2) + k(12 – 5) = 1(11) + (–1)(5) + (–6)(1)
= 31i – 22j + 7k = 11– 5 – 6
=0
i j k
i j k
-8 -8 8
   
(i) a  b  c  d =
a  b  c = 1 -1 -6
 
31 -22 7
11 5 1
= i(–56 + 176) – j(–56 – 248) + k(176 + 248)
= i(–1 + 30) – j(1 + 66) + k(5 + 11)
= 120i +304j + 424k
= 29i – 67j + 16k
Maths-IA 85 86 Basic Learning Material

i j k a  b  c = (11) 2  22  ( 7) 2
1 -1 -6 = 121  4  49
ab =
1 -3 4
= 174
= i(–4 – 18) – j(4 + 6) + k(–3 + 1)
= –22i – 10j – 2k If a = i – 2j – 3k, b = 2i + j – k, c = i + 3j – 2k then verify a  b  c    
 ab c .

i j k i j k
 a  b  c = -22 -10 -2
 Sol: a  b =
1 -2 -3
2 -5 3 2 1 -1
= i(–30 – 10) – j(–66 + 4) + k(110 + 24) = i(2 + 3) – j(–1 + 6) + k(1 + 4)
= –40i + 62j + 130k = 5i – 5j + 5k

   
If a = i – 2j + k, b = 2i + j + k, c = i + 2j – k then compute a  b  c , a  b  c i j k

E E
 a  b  c = 5 -5 5

i j k

I I
1 3 -2
2 1 1
Sol: b  c = = i(10 – 15) – j(–10 – 5) + k(15 + 5)
1 2 -1

B B
= –5i + 15j + 20k ................(1)
= i(–1 – 2) – j(–3 – 1) + k(4 – 1)

S S
i j k
= –3i + 3j + 3k
2 1 -1
bc =

T T
i j k 1 3 -2
a  b  c = 1 -2 1
  = i(–2 + 3) – j(–4 + 1) + k(6 – 1)
-3 3 3
= i + 3j + 5k
= i(–6 – 3) – j(3 + 3) + k(3 – 6)
i j k
= –9i – 6j – 3k
1 -2 -3
i j k 
a  bc = 
1 3 5
1 -2 1
ab = = i(–10 + 9) – j(5 + 3) + k(3 + 2)
2 1 1
= –i – 8j + 5k ................(2)
= i(–2 – 1) – j(1 – 2) + k(1 + 4)
From (1) and (2)
= –3i + j + 5k
i j k 
a  bc  
 ab c 
 a  b  c = -3 1 5

1 2 -1
= i(–1 – 10) – j(3 – 5) + k(–6 – 1)
= –11i + 2j – 7k
Maths-IA 87 88 Basic Learning Material

3) Cosec2 – Cot2 = 1
Cosec2 = 1 + Cot2
Cot2 = Cosec2 – 1
Values of the Trigonometric Functions

Unit 6 Angle 

6
 300

4
 450

3
 600

2
 900

1 1 3
Trignometric Rations upto Transformation sin 
2 2 2
1

3 1 1
cos  
2 2 2
1. In a right angled triangle ABC,  is an acute angle. x is opposite side, Y is an adjacent
1
side, z is hypotenuse, then tan   3 
3
x

E E
Sin = A 1
z

I I
cot  3  
3
y
Cos = z 2
z x

B B
cosec   2 
x 3

S S
tan = 
2
y B C
y sec  2  
z 3

T T
Cosec =
x * We can remember the sign of trigonometric functions in four quadrants by using the
z following figure.
Sec =
y
y y
Cot =
x  
II quadrant        
* From the definitions of trigonometric ratios, we can observe the following 2  I quadrant  0    
2
Sin Cos 1 1 Sin, Cosecare positive
1) tan = 2) Cot = ` 3) Sec = 4) Cos = all positive
Cos Sin Cos Sec (Sugar) 1800 900
(Add)
1 1
5) Sin = 6) Cosec = x
Cosec Sin
(To) 2700 3600 (Coffee)
Trigonometric Identities
 3   3 
1) Cos2 + Sin2 = 1 III quadrant          2 
 2  IV quadrant  
Cos2 = 1 – Sin2 2
Sin2 = 1 – Cos2 tan, cot are positive Cos, Secare positive
2) Sec2 – tan2 = 1
Sec2 = 1 + tan2
tan2 = Sec2 – 1
 Maths-IA 89 90 Basic Learning Material

Add Sugar To Coffee Compound Angles

Sin  tan  Cos  * A, B are any two angles, then
All Trignometric   ve   ve   ve
Cosec  Cot  Sec  i) Sin(A + B) = SinACosB + CosASinB
functions are +ve ii) Sin(A – B) = SinACosB – CosASinB
Cos  Sin  Sin  iii) Cos(A + B) = CosACosB – SinASinB
tan  Cos  Cosec  iv) Cos(A – B) = CosACosB + SinASinB
  ve   ve   ve
Cot  Sec  tan 
tanA + tanB
Sec  Cosec  Cot  * tan(A+B) =
1 - tanAtanB
tanA - tanB
Angle  Sin Cos tan tan(A - B) =
1 + tanAtanB
n –  (–1)n+1Sin (–1)nCos –tan CotACotB - 1
* Cot(A + B) =
n+ n
(–1) Sin n
(–1) Cos tan CotB + CotA

E E
 CotACotB + 1

I I
(2n+1) –  (–1)nCos (–1)nSin Cot Cot(A - B) =
2 CotB - CotA
* If A, B, C  R then

B B

(2n+1) + (–1)nCos (–1)n+1Sin –Cot
2 Sin(A+B+C) =  (SinACosBCosC) – SinASinBSinC

S S
n Cos(A + B + C) = CosACosBCosC –  (CosASinBSinC)
* Any trigonometric function for the angle ± (nZ),
2

T T
Multiple, sub miltiple angles
(i) If 'n' is even integer, then there is no change in trigonometric function.
1. Sin2 = 2SinCos, Sin = 2Sin/2Cos/2
(ii) If 'n' is odd integer, then the change in trigonometric function as follows
2 tan 
Sin  Cos tan  Cot Sec  Cosec 2 tan  2
= =
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
* Sin(–) = –Sin, Cos(–) = Cos; tan (–) = –tan 2
2. Cos2 = Cos2 – Sin2 Cos = Cos2 /2 – Sin2 /2
Cot(–) = –Cot, Sec(–) = Sec; Cosec(–) = – Cosec
= 1 – 2 Sin2 = 1 – 2Sin2/2
* All trigonometric functions are periodic functions. = 2Cos2 –1 = 2Cos2 /2 – 1
Period of Sinx is 2 1  tan 2  2
1  tan 2 
= =
Period of Cosx is 2 1  tan 2  1  tan 2  2
Period of tanx is 
2 tan  2 tan 
* Range of Sin(or) Cosis [–1, 1] 2
3. tan2 = tan =
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
Range of tan(or) Cotis R 2

Range of Sec(or) Cosecis [–, –1]  [1, ] Cot 2   1

Cot 2 - 1 2
4. Cot2 = Cot =
2Cot 2Cot 
2
Maths-IA 91 92 Basic Learning Material

5. 1 + Cos2 = 2Cos2 1 + Cos = 2Cos2 /2 Some Important Problmes with Solutions
6. 1 – Cos2 = 2Sin2 1 – Cos = 2 Sin2/2 1. Simplify the following problems
1  Cos 2 1  Cos 1
7. Sin =  Sin/2 =  i. Cos3150 = Cos(3600 – 450 ) = Cos450 =
2 2 2
1
1  Cos 2 1  Cos ii. Cot(–3000) = –Cot3000 = –Cot(360 – 600) = –Cot (–600) =
8. Cos =  Cos/2 =  3
2 2
 5     3
iii. Sin   = Sin  2   = –Sin = –
1  Cos 2 1  Cos  3   3 3 2
9. tan =  tan/2 = 
1  Cos 2 1  Cos 2. Find the value of Cos2450 + Cos21350 + Cos22250 + Cos23150.
3
* Sin3 = 3Sin – 4Sin  Sol: Cos2450 + Cos21350 + Cos22250 + Cos23150
Cos3 = 4Cos3 – 3Cos = Cos2450 + Cos2(180–450) + Cos2(180+450) + Cos2(360–450)
= Cos2450 + Cos2450 + Cos2450 + Cos2450
3 tan   tan 3 

E E
tan3 =
1  3 tan 2  2 2
 1   1   1   1 
2 2

I I
=       
3Cot  Cot 3  2  2  2  2
Cot3 =
1  3Cot 2

B B
1 1 1 1
=    =2
Transformations 2 2 2 2
*
*
*

*
II. T S
Sin(A + B) + Sin(A – B) = 2SinACosB
Sin(A + B) – Sin(A – B) = 2CosASinB
Cos(A + B) + Cos(A – B) = 2CosACosB

Cos(A – B) – Cos(A + B) = 2SinASinB

3.

Sol: Cot
π
20
. Cot
3π
20

T S
Find the value of Cot

. Cot
5π
20
π
20
. Cot

. Cot
7π
20
3π
20
. Cot

. Cot

Cot9 .Cot27 .Cot(90 – 27). Cot(900 – 90)

0 0 0

= Cot90.Cot270.tan270.tan90 = 1
9π
20
5π
20
. Cot
7π
20
. Cot
9π
20
.

= Cot90. Cot270. Cot450.Cot630.Cot810

C+D C-D 4. Find the value of Sin3300.Cos1200 + Cos2100.Sin3000.

* SinC + SinD = 2Sin   Cos  
 2   2 
Sol: Sin3300.Cos1200 + Cos2100.Sin3000
C+D C-D = Sin(360 – 300) Cos(180 – 600) + Cos(180 + 300) Sin(360 – 600)
* SinC – SinD = 2Cos   Sin  
 2   2  = (–Sin300) (–Cos600) + (–Cos300)(–Sin600)

C+D C-D 1 1 3 3 1 3
* CosC + CosD = 2Cos   Cos   = . + . = + =1
 2   2  2 2 2 2 4 4
5. If Sin + Cosec = 2, n  z, then find the value of Sinn + Cosecn
C+D C-D
* CosC – CosD = –2Sin   Sin   Sol: Sin + Coses = 2
 2   2 
1
Sin α + =2
Sinα
 Sin2 + 1 = 2Sin
 Maths-IA 93 94 Basic Learning Material

 (1 – Sin)2 = 0 1
 1 – Sin = 0 8. is not in 3rd quadrant, if Sin = - then find the values of a) Cos b) Cot
3
 Sin = 1   = 900
1
 Sinn α + Cosecn α = Sinn900 + Cosecn900 = 1n + 1n = 1 + 1 = 2 Sol: Sin =  < 0; Q3.
3
8
6. Eliminate from the following. Q4.
–1
(i) x = a Cos3 ; y = bSin3 3
8
x y a) Cos = b) Cot =  8
Sol: = Cos3 = Sin3 3
a b
0 0
2 1 1
x
1/3
 y
1/3
9. Find the value of Sin 82  Sin 2 22 .
Cos =   Sin =   2 2
a b
0 0 0 0
 Cos2 + Sin2 = 1
1 1 1 1
Sol: Sin 2 82  Sin 2 22 = Sin2A – Sin2B Put A = 82 ; B = 22
2 2 2 2
2/3 2/3

E E
 x  y = Sin(A + B) Sin(A – B)
   +  =1

I I
a  b
= Sin1050 . Sin600
ii. x = a(Sec + tan ); y = b(Sec – tan ) = Sin(90 + 150) Sin600

B B
xy = ab(Sec2 – tan2 ) = Cos150 . Sin600
= ab(1)

S S
3 1 3
xy = ab = .
2 2 2

T T
7. Find the period of the following functions.
3 3
i) Cos(3x + 5) + 7 =
4 2
f(x) = Cos(3x + 5) + 7
0 0
1 1
p 2 10. Find the value of Cos2 112 – Sin2 52
Period  2 2
|a| 3
ii) tan5x 1
0
1
0

f(x) = tan5x Sol: Let A = 112 ; B = 52

2 2
 1
0
1
0
Period Cos2 112 – Sin2 52 = Cos2A – Sin2B
5 2 2
 4x  9  = Cos(A + B).Cos(A–B)  Cos(1650) .Cos600
iii) Cos  
 5  = Cos(180 – 150) . Cos600
= –Cos150.Cos600
 4x  9
f(x) = Cos  ;
 5   3 1   1 
= –    
2 10 5  2 2  2 
Period = = =
4/5 4 2  3 1 
= –  
 4 2 
Maths-IA 95 96 Basic Learning Material

11. Find the minimum and maximum value of the function 3Cosx + 4Sinx. Maximum value of f(x) = c + a 2 +b2
Sol: Let f(x) = 3Cosx + 4Sinx = 5  625

Minimum value = c - a +b
2 2 = 5 + 25

= 0 - 42 + 32 = 30

=– tan6100 + tan7000 1 - P2
25 14. If tan20 0 = P , then prove that 0 0
= .
tan 560  tan 470 1 + P2
=–5
tan6100 + tan7000 tan(3600 +2500 ) + tan(3600 +3400 )
Maximum value = c + a 2 +b2 Sol: 0 =
0
tan 560  tan 470 tan(3600 +2000 ) - tan(3600 +1100 )
= 0 + 42 + 32
tan2500 + tan3400
=
= 25 tan2000 - tan1100

=5 tan(2700 - 200 ) + tan(3600 - 200 )

E E
=
tan(1800 +200 ) - tan(900 +200 )

I I
12. Find the minimum and maximum value of the function Sin2x – Cos2x.
cot200 - tan200
Sol: Let f(x) = Sin2x – Cos2x =

B B
tan200 + Cot200
Minimum value = c - a 2 +b2
1

S S
-p
= - 12 + (-1) 2 p 1 - p2
= 1 = = RHS

T T
p+ 1 + p2
=– 2 p

Maximum value = c + a 2 +b2 tan   sec   1 1  sin 

15. Prove that  .
tan   sec   1 cos 
= 12 + (-1) 2
tan   sec   1
Sol: LHS =
= 11 tan   sec   1
= 2 tan + sec - (sec2 - tan 2 )
=
tan - sec + 1
13. Find the range of the function 7Cosx – 24Sinx + 5.
(tan + sec )(1 - sec + tan )
Sol: Let f(x) = 7Cosx – 24Sinx + 5 =
(tan - sec + 1)
Minimum value of f(x) = c - a 2 +b2 = tan + Sec
sin 1
= 5- (24) 2 + 7 2 = +
cos cos
= 5  576  49 1+ sin 
= = RHS
cos
= 5  625
= 5 – 25
= – 20
Maths-IA 97 98 Basic Learning Material

16. Prove that (1 + Cot – Cosec) (1 + tan + Sec) = 2. 1 + tan90

=
Sol: LHS = (1 + Cot – Cosec) (1 + tan + Sec) 1 - tan90
 cos 1  sin 1  = tan(450 + 90)
= 1    1    = tan540
sin sin   cos cos 
= tan(90 – 360)
 sin + cos  1  cos  sin + 1 = Cot360 = RHS
=    
sin cos

19. If A + B = , then prove that (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2.
=
sin + cos 2 - 1 4
sin cos Sol: A + B = 450
= tan(A + B) = tan450 = 1
sin 2 + cos 2 + 2sin cos - 1
= tanA + tanB
sin cos =1
=
1 - tanAtanB
1+ 2sincos - 1
= = tanA + tanB = 1 – tanAtanB

E E
sin cos
= tanA + tanB + tanAtanB = 1 ...............(1)

I I
2sin cos
=  Now (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 1 + tanA + tanB + tanAtanB = 2 (from 1)
sin cos

B B
= 2 = RHS  2   2  3
20. Show that cos 2 + cos 2  +   + cos 2    = .
 3   3  2

S S
Cos110 + Sin110
17. If  is in 3rd Quadrant and tan , then find the value of 
Cos110 - Sin110
 2   2 
cos 2  +   + cos2 

T T
Sol:  
Cos110 + Sin110  3   3 
Sol: tan
Cos110 - Sin110 = cos2(120 + ) + cos2 (120 –)
 Sin110  = cos2(60 + ) + cos2 (60 – )
0
Cos11 1 +  = (cos600cos – sin600sin)2 + (cos600cos + sin600sin)2
 Cos110 
= 0 = 2[cos2600cos2 + sin2600sin2]
0  Sin11 
Cos11 1 -  [ (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)]
 Cos110 
2
1+ tan110  1  2  3 
2 2
=
1-tan110 =  2  Cos θ +
2 
2
 Sin θ 

     
= tan(450 + 110)
= tan560 1 2 3 2 
= 2  Cos θ + Sin θ 
= tan(180 + 560) = tan2360 4 4 
= = 2360 2
= Cos 2θ + 3Sin 2θ 
0 0 4
Cos9 + Sin9
18. Prove that = Cot36 0
Cos90 - Sin9 0 1
Cos 2θ + 3Sin 2θ 
=
0 0 2
Cos9 + Sin9
Sol: LHS =
Cos90 - Sin9 0
Maths-IA 99 100 Basic Learning Material

1 3 A 5 C 2
= LHS = Cos2 + Cos2 + Sin2 23. In a ABC , tan = , tan B = 20 , then show that tan = .
2 2 2 6 2 37 2 5
3 3 Sol: A + B + C = 1800
= Cos2 + Sin2
2 2 A + B  C
tan   = tan  90  2 
3 3  2   
= (Cos2 + Sin2) = = RHS
2 2
A B C
Cosα
= tan    = Cot
Sinα  2 2 2
21. If = , then show that aSin2 α + bCos2 α = b.
a b
A B
tan  tan
Sinα Cosα 2 2 C
Sol: = =k = A B = Cot
a b 1  tan tan 2
Sin α = ak, Cos α = bk 2 2

LHS = aSin2 α + bCos2 α 5 20



E E
C
= a(2Sin α Cos α ) + b(1 – 2Sin α )2
= 6 37 = Cot

I I
5 20 2
= a[2(ak)(bk)] + b[1–2(ak)2] 1- .
6 37
= 2a2bk2 + b – 2a2bk2

B B
185  120
= b = RHS
222 C

S S
1 3  222  100 = Cot
22. Prove that  4 . 2
sin10 0 cos10 0 222

T T
1
1 3 305
Sol: LHS = -  = tan C
Sin10 0 Cos10 0 122 2
0 0
Cos10 - 3Sin10 C 122 2
=
Sin100Cos10 0  tan = =
2 305 5
1 3  C 2
2  Cos100 - Sin100   tan =
2 2 2 5
 
= 1 π 3π 5π 7π
2

2Sin100 Cos100  24. Prove that Cos2
8
+ Cos2
8
+ Cos2
8
+ Cos2
8
= 2.

4 Sin300Cos10 0 - Cos30 0Sin10 0  π 3π 5π 7π

= Sol: LHS = Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2
Sin200 8 8 8 8

4Sin(300 - 100 ) π 3π  3π   π
= = Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2  π -  + Cos2 π - 
Sin200 8 8  8   8

4Sin200 π 3π 3π π
= = Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2
Sin200 8 8 8 8
= 4 = RHS
Maths-IA 101 102 Basic Learning Material

 2 π 3π  2
= 2  Cos
 8
+ Cos 2 
8 


 5 1 5 1 


= 16 16 
 2 π  π π   
= 2  Cos + Cos 2    
 8  2 8 
(5  1)2 16 1
= = = = RHS
 2 π π 16 16 16 16 16
= 2  Cos + Sin 2  = 2(1) = 2 = RHS
 8 8
3 5
27. If angles, Cosα = , Cosβ = , then show that
 2 3 4 5 5 13
25. Show that Sin .Sin .Sin .Sin  .
5 5 5 5 16
2α -β 1 2  α + β  16
 2 3 4 (i) Sin   , (ii) Cos  =
 2  65  2  65
Sol: LHS = Sin .Sin .Sin .Sin
5 5 5 5
3 5
= Sin360 . Sin720 . Sin1080 . Sin1440 Sol: Cos = Cos =
5 13
= Sin360 . Sin(90–180) . Sin(90+180). Sin(180–360)
4 5

E E
= Sin360 . Cos180 . Cos180. Sin360 4 12 12 13
Sin = Sin =

I I
5  13
= Sin2360 . Cos2180 
3 5f
10  2 5 10  2 5 α-β

B B
= . (i) 2Sin 2   = 1 – Cos (  2Sin2 = 1 – Cos2
16 16  2 

S S
[CosCos + SinSin]
100  20 80 5
= = = = RHS
16 16 16 16 16  3 5 4 12 

T T
1 –  .  . 
 5 13 5 13 
   3   7   9  1
26. Prove that 1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1 + Cos   .
10 10 10 10 16 15 48
1 – 
65 65
   3   7   9 
Sol: LHS = 1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1 + Cos  65  15  48
10 10 10 10

65
 π  3π    3π    π 
= 1 + Cos 1 + Cos  1 + Cos  π -  1 + Cos  π -  65  63 2
 10  10    10  
  10    =
65 65
   3   3   
= 1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1  Cos  1  Cos  2α -β 1
10 10 10 10  Sin  2   65
 
 2    2 3 
= 1  Cos  1  Cos   + 
10   10  (ii) 2Cos 2   2Cos2 = 1 + Cos2
 2  = 1 + Cos (
2 π 3π
= Sin Sin 2 CosCos – SinSin
10 10
= Sin2180 . Sin2540  3 5 4 12 
1 +  .  . 
2 2  5 13 5 13 
 5 1   5 1 
=    
 4   4 
Maths-IA 103 104 Basic Learning Material

15 48 C A-B C C  A + B  180 - C 
1 +  = 2Cos Cos - 2Sin Cos  Sin  = Sin 
65 65 2 2 2 2  2   2 
65  15  48 C A-B C   C C
 = 2Cos Cos - Sin   Sin  90    Cos
65 2  2 2   2 2
80  48
 C A-B A+B   C  A + B 
65 = 2Cos Cos - Cos  Sin 2 = Sin  90- 2  
2  2 2 
  
2α - β 32  A + B
 2Cos   = C A B  = Cos  
 2  65 = 2Cos Sin . Sin   2 
2  2 2 
 α + β  16
Cos2  = A B C
 2  65 = 4Sin Sin Cos
2 2 2
28. A, B, C are angles in a triangle. Then prove that = RHS

IE E
Sin2A + Sin2B + Sin2C = 4 SinASinBSinC. A B C

I
31. Prove that CosA + CosB – CosC = –1 + 4 Cos Cos Sin
Sol: LHS = Sin2A + Sin2B + Sin2C 2 2 2
= 2Sin(A + B)Cos(A – B) + Sin2C Sol: LHS = CosA + CosB – CosC

B B
= 2SinC Cos(A – B) + 2SinCCosC
 A+B   A-B 
= 2SinC [Cos(A–B) + CosC] = 2Cos   Cos   - CosC

S S
2  2 
= 2SinC [Cos(A – B) – Cos (A + B)]
= 2SinC [2SinASinB] C A-B  C

T T
= 2Sin Cos - 1 - 2Sin 2 
= 4SinASinBSinC 2 2  2
= RHS
C A-B C
= 2Sin Cos - 1 + 2Sin 2
29. Prove that Cos2A – Cos2B + Cos2C = 1 – 4SinACosBSinC. 2 2 2
Sol: Cos2A – Cos2B + Cos2C
C A-B C 
= –2Sin(A + B)Sin(A – B) + Cos2C = -1 + 2Sin Cos + 2Sin
2  2 2 
= –2SinCSin(A – B) + 1 – 2Sin2C
= 1 – 2SinC [Sin(A – B) + SinC] C A-B A+B 
= -1 + 2Sin Cos + Cos
= 1 – 2SinC[Sin(A – B) + Sin(A + B)] 2  2 2 

= 1 – 2SinC[2SinACosB]
C A B
= -1 + 2Sin 2Cos .Cos 
= 1 – 4SinACosBSinC 2  2 2
30. A, B, C are angles in a triangle. Then prove that A B C
= -1 + 4Cos Cos Sin = RHS
A B C 2 2 2
SinA + SinB – SinC = 4Sin . Sin . Cos
2 2 2
Sol: LHS = SinA + SinB – SinC

(A + B) A-B
= 2Sin Cos - SinC
2 2
Maths-IA 105 106 Basic Learning Material

32. A, B, C are angles in a triangle. Then prove that

Sin2A + Sin2B – Sin2C = 2SinA SinB CosC.
Sol: LHS = Sin2A + Sin2B – Sin2C
= 1 – Cos2A + Sin2B – Sin2C
= 1 – (Cos2A – Sin2B) – Sin2C Unit 9
= 1 – Cos(A + B) Cos (A – B) – 1 + Cos2C
= CosCCos(A – B) + Cos2C
Hyperbolic Equations
= CosC [CosC + Cos(A – B)]
= +CosC [Cos(A – B) – Cos(A + B)]
= CosC [2SinASinB] e x  e x
= 2SinASinBCosC  x  R Sinhx 
2
= RHS e x  e x
 x  R Coshx 

E E
33. A, B, C are angles in a triangle. Then prove that 2

I I
Cos2A + Cos2B – Cos2C = 1– 2SinA SinB CosC e x  e x
 x  R tanhx 
e x  e x

B B
Sol: LHS = Cos2A + Cos2B – Cos2C
e x  e x
= Cos2A + 1 – Sin2B – Cos2C  x  R - {0} Cothx 
e x  e x

T S
= 1 + (Cos2A – Sin2B) – Cos2C
= 1 + Cos(A + B) Cos (A – B) – Cos2C
= 1 – CosC.Cos(A – B) – Cos2C
= 1– CosC [Cos(A – B) + CosC]
= 1 – CosC [Cos(A – B) – Cos(A + B)]
= 1 – CosC [2SinASinB]
Note:

1)
 x  R Sechx 

T
 x  R - {0} Cosechx 

Cosh(0) 
S 2
e x  e x

e0  e 0 1  1 2
  1
2
e x  e x

2 2 2
= 1 – 2SinASinBCosC
e0  e 0 1  1 0
= RHS 2) Sinh(0)    0
2 2 2
e x  e(  x ) e x  e x
3) Sinh( - x)    Coshx
2 2
f(-x) = f(x)
 Coshx is an even function.
e x  e(  x ) e x  e x
(4) Sinh( - x)  
2 2
 e x  e x 
=   = –Sinhx
 2 
 f (–x) = – f(x)  f (x) = Sinhx is an odd function
 Maths-IA 107 108 Basic Learning Material

IDENTITIES PROBLEMS
2 2
 x  R Cosh x - Sinh x = 1 3
If Sinhx  Then find Cosh(2x), Sinh(2x)
2 2
 x  R 1- tanh x = Sech x 4
2 2
Sol: Cosh x = 1 + Sinh2x
2

 x  R Coth x - 1 = Cosech x
2
Theorm - 1 3
=1+  
(i) Sinh(x + y) = Sinhx Coshy + Coshx Sinhy 4
(ii) Sinh(x - y) = Sinhx Coshy - Coshx Sinhy 9
=1+
(iii) Cosh(x + y) = Coshx Coshy + Sinhx Sinhy 16
(iii) Cosh(x - y) = Coshx Coshy - Sinhx Sinhy 25
=
 x R 16
2 tanh x 5
(i) Sinh2x = 2SinhxCoshx = Coshx =
1  tanh 2 x 4

E E
(ii) Cosh2x = 2Cosh2x - 1 Cosh2x = Cosh2x + Sinh2x
= 1 + 2Sinh2x

I I
2 2
5 3
1  tanh 2 x =    
= 4 4

B B
1  tanh 2 x
25 9
= Cosh2x + Sinh2x = 
16 16

(i)

(ii)
 x, y  R

tanh(x + y) =

tanh(x - y) =

 x R
T S
tanh x  tanh y
1  tanh x tanh y
tanh x  tanh y
1  tanh x tanh y
=
34 17

16 8

T S
 3   5  15
Sinh2x = 2SinhxCoshx = 2     =
 4  4  8
If Sinhx = 3 Then show that x  log e (3  10)
Sol: Sinhx = 3
2 tanh x x = Sinh-1(3)
(i) tanh2x =
1  tanh 2 x
= log e (3  32  1)  Sinh-1x = log e ( x  x 2  1)
Cot h 2 x  1
(ii) Coth2x = x  log e (3  10)
2Cothx
Theorm:  x  R  n R
(i) (Coshx - Sinhx)n = Cosh(nx) - Sinh(nx)
Sinh 1 x  log e ( x  x 2  1)
(ii) (Coshx + Sinhx)n = Cosh(nx) + Sinh(nx)
Theorm:  x  [1,  ]
n
 e x  e x e x  e x 
Cosh 1 x  log e ( x  x 2  1) Sol: (Coshx - Sinhx)n =  
 2 2 
Theorm:  x  [ 1,1]
n
1  1 x   e x  e x  e x  e x 
tanh 1 x  log e   = 
2  1 x   2 
 Maths-IA 109 110 Basic Learning Material

n
 2e  x 
= 
 2 
= e-nx

= 
 e nx  e  nx   e nx  e  nx 
 2

  2


Unit 10
= Cosh(nx) - Sinh(nx)

 e x  e x e x  e x 

n
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
(ii) (Coshx + Sinhx)n =  
 2 2 
n
Important Points - Formulas
 e x  e x  e x  e x  A
=  1. In ABC , BC = a, CA = b, AB = c
 2 
n a+b+c c b
 2e x  a + b + c = 2S  S =
2

E E
= 
 2  2. Sine Rule: In ABC B C

I I
a
= enx
a b c
 e nx  e  nx   e nx  e  nx  = = = 2R

B B
=    SinA SinB SinC
 2   2  R – circumcentre of ABC .

S S
= Cosh(nx) + Sinh(nx)
3. Cosine Rule: a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc CosA
4 4
If  x  R Than has that Cosh x – Sinh x = Cosh(2x) b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ca CosB
Sol: Cosh4x – Sinh4x

1
T
= (Cosh2x + Sinh2x) (Cosh2x – Sinh2x)
= Cosh(2x) (1)

1 1
= Cosh(2x)

If Than has that Tanh -1    log e 3

2 2
4.
CosA =
T
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab CosC
b2 + c2 - a 2
2bc
Projection Rule:
a = bCosC + cCosB
b = cCosA + aCosC
; CosB =
c2 + a 2 - b2
2ca
; CosC =
a 2  b2 - c2
2ab

 1 x 
Sol: Tanh -1 x  log e   c = aCosB + bCosA
2  1 x 
5. Tangent or Napier's Rule:
 1
1 1  1  B -C  b -c 
tan 
A
Tanh -1    log e  2   =  Cot
1  2  b + c 2
2 2  1 
 2 A - B  a - b  C
tan  =  Cot
1  3/ 2   2  a+b 2
= log e  
2  1/ 2  C - A  c - a  B
tan   =  Cot
1  2  c+a 2
= log e 3
2
Maths-IA 111 112 Basic Learning Material

aSinB = bSinA
A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - a)(s - c) C (s - a)(s - b)
6. Sin = ; Sin = ; Sin =
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab 3
bSinA 4   3
S in B = = 4 = 1 ( from assumption b = 4; a = 3; SinA = )
A s(s - a) B s(s - b) C s(s - c) a 3 4
Cos = ; Cos = ; Cos =
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab SinB = 1 = Sin900
0
A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - a)(s - c) C (s - a)(s - b) B = 90
tan = ; tan = ; tan =
2 s(s - a) 2 s(s - b) 2 s(s - c) 63
2. If a = 26 cm; b = 30 cm and CosC = then find the value of c.
1 1 1 65
7. ABC Area   = bcSinA = caSinB = abSinC
2 2 2 Sol: From Cosine rule c2 = a2 + b2 – 2abCosC

= s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) = 2R2SinASinBSinC.  63 

c2 = (26)2 + (30)2 – 2(26)(30)   ( from assumption rule a = 26 cm; b = 30 cm,
A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - a)(s - c) C (s - a)(s - b)  65 
8. tan = ; tan = ; tan = 63
2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ CosC = )
65
= 676 + 900 – 1512 = 64

E E
A s(s - a) B s(s - b) C s(s - c)
Cot = ; Cot = ; Cot = c2 = 64

I I
2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ
c=8
   
9. r= ;r = ;r = ;r = 3. Show that (b + c)CosA + (c + a)CosB + (a + b)CosC = a + b + c.

B B
s 1 s-a 2 s-b 3 s-c
Sol: LHS = (b + c)CosA + (c + a)CosB + (a + b)CosC
r - radius of incircle

S S
= bCosA + cCosA + cCosB + aCosB + aCosC + bCosC
r1, r2, r3 - radii of excircles.
= (aCosB + bCosA) + (bCosC + cCosB) + (cCosA + aCosC)

T T
 A B C =c+a+b ( from projection rule)
10. r= = 4R Sin Sin Sin
s 2 2 2
= a + b + c = RHS
 A B C A
11. r1 = = 4R Sin Cos Cos = S tan  (b + c)CosA + (c + a)CosB + (a + b)CosC = a + b + c
s-a 2 2 2 2
C B
 A B C B 4. Show that bCos  + cCos 2 = S
12. r2 = = 4R Cos Sin Cos = S tan 2 2
s-b 2 2 2 2
 C B
 A B C C Sol: LHS = bCos + cCos 2
13. r3 = = 4R Cos Cos Sin = S tan 2 2
s-c 2 2 2 2
 s(s - c)   s(s - b) 
14.  2 = rr r r
= b + c
 ab   ac 
1 2 3

1 1 1 1
15.    s(s - c) s(s - b) s s
r r1 r2 r3 = + = [s – c + s – b] = [2s – b – c]
a a a a
Short & Long Answer Questions s
(Note: In all problems are refer to ABC) = [a + b + c – b – c]
a
3 s
1. In ABC , if a = 3, b = 4 and SinA = then find angle B. = [a] = S = RHS
4 a
a b C B
Sol: From Sine Rule =  bCos  + cCos 2 = S
SinA SinB 2 2
Maths-IA 113 114 Basic Learning Material

a CosA b CosB c CosC s-b s-b s-b

5. Show that + = + = + . = [s - a + s - c] = [2s - a - c] = [a + b + c - a - c]
bc a ca b ab c b b b

 b 2 + c2 - a 2  s-b
= [b] = s – b
a CosA   b 2 + c2  a 2 b
+ a 2bc  from Cosine rule
Sol:
bc a
= +   CosA 
2bc
)
bc a 2 C A
 aSin + cSin 2 =s–b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
a b +c -a 2a + b + c - a a +b +c
= + = = A B C s2
bc 2abc 2abc 2abc 8. Prove that Cot  Cot  Cot  .
2 2 2 
b CosB a 2 + b 2 + c2
Similarly, + = A B C
ca b 2abc Sol: LHS = Cot  Cot  Cot
2 2 2
c CosC a 2 + b 2 + c2
+ = s(s - a) s(s - b) s(s - c) s
ab c 2abc = + + = [s - a + s - b + s - c]
Δ Δ Δ 
a CosA b CosB c CosC

E E
 + = + = + s s
bc a ca b ab c = [3s - (a + b + c)] = [3s - 2s]

I I
 
CosA CosB CosC a 2 + b 2 + c2
6. Show that + + = . s s2
a b c 2abc = .[s] = = RHS

B B
 
CosA CosB CosC
Sol: LHS = + + C s2

S S
A B
a b c  Cot  Cot  Cot 
2 2 2 
 b 2 + c2 - a 2   c 2 + a 2 - b2   a 2 + b2 - c2 

T T
      A B C bc + ca + ab - s2
=  2bc  +  2ca  +  2ab  ( from Cosine rule) 9. Prove that, tan + tan + tan = .
2 2 2 
a b c
A B C (s - b)(s - c) (s - a)(s - c) (s - a)(s - b)
2
b +c -a 2
c +a -b2
a +b -c 2 2 2 2 2 2 Sol: LHS = tan + tan + tan =  
= + + 2 2 2   
2abc 2abc 2abc
s 2 - s(b + c)+ bc + s2 - s(a + c) + ac + s2 - s(a + b) + ab
b2 + c2  a 2  c2  b2  a 2  a 2  b2  c2 a 2 + b2  c2 =
= = = RHS 
2abc 2abc
3s 2 - 2s(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca ab  bc + ca - s2
CosA CosB CosC a 2 + b 2 + c2 = = = RHS
+ + =  

a b c 2abc
A B C bc + ca + ab - s2
C A  tan + tan + tan =
7. Write the value of aSin 2 + cSin 2 in terms of s, a, b, c. 2 2 2 
2 2
a 2 bc A
C A  (s - a)(s - b)   (s - b)(s - c)  10. If Sin = , show that Cos =  Cos .
Sol: aSin 2 + cSin 2 = a  + c   b+c b+c 2
2 2  ab bc
a
(s - a)(s - b) (s - b)(s - c) Sol: Given Sin =
=  b+c
b b
Cos2 + Sin2 = 1
Maths-IA 115 116 Basic Learning Material

2
 a  a 2 - (b - c)2 (a + b - c) (a - b + c)
Cos2 = 1 – Sin2 = 1 –   [ from (1)] tan2 = 2 = 2
b + c  b - c  b - c
a2 (b + c)2  a 2 (b + c + a) (b + c - a) 2(s - c). 2(s - b) 4(s - c)(s - b) bc
=1- 2 = = = = .
(b + c) (b + c)2 (b + c)2 b - c
2
bc b - c
2

2s (2s - a - a) 2s . 2(s - a) bc bc
. 2 A
= =
(b + c)2 bc (b + c)2 tan2 = 4 b - c 2 Sin 2
 
4s(s - a) bc 2 A bc
Cos2 = . = 4Cos . 2 bc A 2 bc A
bc (b + c)2 2 (b + c)2  tan Sin  tan Sin
b-c 2 b-c 2
2 bc A
 Cosθ =  Cos a 2 + b2 + c2
b+c 2 13. Prove that CotA + CotB + CotC = .
4Δ
2 bc A CosA
11. If a = (b + c)Cosshow that Sin Cos .

E E
b+c 2 Sol: CotA + CotB + CotC =  CotA =  SinA

I I
a
Sol: Given a = (b + c)Cos  Cos =   b2 + c2 - a 2  
b+c
 

B B
 2bc 
Sin2 + Cos2 = 1   b 2 + c2 - a 2 
=  SinA =  
 2bcSinA 

S S
2
a 2
 b + c - a
2 2  
 a   
Sin2 = 1 – Cos2 = 1 –   = 1 –  b + c 2 = 2
b + c  b + c

T T
b2 + c2 - a 2 1
b + c + a - b + c - a  2s  -  2s - a - a   2s  - 2  s - a  =  4
[ Δ =
2
bcSinA ]
= 2 = 2 = 2
 b + c b + c b + c b 2 + c2 - a 2 c 2 + a 2 - b2 a 2 + b 2 - c2
= + +
s s - a  bc 2 A bc 4 4Δ 4
= 4. . = 4.Cos .
bc (b + c)2 2 (b + c)2 b 2 + c 2 - a 2 + c2 + a 2 - b 2 + a 2 + b2 - c2 a 2 + b2 + c2
= = = RHS
bc 4Δ 4Δ
2 A
Sin2 = 4 . Cos
(b + c)2 2 a 2 + b2 + c2
 CotA + CotB + CotC =
4Δ
2 bc A
 Sin Cos 1 1 3
b+c 2 14. In ABC , +  then show that C = 60 0 .
a+c b+c a+b+c
2 bc A
12. If a = (b – c) Secshow that tan Sin . 1 1 3
b-c 2 Sol: + 
a+c b+c a+b+c
a
Sol: a = (b – c) Sec  Sec b+c+a+c 3
b-c =
(a + c)(b + c) a+b+c
2
 a  (a + b + 2c) (a + b + c) = 3(a + c) (b + c)
tan2 = Sec2 – 1 =   –1
b -c a2 + ab + ac + ba + b2 + bc + 2ac +2bc + 2c2 = 3 [ab + ac + bc + c2]
Maths-IA 117 118 Basic Learning Material

a2 + b2 – c2 = ab 1 1 1
2abCosC = ab  from Cosine rule)
 = BC  AD = CA  BE = AB  CF
2 2 2
2CosC = 1 1 1 1
 = a.P1 = b.P2 = c.P3
1 2 2 2
CosC = = Cos600
2 2 2 2
 P1 = ; P2 = ; P3 =
 C = 600 a b c
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
15. In ABC , if aCosA = bCosB then show that triangle is isosceles (or) right angle triangle.
2
 2  2 = a  b  c = a b c
Sol: aCosA = bCosB P1 P2 P3 2
4 4 42 2
4 2

2RSinACosA = 2RSinBCosB  From Sine rule) 1  a 2  b2  c2  1

=   =  CotA + CotB + CotC   From problem 13)
Sin2A = Sin2B = Sin(180 – 2B)  4  
2A = 2B 2A = 180 – 2B
1 1 1 CotA+CotB+CotC
  2 2 
A= B A = 90 – B 2
P1 P2 P3 Δ

16.
A= B
 a=b
A+ B = 900
C = 900

B I
 ABC is isosceles or right angle triangle.
E
If a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9 then find CosA : CosB : CosC.
18.

Sol:
Show that

LHS =
 aCotA = 2(R + r) .
 aCotA =  2RSinA SinA
= 2R (CosA + CosB + CosC)
CosA

B I=
E  2RCosA

S S
Sol: a:b:c=7:8:9  A B C
= 2R 1 + 4Sin Sin Sin 
 2 2 2

T T
a b c
= = =k
7 8 9 A B C
( from transformations CosA + CosB + CosC = 1 + 4Sin Sin Sin )
a = 7k; b = 8k; c = 9k 2 2 2
b2 + c2 - a 2 64k 2 + 81k 2 - 49k2 96k 2 2  A B C
CosA = = = = = 2  R + 4RSin Sin Sin 
2bc 2(8k)(9k) 144k 2 3  2 2 2
= 2[R + r]
a 2 + c2 - b2 49k 2 + 81k 2 - 64k2 66k 2 11
CosB = = = =
2ac 2(7k)(9k) 126k 2 21   aCotA = 2(R + r)
a 2 + b2 - c2
2 2
49k + 64k - 81k 2
32k 2 2 19. Prove that r(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca – s2.
CosC = = = =
2ab 2(7k)(8k) 112k 2 7 Δ Δ Δ Δ 
Sol: LHS = r(r1 + r2 + r3) =    
s s -a s -b s -c
2 11 2  2  7  11  2  3 
 CosA : CosB : CosC = : : =  : : 
3 21 7  3  7  21  7  3  Δ 2  (s - b)(s - c) + (s - a)(s - c)  (s - a)(s - b) 
=  
CosA : CosB : CosC = 14 : 11 : 6 s  (s - a)(s - b) (s - c) 
1 1 1 CotA+CotB+CotC Δ 2 [s 2 - s(b + c) + s2 - s(a + c) + s2 - s(a + b) + bc + ac + ab]
17. In ABC , P1, P2, P3 are altitudes, then show that 2
 2 2  . =
P1 P2 P3 Δ 2
Sol: In ABC , AD, BE, CF are altitudes.
AD = P1, BE = P2, CF = P3
Maths-IA 119 120 Basic Learning Material

= 3s2 – 2s(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca
A B-C   A + B - C
= 3s2 – 2s(2s) + ab + bc + ca = 4R.Sin  +  = 4RSin  
2 2   2 
= ab + bc + ca – s2 = RHS
π -C -C π 
 r(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca – s2 = 4RSin   = 4RSin  - C 
 2  2 
20. In ABC show that r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R. = 4RCosC = RHS
Sol: r1 + r2 + r3 – r  r + r1 + r2 – r3 = 4RCosC
A B C A B C A B C
= 4R Sin Cos Cos + 4R Cos Sin Cos + 4R Cos Cos Sin 1 1  1 1  1 1  abc 4R
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22. Prove that          = 3  2 2 .
 r r1   r r2   r r3  Δ rs
A B C
– 4R Sin Sin Sin
2 2 2 1 1  1 1  1 1 
Sol:       
C A B A B C A B A B  r r1   r r2   r r3 
= 4RCos  Sin Cos + Cos Sin  + 4RSin Cos Cos - Sin Sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 s s -a  s s -b  s s -c s -s + a s -s + b s -s + c
= -  -  -  =   

E E
C A B C A B Δ Δ  Δ Δ  Δ Δ   Δ  Δ  Δ 
= 4RCos Sin  +  + 4RSin Cos  + 

I I
2 2 2 2 2 2
 a   b   c  abc 4R 4R  abc 
C  A+B  C  A+B 
=     = 3 =
 Δ  Δ  Δ  Δ Δ3
= 2
Δ   = 4R , abc = 4R 

B B
= 4RCos Sin   + 4RSin Cos  
2  2  2  2  4R 4R
= = 2 2

S S
 A+B C  A+B+C    (rs)2 rs
= 4RSin  +  = 4RSin   = 4RSin  
 2 2  2  2
1 1  1 1  1 1  abc 4R

T T
= 4R(1) = 4R = RHS        = 3  2 2
 r r1   r r2   r r3  Δ rs
 r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R
r1 3
21. In ABC prove that r + r1 + r2 – r3 = 4RCosC. 23. Show that  (s - b)(s - c) =
r
.
Sol: LHS = r + r1 + r2 – r3
r1   Δ 
A B C A B C A B C Sol: LHS =  (s - b)(s - c) =  (s - a)(s - b)(s - c)  r1 = s-a 
4R Sin Sin Sin + 4R Sin Cos Cos + 4R Cos Sin Cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
A B C 2


– 4R Cos Cos Sin =   2  s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) 
2 2 2  
s
 
A B C B C A B C B C sΔ s s s s 3s
= 4RSin Sin Sin + Cos Cos  + 4RCos Sin Cos - Cos Sin  = 2 =  =   
2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Δ     Δ

A s 1 3
B C A B C = 3    3    = RHS
= 4RSin Cos  -  + 4RCos Sin  -   r r
2 2 2 2 2 2
r1 3
 A B -C
= 4R Sin Cos 
A  B - C 
  Cos Sin  
  (s - b)(s - c) =
r
 2  2  2  2 
Maths-IA 121 122 Basic Learning Material

r C  A B 
23. Show that CosA + CosB + CosC = 1 + . = 2 + S in 2 S in S in
R 2  2 2 
A + B A - B C A B
Sol: LHS = CosA + CosB + CosC = 2Cos   Cos   + CosC A B C
 2   2  = 2 + Sin 2Sin Sin  = 2 + 2Sin Sin Sin
2  2 2 2 2 2
C A - B 2 C  A +B C  A B  C
= 2Sin Cos   + 1 - 2Sin  2  90  2 , Cos  2   sin 2  A B C A B C
2  2  2     (2R) . 2Sin Sin Sin 4RSin Sin Sin
= 2+ 2 2 2 = 2+ 2 2 2
C  A - B C 2R 2R
= 1 + 2Sin Cos   - Sin 
2   2  2 r
= 2+ = RHS
2R
C  A - B  A + B 
= 1 + 2Sin Cos   - Cos   A B C r
2   2   2   Cos
2
+ Cos 2 + Cos 2 = 2+
2 2 2 2R
C A B 26. In ABC , P1, P2, P3 are the altitudes drawn from the vertices A, B, C to the opposite sides,
= 1 + 2Sin 2Sin Sin 
2 

E E
2 2 then show that

I I
A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 4Sin Sin Sin (abc)2 83
2 2 2 (i) P + P + P = r (ii) P + P - P = r (iii) P1 P2 P3 = 
1 2 3 1 2 3 3 8R 3 abc

B B
A B C Sol: In ABC
4RSin Sin Sin r
=1+ 2 2 2 = 1 + = RHS

S S
A
R R AD = P1, BE = P2, CF = P3 are altitudes.
1 1 1

T T
r  = a. P1 = b.P2 = c.P3 c E b
 CosA + CosB + CosC = 1 + 2 2 2 F
R
2  = aP1, 2  = bP2 ; 2  = cP3
2 A B C r
25. Show that Cos + Cos 2 + Cos 2 = 2+ . 2 2 2 B C
2 2 2 2R D
P1 = ; P2 = ; P3 = a
a b c
A B C A B C
Sol: Cos 2 + Cos 2 + Cos 2 = Cos 2 + 1 - Sin 2 + Cos 2 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 + + a b c a + b + c 2s s 1
(i) + +
P1 P2 P3 = 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ = 2Δ
=
2Δ
= =
Δ r
 2 A B C A + B A - B 2 C
= 1 +  Cos - Sin 2  + Cos 2 = 1 + Cos   Cos   + Cos
 2 2 2  2   2  2 1 1 1 a b c a + b - c 2s - c - c 2(s - c) s - c 1
(ii) + - + 
P1 P2 P3 = 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ = 2Δ
=
2Δ
=
2Δ
=
Δ
= r
3
 A+B C 
 2 = 90 - 2  2Δ 2Δ 2Δ 8Δ 3
C A - B 2 C   (iii) P1 P2 P3 = ×  
= 1 + Sin Cos   + 1 - Sin Cos  A + B  = Sin C  a b c abc
2  2  2   3
  2  2   abc  3
8  8  abc   abc 
2
(abc)2 83
=  4R  = =  P1 P2 P3 = 
C  A - B 2 C abc
 64R  abc 8R
3 3
8R 3 abc
= 2 + Sin Cos   - Sin 
2   2  2

C  A - B  A + B 
= 2 + Sin Cos   - Cos  
2   2   2 
Maths-IA 123 124 Basic Learning Material

65 21 Δ  6
27. If a = 13, b = 14, c = 15, then show that R = , r = 4, r1 = , r = 12 and r3 = 14. r3 =  s–c= r = =1
8 2 2 s-c 3 6
Sol: a = 13, b = 14, c = 15 6–c=1
2s = a + b + c = 13 + 14 + 15 = 42 c=5
s = 21  a = 3, b = 4, c = 5

 = s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c) = 21 ( 21 – 13) (21 – 14) (21 – 15)

2 29. In ABC r1 = 8, r2 = 12, r3 = 24 then find the values of a, b, c.
= (21) (8) (7) (6) Sol: r1 = 8, r2 = 12, r3 = 24
1 1 1 1 3  2 1 6 1
 = 21 8  7  6 = 7  3  2  2  2  7  2  3 = 7  3  2  2 = 84   
r r1 r2 r3 = 24
=
24
=
4
 = 84
r=4
abc 13.14.15 65
R= = =  2 = r r1 r2 r3 = (4)(8)(12)(24) = 4  8  12  12  2 = 12  8  12  8
4Δ 4.84 8
 = 12  8 = 96
Δ 84  = 96
r= = =4
s 21  96

E E
Δ 84 84 21  = rs  s = r = 4 =24

I I
r1 = = = =
s-a 21 - 13 8 2 s = 24
Δ 84 84 Δ  96

B B
r2 = = = = 12 r1 =  s–a= r = = 12
s-b 21 - 14 7 s-a 1 8

S S
Δ 84 84 s – a = 12
r3 = = = = 14 24 – a = 12 a = 12
s-c 21 - 15 6

T T
Δ  96
65 21 r2 =  s–b= r = =8
 R= , r = 4, r1 = , r = 12, r3 = 14 s-b 2 12
8 2 2
28. r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6 and r = 1, then show that a = 3, b = 4, c = 5. s–b=8
24 – b = 8
Sol: r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6, r = 1
b = 16
2 = r r1 r2 r3 = (1)(2)(3)(6) = 36
Δ  96
=6 r3 =  s–c= r = =4
s-c 3 24
Δ  6 s–c=4
r=  s= = =6
s r 1
24 – c = 4
s=6
c = 20
Δ  6
r1 =  s–a= r = =3  a = 12, b = 16, c = 20
s-a 1 2
s–a=3 1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
6–a=3 30. Show that r 2  r 2  r 2  r 2 = .
1 2 3 2
a=3
1 1 1 1 s 2 (s - a)2 (s - b)2 (s - c)2
Sol:      
r2 =
Δ  6
 s–b= r = =2 r 2 r12 r2 2 r32 =  2 2 2 2
s-b 2 3 1 2 2 2 2
s–b=26–b=2 = 2 s + (s - a) + (s - b) + (s - c) 

b=4
Maths-IA 125

1 2
= s + s 2 + a 2 -2as + s 2 + b 2 - 2bs + s 2 + c 2  2cs 
2 
1 2 2 2 2
= 2  4s -2s (a + b + c) + a + b + c 

1 2 2 2 2
= 2  4s -2s (2s) + a + b + c 

a 2 + b2 + c2
= = RHS
2
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
 r2  r 2  r 2  r 2 =
1 2 3 2
r1 r r 1 1
31. Show that + 2 + 3 = - .
bc ca ab r 2R
r1 r r3 1
Sol: LHS = + 2 + = [ar1 + br2 + cr3 ]
bc ca ab abc

=
1
abc

1
abc
 ar1 =


A
2
1
abc

A
 2RSinA . stan 2

2R. 2Sin Cos s 

2
Sin A
Cos A
2
2

B
A

I E =
1
abc
.s 4RSin 2
A
2

S
4RS 2 A s 1-CosA  abc 
=
abc
 Sin 2 =   2    4R 

= 

=
r
r 

1
2r
2

T
1 1 - CosA 1 - CosB 1 - CosC 
+

2
2
+
2

3 - (CosA + CosB + CosC) 



1 1 - CosA + 1 - CosB + 1 - CosC  1  3 - (CosA + CosB + CosC) 

 = r 


2 

A B C
 CosA + CosB + CosC  1  4Sin 2 Sin 2 Sin 2 

1   A B C 
= 3 - 1+4Sin Sin Sin  
2r   2 2 2 
1  A B C
= 2 - 4Sin Sin Sin 
2r  2 2 2
A B C A B C
4Sin Sin Sin 4RSin Sin Sin 1 r
= 2  2 2 2 = 1 2 2 2 = 
2r 2r r 2 rR r 2 r R
1 1
= - RHS
r 2R